Nitrogen fertilization and sowing density on yield and physiological quality of wheat seeds

Marinho, Jéssica de Lucena; Silva, Sérgio Ricardo; Fonseca, Inês Cristina de Batista; Zucareli, Claudemir

doi:10.1590/2317-1545v44254717

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ARTICLE • J. Seed Sci. 44 • 2022 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1545v44254717 copy

Nitrogen fertilization and sowing density on yield and physiological quality of wheat seeds

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

The optimal combination between sowing density and nitrogen (N) fertilization rate is a challenge for the production of high-quality seeds, considering the diversity of genotypes and environments. This study aimed to evaluate the yield and physiological quality of wheat seeds as a function of sowing density and N rate, under different edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was carried out in three environments (Londrina, Cascavel, and Ponta Grossa) in a randomized block design with four replications, considering a 2 × 3 × 4 factorial arrangement composed of two genotypes (BRS Anambé and WT 15-025), three sowing densities (250, 350, and 450 seeds.m⁻²), and four N rates (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg.ha⁻¹). The following seed features were evaluated: yield, first germination count, final seed germination, seedling emergence, emergence speed index, seedling length, and seedling dry matter. Seed yield varied as a function of environment and genotype. BRS Anambé produced seeds with higher physiological quality. The optimal combination between sowing density and N rate that provided the more suitable economic yield, without affecting the physiological quality of wheat seeds, varied with the environment and was estimated in 250 seeds.m⁻² × 0 kg.ha⁻¹ N for Londrina and Cascavel, and 350 seeds.m⁻² × 18 kg.ha⁻¹ N for Ponta Grossa.

Index terms:
plant stand; seed germination; seed vigor; Triticum aestivum L

ABRATES - Associação Brasileira de Tecnologia de Sementes Av. Juscelino Kubitschek, 1400 - 3° Andar, sala 31 - Centro,, CEP 86020-000 Londrina/PR - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: jss@abrates.org.br

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[1] *Corresponding author
E-mail: sergio.ricardo@embrapa.br

Layer	pH⁽¹⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	SOC⁽²⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	P⁽³⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	K⁽³⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	Al⁽⁴⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	Ca⁽⁴⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	Mg⁽⁴⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	H+Al⁽⁵⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	CEC⁽⁶⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	V⁽⁷⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	Dsoil⁽⁸⁾ (1)pH in 0.01 mol.L−1 CaCl2 (soil:solution ratio = 1:2.5). (2)Soil organic carbon (wet combustion - Walkley-Black). (3)Available phosphorus and exchangeable potassium (Mehlich-1 extractant). (4)Exchangeable aluminum, calcium, and magnesium (1 mol.L−1 KCl extractant). (5) Potential acidity (0.5 mol.L−1 calcium acetate extractant at pH 7.0). (6)Cation exchange capacity. (7)Base saturation. (8) Soil bulk density.	Clay	Silt	Sand
cm		g.dm^-3	-- mg.dm^-3 --		---------------- cmol_c.dm^-3 ----------------					%	g.cm^-3	--------- g.kg^-1 ---------
Londrina
0‒10	5.2	15.3	36.2	227	0.00	3.65	2.22	4.82	11.27	57.2	1.32	732	161	107
10‒20	5.2	15.0	31.3	257	0.01	3.78	2.28	4.98	11.70	57.3	1.31	762	146	92
Cascavel
0‒10	4.8	30.5	24.7	124	0.19	5.21	1.46	5.66	12.49	54.7	1.12	655	220	125
10‒20	4.6	27.4	16.6	94	0.32	4.17	1.18	5.90	11.48	48.7	1.10	690	204	106
Ponta Grossa
0‒10	4.6	23.9	11.2	121	0.16	2.84	0.99	5.72	9.85	42.0	1.29	526	77	397
10‒20	4.8	22.8	4.7	133	0.06	3.03	1.12	5.59	10.09	45.0	1.10	570	65	365

Source of variation	^DF DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	Mean square
		Seed yield
		Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa
Block	3	2064163	1236391	918911
Genotype (G)	1	1811^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	536936^* DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	554691^* DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
Sowing density (D)	2	895677^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	7749^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	734052^** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
N rate (N)	3	208521^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	118789^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	424599^* DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
G × D	2	439186^** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	485802^** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	220571^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
G × N	3	204819^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	224315^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	163717^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
D × N	6	41106^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	84756^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	117543^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
G × D × N	6	163788^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	89594^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.	142215^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3.
Error	69	86907	84642	110763
^CV DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Note: when significant, the effect of ‘N rate’ was assessed by regression analysis in Figure 2. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 3. (%)		12.9	6.3	16.2
Factor	Treatment	Seed yield (kg.ha^-1)
Factor	Treatment	Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa
Genotype	BRS Anambé	2298	4709	1981 b
Genotype	WT 15-025	2289	4559	2134 a
Sowing density	250 seeds.m^-2	2112	4625	1916 b
	350 seeds.m^-2	2330	4653	2039 ab
	450 seeds.m^-2	2441	4625	2217 a
N rate	0 kg.ha^-1	2287	4647	1877
	40 kg.ha^-1	2309	4716	2040
	80 kg.ha^-1	2403	4545	2137
	120 kg.ha^-1	2176	4628	2176

Sowing density	Seed yield (kg.ha⁻¹)
	Londrina		Cascavel
	BRS Anambé	WT 15-025	BRS Anambé	WT 15-025
250 seeds.m⁻²	2145 bA	2078 bA	4741 aA	4509 abB
350 seeds.m⁻²	2434 aA	2225 bB	4589 aA	4716 aA
450 seeds.m⁻²	2316 abB	2565 aA	4797 aA	4453 bB

Source of variation	^DF DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	Mean square
		First germination count			Final seed germination
		Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa	Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa
Block	3	62.9	5.71	83.6	18.0	12.8	9.34
Genotype (G)	1	2420^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	651^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	368^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	689^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	360^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	173^*** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
Sowing density (D)	2	31.8^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	75.3^* DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	66.8^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	5.93^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	18.3^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	83.2^** DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
N rate (N)	3	4.60^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	31.6^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	24.5^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	11.4^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	18.2^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	5.57^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
G × D	2	47.5^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	7.29^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	14.0^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	22.6^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	3.88^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	46.2^* DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
G × N	3	65.2^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	36.2^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	9.61^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	1.26^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	17.5^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	5.51^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
D × N	6	28.0^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	18.2^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	12.8^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	21.4^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	4.07^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	16.8^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
G × D × N	6	39.7^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	37.7^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	29.5^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	11.9^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	10.7^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.	18.7^ns DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5.
Error	69	42.2	20.2	28.7	23.1	9.83	13.2
^CV DF = degrees of freedom. CV = coefficient of variation. ns, , , and ** = not significant, and significant at the p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.01, and p ≤ 0.001, respectively, by the F-test. Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column for the factors ‘genotype’ or ‘sowing density’ differ from each other by the F-test (according to the ANOVA) or Tukey’s test (p ≤ 0.05), respectively. Comparisons with significant interaction between the factors ‘genotype’ and ‘sowing density’ have additional interpretations in Table 5. (%)		7.5	5.0	7.3	5.2	3.3	4.0
Factor	Treatment	First germination count (%)			Final seed germination (%)
Factor	Treatment	Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa	Londrina	Cascavel	Ponta Grossa
Genotype	BRS Anambé	91 a	93 a	75 a	95 a	96 a	92
Genotype	WT 15-025	81 b	87 b	71 b	89 b	92 b	89
Sowing density	250 seeds.m^-2	86	88 b	72	92	94	91
	350 seeds.m^-2	87	90 ab	73	92	94	89
	450 seeds.m^-2	85	92 a	75	92	95	92
N rate	0 kg.ha^-1	86	90	73	92	95	90
	40 kg.ha^-1	87	92	74	93	95	91
	80 kg.ha^-1	86	89	74	92	93	90
	120 kg.ha^-1	87	90	72	91	94	91

Sowing density	Final seed germination (%)
Sowing density	BRS Anambé	WT 15-025
250 seeds.m⁻²	93 aA	88 bB
350 seeds.m⁻²	91 aA	87 bB
450 seeds.m⁻²	92 aA	92 aA

Sowing density	Seedling dry matter (mg)
Sowing density	BRS Anambé	WT 15-025
250 seeds.m⁻²	9.22 bA	8.19 aB
350 seeds.m⁻²	9.16 bA	8.55 aA
450 seeds.m⁻²	10.30 aA	8.20 aB