Marcus & Pettifor, 19801818 Marcus JC, Pettifor JM. Folate and mineral metabolism in poorly nourished epileptic children. Arch Neurol. 1980;37:772-4.
|
South Africa |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
56/56 |
7.75 |
8.9 |
12 |
Phenobarbital, phenytoin, primidone, carbamazepine, ethosuximide, diazepam |
Farhat et al., 20021919 Farhat G, Yamout B, Mikati MA, Demirjian S, Sawaya R, El-Hajj Fuleihan G. Effect of antiepileptic drugs on bone density in ambulatory patients. Neurology. 2002;58:1348-53.
|
Lebanon |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
-/29 |
11.3 |
35 |
6 |
Cytochrome P450 inducers and non-inducers (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Nicolaidou et al., 20062020 Nicolaidou P, Georgouli H, Kotsalis H, Matsinos Y, Papadopoulou A, Fretzayas A, et al. Effects of anticonvulsant therapy on vitamin D status in children: prospective monitoring study. J Child Neurol. 2006;21:205-10.
|
Greece |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
51/51 |
7.4 |
37 |
12 |
Cytochrome P450 inducers and non-inducers (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Nettekoven et al., 200822 Nettekoven S, Ströhle A, Trunz B, Wolters M, Hoffmann S, Horn R, et al. Effects of antiepileptic drug therapy on vitamin D status and biochemical markers of bone turnover in children with epilepsy. Eur J Pediatr. 2008;167:1369-77.
|
Germany |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
38/38 |
8.4 |
76.3 |
3 |
- |
Krishnamoorthy et al., 20092121 Krishnamoorthy G, Karande S, Ahire N, Mathew L, Kulkarni M. Bone metabolism alteration on antiepileptic drug therapy. Indian J Pediatr. 2009;76:377-83.
|
India |
Cohort |
- |
25/25 |
- |
0 |
3 |
Carbamazepine, valproic acid |
Rauchenzauner et al., 20102222 Rauchenzauner M, Griesmacher A, Tatarczyk T, Haberlandt E, Strasak A, Zimmerhackl L-B, et al. Chronic antiepileptic monotherapy, bone metabolism, and body composition in non-institutionalized children: antiepileptic therapy and bone metabolism. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2010;52:283-8.
|
Austria |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
125/125 |
- |
0 |
6 |
Valproic acid, sulthiame, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine |
Misra et al., 20102323 Misra A, Aggarwal A, Singh O, Sharma S. Effect of carbamazepine therapy on vitamin D and parathormone in epileptic children. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;43:320-4.
|
India |
Cohort |
≤10 |
32/32 |
6.7 |
28 |
6 |
Carbamazepine |
Shellhaas et al., 20102424 Shellhaas RA, Barks AK, Joshi SM. Prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency among children with epilepsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2010;42:422-6.
|
USA |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
-/78 |
11.64 |
25 |
- |
Classified as "new" and "old" (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Borusiak et al., 20132525 Borusiak P, Langer T, Heruth M, Karenfort M, Bettendorf U, Jenke AC. Antiepileptic drugs and bone metabolism in children: data from 128 patients. J Child Neurol. 2013;28:176-83.
|
Germany, Turkey, and Russia |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
128/128 |
9 |
13.3 |
6 |
Valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, sulthiame, levetiracetam, carbamazepine, topiramate |
Razazizan et al., 20131010 Razazizan N, Mirmoeini M, Daeichin S, Ghadiri K. Comparison of 25-hydroxy vitamin D, calcium and alkaline phosphatase levels in epileptic and non-epileptic children. Acta Neurol Taiwanica. 2013;22:112-6.
|
Iran |
Cross-sectional |
≤15 |
48/48 |
7.1 |
0 |
6 |
Phenobarbital, topiramate, carbamazepine, valproic acid |
Turan et al., 201399 Turan M, Cayir A, Ozden O, Tan H. An examination of the mutual effects of valproic acid, carbamazepine, and phenobarbital on 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and thyroid function tests. Neuropediatrics. 2013;45:16-21.
|
Turkey |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
144/144 |
- |
52.7 |
6 |
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenobarbital |
Fong & Riney, 20142626 Fong CY, Riney CJ. Vitamin D deficiency among children with epilepsy in South Queensland. J Child Neurol. 2014;29:368-73.
|
Australia |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
-/111 |
- |
22 |
24 |
Classified as "new" and "old" (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Ramelli et al., 20141111 Ramelli V, Ramelli G, Lava S, Siegenthaler G, Cantù M, Bianchetti M, et al. Vitamin D status among children and adolescents on anticonvulsant drugs in Southern Switzerland. Swiss Med Wkly. 2014;144:w13996.
|
Switzerland |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
33/58 |
12.2 |
55 |
12 |
Carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, phenytoin, phenobarbital, clobazam, ethosuximide, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, stiripentol, sulthiame, topiramate, valproic acid, vigabatrin |
Yaghini et al., 20151313 Yaghini O, Tonekaboni SH, Amir Shahkarami SM, Ahmad Abadi F, Shariat F, Abdollah Gorji F. Bone mineral density in ambulatory children with epilepsy. Indian J Pediatr. 2015;82:225-9.
|
Iran |
Cross-sectional |
≤10 |
90/90 |
- |
53 |
6 |
Carbamazepine, primidone, phenobarbital, valproic acid |
Baek et al., 20142727 Baek J-H, Seo Y-H, Kim G-H, Kim M-K, Eun B-L. Vitamin D levels in children and adolescents with antiepileptic drug treatment. Yonsei Med J. 2014;55:417.
|
South Korea |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
143/143 |
11.21 |
9.1 |
12 |
Valproic acid, oxcarbazepine, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, levetiracetam, zonisamide, carbamazepine, topiramate |
Lee et al., 20152828 Lee Y-J, Park KM, Kim YM, Yeon GM, Nam SO. Longitudinal change of vitamin D status in children with epilepsy on antiepileptic drugs: prevalence and risk factors. Pediatr Neurol. 2015;52:153-9.
|
South Korea |
Cohort |
≤20 |
-/143 |
7.4 |
61.5 |
12 |
Cytochrome P450 inducers and non-inducers (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Vera et al., 20152929 Vera V, Moran J, Barros P, Canal-Macias M, Guerrero-Bonmatty R, Costa-Fernandez C, et al. Greater calcium intake is associated with better bone health measured by quantitative ultrasound of the phalanges in pediatric patients treated with anticonvulsant drugs. Nutrients. 2015;7:9908-17.
|
Spain |
Cross-sectional |
- |
-/33 |
6.5 |
0 |
- |
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, lamotrigine, topiramate, phenytoin |
Paticheep et al., 20153030 Paticheep S, Chotipanich C, Khusiwilai K, Wichaporn A, Khongsaengdao S. Antiepileptic drugs and bone health in Thai children with epilepsy. J Med Assoc Thai. 2015;98:535-41.
|
Thailand |
Cross-sectional |
- |
-/30 |
9 |
23.3 |
6 |
Phenobarbital, phenytoin, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, valproic acid, topiramate, levetiracetam, lamotrigine, benzodiazepine |
Patil & Rai, 20153131 Patil N, Rai S. Study of vitamin D levels in epileptic children in age group of 2-16 years. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2015;8:242-3.
|
India |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
-/70 |
- |
71.4 |
- |
- |
He et al., 201655 He X, Jiang P, Zhu W, Xue Y, Li H, Dang R, et al. Effect of antiepileptic therapy on serum 25(OH)D3 and 24,25(OH)2D3 levels in epileptic children. Ann Nutr Metab. 2016;68:119-27.
|
China |
Cohort |
≤10 |
51/51 |
7.24 |
71 |
2 |
Cytochrome P450 inducers and non-inducers (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Tosun et al., 20173232 Tosun A, Erisen Karaca S, Unuvar T, Yurekli Y, Yenisey C, Omurlu IK. Bone mineral density and vitamin D status in children with epilepsy, cerebral palsy, and cerebral palsy with epilepsy. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33:153-8.
|
Turkey |
Cross-sectional |
≤12 |
54/92 |
- |
31.5 |
24 |
Valproic acid, topiramate, oxcarbazepine, carbamazepine, levetiracetam |
Fong et al., 20161212 Fong CY, Kong AN, Poh BK, Mohamed AR, Khoo TB, Ng RL, et al. Vitamin D deficiency and its risk factors in Malaysian children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2016;57:1271-9.
|
Malaysia |
Cross-sectional |
≤14 |
244/244 |
12.3 |
22.5 |
12 |
Cytochrome P450 inducers and non-inducers (without specifying the medications used in the study) |
Yildiz et al., 20173333 Yildiz EP, Poyrazoglu Ş, Bektas G, Kardelen AD, Aydinli N. Potential risk factors for vitamin D levels in medium- and long-term use of antiepileptic drugs in childhood. Acta Neurol Belg. 2017;117:447-53.
|
Turkey |
Cohort |
≤20 |
-/172 |
9.6 |
54 |
12 |
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, levetiracetam, phenobarbital |
Chaudhuri et al., 20173434 Chaudhuri JR, Mridula KR, Rathnakishore C. Association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in pediatric epileptic patients. Iran J Child Neurol. 2017;11:48-56.
|
India |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
100/100 |
14 |
45 |
12 |
Carbamazepine, clobazam, clonazepam, lamotrigine, phenobarbital, valproic acid, topiramate |
Attilakos et al., 20183535 Attilakos A, Tsirouda M, Dinopoulos A, Garoufi A. Vitamin D status in children with epilepsy treated with levetiracetam monotherapy. Epilepsy Res. 2018;148:116.,3636 Attilakos A, Dinopoulos A, Paschalidou M, Tsirouda M, Karalexi M, Prasouli A, et al. Long-term effect of levetiracetam monotherapy on haematological parameters in children with epilepsy: a prospective study. Epilepsy Res. 2018;145:160-2.
|
Greece |
Cohort |
≤20 |
-/15 |
6.1 |
40 |
12 |
Levetiracetam |
Viraraghavan et al., 20193737 Viraraghavan VR, Seth A, Aneja S, Singh R, Dhanwal D. Effect of high dose vitamin d supplementation on vitamin d nutrition status of pre-pubertal children on anti-epileptic drugs - a randomized controlled trial. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2019;29:36-40.
|
India |
Cohort |
≤20 |
-/29 |
7.1 |
62 |
6 |
Phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine |
Sreedharan et al., 20183838 Sreedharan M, Devadathan K, Kunju PM. Vitamin D deficiency in ambulant children on carbamazepine or sodium valproate monotherapy. Indian Pediatr. 2018;55:307-10.
|
India |
Cross-sectional |
≤12 |
56/56 |
- |
16 |
6 |
Carbamazepine andvalproic acid |
Durá-Travé et al., 20183939 Durá-Travé T, Gallinas-Victoriano F, Malumbres-Chacón M, Moreno-Gónzalez P, Aguilera-Albesa S, Yoldi-Petri ME. Vitamin D deficiency in children with epilepsy taking valproate and levetiracetam as monotherapy. Epilepsy Res. 2018;139:80-4.
|
Spain |
Cross-sectional |
≤20 |
90/90 |
- |
27.2 |
12 |
Valproic acid and levetiracetam |
Fong et al., 20181616 Fong CY, Kong AN, Noordin M, Poh BK, Ong LC, Ng CC. Determinants of low bone mineral density in children with epilepsy. Eur J Paediatr Neurol. 2018;22:155-63.
|
Malaysia |
Cross-sectional |
≤15 |
-/87 |
11.9 |
21.8 |
12 |
Valproic acid and cytochrome P450 inducers |