Jesson et al. (2017)1010 Ramteke SM, Shiau S, Foca M, Strehlau R, Pinillos F, Patel F, et al. Patterns of growth, body composition, and lipid profiles in a South African cohort of human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children: a cross-sectional study. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7:43-50.
|
Africa |
Prospective cohort 6 months |
158 children 1 to 15 years old |
Improvement in weight Z-score and anemia reduction |
B |
2B |
Ramteke et al. (2017)99 Cames C, Pascal L, Diack A, Mbodj H, Ouattara B, Diagne NR, et al. Risk factors for growth retardation in HIV-infected Senegalese children on antiretroviral treatment. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2017;36:87-92.
|
Africa |
Longitudinal cohort 1 year |
553 children (300 controls) 4 to 9 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores. However, weight and height were not within the normality parameters when compared with the control group |
B |
2B |
Cames et al. (2017)88 Jesson J, Coulibaly A, Sylla M, N’Diaye C, Dicko F, Masson D, et al. Evaluation of a nutritional support intervention in malnourished HIV-infected children in Bamako, Mali. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;76:149-57.
|
Senegal |
Prospective Cohort 2 years |
244 children 2 to 16 years old |
Improvement in height Z-score |
B |
2B |
Ebissa et al. (2016)1717 Ebissa G, Deyessa N, Biadgilign S. Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy on nutritional and immunologic status in HIV-infected children in the low-income country of Ethiopia. Nutrition. 2016;32:667-73.
|
Ethiopia |
Retrospective Cohort 2 years |
556 children 1 to 10 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores and increase of CD4+ TL lymphocytes The effect was greater in underweight children |
B |
2B |
Achan et al. (2016)1818 Achan J, Kakuru A, Ikilezi G, Mwangwa F, Plenty A, Charlebois E, et al. Growth recovery among HIV-infected children randomized to lopinavir/ritonavir or NNRTI-based antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2016;35:1329-32.
|
Africa |
Randomized trial 3 years |
129 children 2 months to 6 years old |
Improvement in height and weight Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Hu et al. (2016)1919 Hu R, Mu W, Sun X, Wu H, Pang L, Wang L, et al. Growth of HIV-infected children in the early stage of antiretroviral treatment: a retrospective cohort study in China. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30:365-70.
|
China |
Retrospective Cohort 2 years |
744 children 0 to 15 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Feucht et al. (2016)2020 Feucht U, Bruwaene LV, Becker PJ, Kruger M. Growth in HIV-infected children on long-term antirretroviral therapy. Trop Med Int Health. 2016;21:619-29.
|
South Africa |
Observational cohort 3 years |
159 children Less than 5 years old |
Improvement in weight and BMI Z-scores in the first 12 months, and in the height Z-score over 3 years of follow-up |
B |
2B |
Schomaker et al. (2016)2121 Schomaker M, Davies MA, Malateste K, Renner L, Sawry S, N’Gbeche S, et al. Growth and mortality outcomes for different antiretroviral therapy initiation criteria in children aged 1–5 years: a causal modelling analysis. Epidemiology. 2016;27:237-46.
|
Africa |
Prospective cohort 3 years |
5826 children 2 to 5 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores and increase in CD4+ TL levels |
B |
2B |
Tekleab et al. (2016)2222 Tekleab AM, Tadesse BT, Giref AZ, Shimelis D, Gebre M. Anthropometric improvement among HIV infected pre-school children following initiation of first line anti-retroviral therapy: implications for follow up. PLOS ONE. 2016;11:1-14.
|
Ethiopia |
Prospective 3 months |
202 children 2 to 5 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2C |
Chattopadhyay et al. (2016)2323 Chattopadhyay A, Bhattacharyya S, Dhar S. A growth and nutritional study of HIV seropositive children from West Bengal under direct care of medical caregivers. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10:14-6.
|
India |
Cross-sectional 1 year |
56 children (60 controls) 2 to 10 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Yotebieng et al. (2015)2424 Yotebieng M, Meyers T, Behets F, Davies MA, Keiser O, Ngonyani KZ, et al. Age-specific and sex-specific weight gain norms to monitor antiretroviral therapy in children in low-income and middle-income countries. AIDS. 2015;29:101-9.
|
Africa and Asia |
Retrospective 2 years |
7173 children 0 to 10 years old |
Improvement in weight-age Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Kariminia et al. (2014)2525 Kariminia A, Durier N, Jourdain G, Saghayam S, Do CV, Nguyen LV, et al. Weight as predictors of clinical progression and treatment failure: results from the TREAT Asia Pediatric HIV Observational Database. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2014;67:71-6.
|
Asia |
Retrospective cohort 9 years |
2608 patients 0 to 15 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Shiau et al. (2013)2626 Shiau S, Arpadi S, Strehlau R, Martens L, Patel F, Coovadia A, et al. Initiation of antiretroviral therapy before 6 months of age is associated with faster growth recovery in South African children perinatally infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Pediatr. 2013;162:1138-45.
|
South Africa |
Prospective 4 years |
195 patients 0 to 2 years old |
Children who started cART before 6 months of age showed a faster improvement in weight and height Z-scores when compared to those that started the therapy later |
B |
2B |
Chhagan et al. (2012)2727 Chhagan MK, Kauchali S, Van den Broeck J. Clinical and contextual determinants of anthropometric failure at baseline and longitudinal improvements after starting antiretroviral treatment among South African children. Trop Med Int Health. 2012;17:1092-9.
|
Africa |
Prospective 2 years |
151 prepubertal children |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Gsponer et al. (2012)2828 Gsponer T, Weigel R, Davies MA, Bolton C, Moultrie H, Vaz P, et al. Variability of growth in children starting antiretroviral treatment in southern Africa. Pediatrics. 2012;130:e966-e977.
|
Africa and South Africa |
Retrospective cohort |
17,990 patients 0 to 10 years old |
Improvement of weight and height Z-scores. However, the weight and height for the parameters within the normality curve for age were not reached |
B |
2B |
Sutcliffe et al. (2011)2929 Sutcliffe CG, van Dijk JH, Munsanje B, Hamangaba F, Sinywimaanzi P, Thuma PE, et al. Weight and height Z-scores improve after initiating ART among HIV-infected children in rural Zambia: a cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:54.
|
Zambia |
Prospective cohort 2 years |
193 patients 0 to 16 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores. The effect was higher in underweight children, and the lower height Z-score occurred in children older than 5 years. After 2 years of treatment, a large proportion of the children remained below weight and height for age |
B |
2B |
McGratha et al. (2011)3030 McGratha CJ, Chung MH, Richardson BA, Benki-Nugent S, Warui D, John-Stewart GC. Younger age at ART initiation is associated with more rapid growth reconstitution. AIDS. 2011;25:345-55.
|
Kenya |
Prospective cohort 4 years |
173 patients 0 to 10 years old |
Improvement in weight for age Z-score, which was higher in children under 6 years. There was no improvement in height Z-score |
B |
2B |
Diniz et al. (2011)3131 Diniz LM, Maia MM, Camargos LS, Amaral LC, Goulart EM, Pinto JA. Impact of ART on growth and hospitalization rates among HIV-infected children. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2011;87:131-7.
|
Brazil |
Retrospective 3 years |
196 patients 0 to 12 years old |
Better immune response and weight and height Z-scores were observed at the end of the follow-up |
B |
2B |
Devi et al. (2011)3232 Devi NP, Chandrasekaran K, Bhavani PK, Thiruvalluvan C, Swaminathan S. Persistence of stunting after highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected children in South India. Indian Pediatr. 2011;48:333-4.
|
India |
Prospective 1 year |
102 patients Mean age = 74 months |
In the first year of cART, there was improvement in the immune response and weight Z-score, but not height Z-score |
B |
2B |
Naidoo et al. (2010)3333 Naidoo R, Rennert W, Lung A, Naidoo K, McKerrow N. The influence of nutritional status on the response to ART in HIV-infected children in South Africa. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2010;29:511-3.
|
South Africa |
Retrospective 8 months |
120 children |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores. There was no effect on the height of children with severe malnutrition. There was an increase in CD4+ TL lymphocytes and a reduction in viral load |
B |
2C |
Chantry et al. (2010)3434 Chantry CJ, Cervia JS, Hughes MD, Alvero C, Hodge J, Borum P, et al. Predictors of growth and body composition in HIV-infected children beginning or changing antiretroviral therapy. HIV Med. 2010;11:573-83.
|
USA |
Prospective/cohort - 48 weeks |
97 patients - 1 month to 13 years old (incomplete) |
Individuals starting or switching to cART were compared to the control group (HIV-exposed but uninfected children and demographic and anthropometric data from an American study). There was improvement in weight and height Z-scores, but no change in BMI Z-score. However, weight and height were lower than those of the healthy population |
B |
2B |
Yotebieng et al. (2010)3535 Yotebieng M, Rie AV, Moultrie H, Meyers T. Six-month gains in weight, height, and CD4 predict subsequent antiretroviral treatment responses in HIV-infected South African children. AIDS. 2010;24:139-46.
|
South Africa |
Prospective cohort - 4 years |
1394 patients 0 to 15 years old |
Improvement in weight Z-score, but no change in height Z-score. Additionally, there was an improvement in CD4+ TL count |
A |
1B |
Weigel et al. (2010)3636 Weigel R, Phiri S, Chiputula F, Gumulira J, Brinkhof M, Gsponer T, et al. Growth response to antiretroviral treatment in HIV-infected children: a cohort study from Lilongwe, Malawi. Trop Med Int Health. 2010;15:934-44.
|
Malawi, Africa |
Prospective - 24 months |
307 patients younger than 15 years old |
There was an association between immunological response and weight and height Z-score improvement at the end of the follow-up |
B |
2C |
Musoke et al. (2010)3737 Musoke PM, Mudiope P, Barlow-Mosha LN, Ajuna P, Bagenda D, Mubiru MM, et al. Growth, immune and viral responses in HIV infected African children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy: a prospective cohort study. BMC Pediatr. 2010;10:56.
|
Uganda, Africa |
Prospective - 48 months |
130 patients 6 months to 12 years old |
Increased weight and height Z-scores, with treatment, especially in individuals who started the therapy at a younger age |
B |
2B |
Aurpibul et al. (2009)3838 Aurpibul L, Puthanakit T, Taecharoenkul S, Sirisanthana T, Sirisanthana V. Reversal of growth failure in HIV-infected Thai children treated with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2009;23:1067-71.
|
Thailand |
Cohort - 5 years |
225 patients 0 to 15 years old |
Compared with anthropometric reference data for Thai children, with no control group. There was a positive effect on weight and height Z-scores. At the same time, there was an increase in CD4+ TL count |
B |
2B |
Davies et al. (2009)3939 Davies M-A, Keiser O, Technau K, Eley B, Rabie H, van Cutsem G, et al. Outcomes of the South African National antiretroviral treatment programme for children: the IeDEA Southern Africa collaboration. S Afr Med J. 2009;99:730-7.
|
South Africa |
Prospective cohort - 9 years |
6078 patients 0 to 16 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores |
B |
2B |
Kabue et al. (2008)4040 Kabue MM, Kekitiinwa A, Maganda A, Risser JM, Chan W, Kline MW. Growth in HIV-infected children receiving antiretroviral therapy at a pediatric infectious diseases clinic in Uganda. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2008;22:245-51.
|
Uganda |
Retrospective - 3 years |
749 patients - 0 to 19 years old |
Improvement in weight-age and height-age Z-scores. The viral or immunological response was not assessed. Moreover, the study does not specify the use of HAART |
B |
2B |
Buonora et al. (2008)4141 Buonora S, Nogueira S, Pone MV, Aloe M, Oliveira RH, Hofer C. Growth parameters in HIV-vertically-infected adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2008;28:59-64.
|
Brazil |
Retrospective - 97 months |
108 patients 10 to 20 years old |
Even with HAART, height-age and weight-age Z-scores were lower than those of healthy individuals |
B |
2B |
Kekitiinwa et al. (2008)4242 Kekitiinwa A, Lee KJ, Walker AS, Maganda A, Doerholt K, Kitaka SB, et al. Differences in factors associated with initial growth, CD4, and viral load responses to ART in HIV-infected children in Kampala, Uganda, and the United Kingdom/Ireland. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49:384-92.
|
United Kingdom |
Prospective - 12 months |
1458 children Mean age 5 and 7.6 years old |
Improvement in weight-age and height-age Z-scores, especially in younger children |
B |
2A |
Jaspan et al. (2008)4343 Jaspan HB, Berrisford AE, Boulle AM. Two-year outcomes of children on non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and protease inhibitor regimens in a South African pediatric antiretroviral program. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2008;27:993-8.
|
South Africa |
Retrospective cohort - 4 years |
391 patients 9 to 59 months |
Improvement in weight Z-score, but height was not evaluated. Additionally, increased CD4+ TL levels were observed |
B |
2B |
Bandyopadhyay and Bhattacharyya (2008)4444 Bandyopadhyay A, Bhattacharyya S. Effect of pre-existing malnutrition on growth parameters in HIV-infected children commencing antiretroviral therapy. Ann Trop Paediatr. 2008;28:279-85.
|
India |
Prospective - 18 months |
123 2 months to 8 years old |
Malnutrition before the start of cART might impair the outcome in nutritional parameters; there was an improvement only in the weight Z-score |
B |
2B |
Zhang et al. (2007)4545 Zhang F, Haberer JE, Zhao Y, Dou Z, Zhao H, He Y, et al. Chinese pediatric highly active antiretroviral therapy observational cohort: a 1-year analysis of clinical, immunologic, and virologic outcomes. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;46:594-8.
|
China |
Prospective - 12 months |
83 children - 7 to 13 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores and the immunological response of patients |
B |
2B |
Wamalwa et al. (2007)4646 Wamalwa DC, Farquhar C, Obimbo EM, Selig S, Mbori-Ngacha DA, Richardson BA, et al. Early response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1-infected Kenyan children. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007;45:311-7.
|
Kenya, Africa |
Prospective - 9 months |
67 children 18 months to 12 years old |
Improvement in weight-age and height-age Z-scores. Additionally, the clinical response and viral control showed better results with the use of HAART |
B |
2B |
Song et al. (2007)4747 Song R, Jelagat J, Dzombo D, Mwalimu M, Mandaliya K, Shikely K, et al. Efficacy of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children in Kenya. Pediatrics. 2007;120:e856-61.
|
Kenya, Africa |
Retrospective - 1 year |
29 children - Mean age = 8.5 years old |
Improvement in weight-age Z-score |
B |
2B |
Guillen et al. (2007)4848 Guillen S, Ramos JT, Resino R, Bellon JM, Munoz MA. Impact on weight and height with the use of ART in HIV-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2007;26:334-8.
|
Spain |
Retrospective - 5 years |
264 patients 0 to 18 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores and viral control in the first 5 years of cART |
B |
2B |
Nachman et al. (2005)4949 Nachman SA, Lindsey JC, Moye J, Stanley KE, Johnson GM, Krogstad PA, et al. Growth of human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:352-7.
|
USA |
Prospective - 2 years |
192 children 4 months to 17 years old |
HAART allowed an increase in weight-age Z-score at week 48 and height-age at week 96. Younger children gained weight in less time |
B |
2B |
Lodha et al. (2005)5050 Lodha R, Upadhyay A, Kabra SK. Antiretroviral therapy in HIV-1 infected children. Indian Pediatr. 2005;42:789-96.
|
India |
Prospective - 6 months |
48 children - mean age = 5.6 years old |
Improvement in weight-age Z-score during the 6-month period |
B |
2C |
Ghaffari et al. (2004)5151 Ghaffari G, Passalacqua DJ, Caicedo JL, Goodenow MM, Sleasman JW. Two-year clinical and immune outcomes in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children who reconstitute CD4 T cells without control of viral replication after combination antiretroviral therapy. Pediatrics. 2004;114:e604-11.
|
USA |
Prospective - 2 years |
40 children 2 to18 years old |
Better immune response and higher weight and height Z-scores at the end of follow-up |
B |
2B |
Kline et al. (2004)5252 Kline MW, Matusa RF, Copaciu L, Calles NR, Kline NE, Schwarzwald HL. Comprehensive pediatric human immunodeficiency virus care and treatment in Constanta, Romania: implementation of a program of highly active antiretroviral therapy in a resource-poor setting. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2004;23:695-700.
|
Romania |
Prospective - 67 weeks |
452 children 0 to 18 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores and immunological response |
B |
2C |
Newell et al. (2003)5353 Newell ML, Borja MC, Peckham C. Height, weight, and growth in children born to mothers with HIV-1 infection in Europe. Pediatrics. 2003;111:e52-e60.
|
Europa (11 countries) |
Prospective - 10 years |
1587 patients 0 to 10 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores with cART, regardless of clinical classification |
B |
2 B |
Verwell et al. (2002)5454 Verweel G, van Rossum AM, Hartwig NG, Wolfs TF, Scherpbier HJ, de Groot R. Treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children is associated with a sustained effect on growth. Pediatrics. 2002;109:E25.
|
Netherlands |
Prospective study |
24 children - 4 months to 16 years old (96 weeks of treatment) |
No control group was included, but rather reference curves from the Netherlands. Improvement in weight and height Z-scores in patients with reduced viral load and BMI Z-score in patients with advanced stage of disease and malnutrition |
B |
2C |
Nachman et al. (2002)5555 Nachman SA, Lindsey JC, Pelton S, Mofenson L, McIntosh K, Wiznia A, et al. Growth in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving ritonavir-containing antiretroviral therapy. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:497-503.
|
USA |
Prospective - 120 weeks |
197 patients - 2 to 17 years old |
It was found that the growth deficit increased over time, even in the individuals with better viral load control |
A |
1B |
Miller et al. (2001)5656 Miller TL, Mawn BE, Orav EJ, Wilk D, Weinberg GA, Nicchitta J, et al. The effect of protease inhibitor therapy on growth and body composition in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Pediatrics. 2001;107:e77.
|
USA |
Cohort - 3 years |
67 patients - 0 to 3.8 years old |
Control group was not included. Improvement in weight and weight/height Z-scores, as well as reduction in viral load, but there was no effect on height |
B |
2B |
Buchacz et al. (2001)5757 Buchacz K, Cervia JS, Lindsey JC, Hughes MD, Seage GR, Dankner WM, et al. Impact of protease inhibitor-containing combination antiretroviral therapies on height and weight growth in HIV-infected children. Pediatrics. 2001;108:e72.
|
USA |
Prospective - 3 years |
906 patients - 3 months to 18 years old |
Improvement in weight and height Z-scores with cART containing protease inhibitor, regardless of clinical classification |
B |
2B |