Associations between child disciplinary practices and
               bullying behavior in adolescents

Zottis, Graziela A.H.; Salum, Giovanni A.; Isolan, Luciano R.; Manfro, Gisele G.; Heldt, Elizeth

doi:10.1016/j.jped.2013.12.009

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Original Articles • J. Pediatr. (Rio J.) 90 (4) • Jul-Aug 2014 • https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2013.12.009 copy

Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents ^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Zottis GA, Salum GA, Isolan LR, Manfro GG, Heldt E. Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:408-14.

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

to investigate associations between different types of child disciplinary practices and children and adolescents' bullying behavior in a Brazilian sample.

METHODS:

cross-sectional study, with a school-based sample of 10-to 15-year-old children and adolescents. Child disciplinary practices were assessed using two main subtypes: power-assertive and punitive (psychological aggression, corporal punishment, deprivation of privileges, and penalty tasks) and inductive (explaining, rewarding, and monitoring). A modified version of the Olweus Bully Victim Questionnaire was used to measure the frequency of bullying.

RESULTS:

247 children and adolescents were evaluated and 98 (39.7%) were classified as bullies. Power-assertive and punitive discipline by either mother or father was associated with bullying perpetration by their children. Mothers who mostly used this type of discipline were 4.36 (95% CI: 1.87-10.16; p < 0.001) times more likely of having a bully child. Psychological aggression and mild forms of corporal punishment presented the highest odds ratios. Overall inductive discipline was not associated with bullying.

CONCLUSIONS:

bullying was associated to parents' assertive and punitive discipline. Finding different ways of disciplining children and adolescents might decrease bullying behavior.

Bullying; Adolescent; Punishment; Child rearing

	Bullies n = 98 (39.7%)	Non-bullies n = 149 (60.3%)	Statistics	p-values
Gender, male n (%)	52 (53.1)	64 (43.0)	2.04^a	0.154
Age, mean years (SD)	13.5 (1.1)	13.1 (1.3)	2.97^b	0.011

Ethnic identification n (%)
White	69 (70.4)	93 (62.4)	0.97^c	0.325
Black	17 (17.3)	36 (24.2)
Other minorities	12 (12.2)	20 (13.4)

Number of siblings, median (p ₂₅ -p ₇₅ )	2.0 (1.0-3.3)	2.0 (1.0-3.0)	0.71^d	0.480
Divorced parents n (%)	59 (60.2)	81 (54.4)	0.60^a	0.438

Father figure, n (%) ^e
Biological father	62 (63.3)	118 (79.7)	5.12^c	0.025
Stepfather	23 (23.5)	17 (11.4)
Other person	12 (12.2)	13 (8.8)

Mother figure, n (%) ^e
Biological mother	87 (88.8)	132 (88.6)	0.18^c	0.671
Stepmother	1 (1.0)	5 (3.4)
Other person	10 (10.2)	11 (7.4)

Mother under high school, n (%)	38^e (39.2)	18 (33.6)	0.58^a	0.446
Father under high school, n (%)	30^f (31.3)	53^g (36.3)	0.50^a	0.478

	Males n = 52 (53.1%)	Females n = 46 (46.9%)	Statistics	p-value
Physical, n (%)	13 (25.0)	10 (21.7)	0.02	0.888
Verbal, n (%)	44 (84.6)	39 (84.8)	0.00	> 0.999
Indirect, n (%)	18 (34.6)	24 (52.2)	3.40	0.122
Cyberbullying, n (%)	1 (1.90%)	1 (2.2%)	0.000	> 0.999

Frequencies of Parental Discipline Practices	Mother		Father
	Bullies (n = 98) vs. non-bullies (n = 149)		Bullies (n = 98) vs. non-bullies (n = 149)
	OR	95% CI	OR	95% CI
Power-assertive/ punitive
Bottom quartile (< p₂₅)	ref		ref
Second quartile (p₂₅ – p₅₀)	2.54^a	1.11-5.80	2.06	0.93-4.56
Third quartile (p₅₀ – p₇₅)	5.25^b	2.33-11.87	2.62^a	1.19-5.77
Top quartile (> p₇₅)	4.36^b	1.87-10.16	2.82^a	1.33-6.22

Mild corporal punishment	2.60^b	1.50-4.49	2.29^a	1.28-4.14
Harsh corporal punishment	2.06^a	1.14-3.73	1.74	0.93-3.25

Psychological aggression
Bottom quartile (< p₂₅)	ref		ref
Second quartile (p₂₅ – p₅₀)	4.40^b	1.83-10.58	1.88	0.83-4.26
Third quartile (p₅₀ – p₇₅)	3.94^a	1.66-9.33	1.73	0.81-3.69
Top quartile (> p₇₅)	7.21^b	3.03-17.19	4.43^b	2.04-9.63

Penalty tasks/ Restorative behavior
Bottom quartile (< p₂₅)	ref		ref
Second quartile (p₂₅ – p₅₀)	2.49^a	1.18-5.24	1.31	0.63-2.72
Third quartile (p₅₀ – p₇₅)	1.67	0.78-3.60	1.24	0.56-2.73
Top quartile (> p₇₅)	2.88^b	1.39-5.93	1.54	0.76-3.14

Deprivation of privileges
Bottom quartile (< p₂₅)	ref		ref
Second quartile (p₂₅ – p₅₀)	1.55	0.73-3.32	1.28	0.52-3.15
Third quartile (p₅₀ – p₇₅)	1.41	0.64-3.13	1.69	0.84-3.43
Top quartile (> p₇₅)	3.03^b	1.39-6.63	2.25^a	1.11-4.56

Inductive Discipline
Bottom quartile (< p₂₅)	ref		ref
Second quartile (p₂₅ – p₅₀)	1.06	0.49-2.29	1.01	0.46-2.22
Third quartile (p₅₀ – p₇₅)	2.4^a	1.12-5.16	1.93	0.92-4.07
Top quartile (> p₇₅)	1.71	0.80-3.68	1.43	0.68-3.02

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E-mail: jped@jped.com.br

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[1] * Corresponding author. E-mail: g.zottis@yahoo.com.br g.hartmann@yahoo.it (G.A.H. Zottis).

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Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents ☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Zottis GA, Salum GA, Isolan LR, Manfro GG, Heldt E. Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:408-14.

OBJECTIVE:

METHODS:

RESULTS:

CONCLUSIONS:

Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents ^☆ ☆ Please cite this article as: Zottis GA, Salum GA, Isolan LR, Manfro GG, Heldt E. Associations between child disciplinary practices and bullying behavior in adolescents. J Pediatr (Rio J). 2014;90:408-14.