Vipoxin specificity studied by gas chromatographic determination of enzymatic reaction products. Influence of Ca2+, Mg2+ and Sr2+

ORIGINAL PAPERS

Vipoxin specificity studied by gas chromatographic determination of enzymatic reaction products. Influence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺

Atanasov V.^I; Bardarov V.^II; Aleksiev B.^III; Mitewa M.^I

^IDepartment of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria

^IIToxicochemical Laboratory, Department of Toxicology, Military Medical Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria

^IIIDepartment of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, Sofia, Bulgaria

^{Correspondence}

ABSTRACT

Gas chromatographic procedure with mass spectrometric detection was applied to quantitatively determine the enzymatic specificity and activity of vipoxin (a neurotoxin from the Vipera ammodytes meridionalis venom) as well as the influence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ on these properties.

Key Words: vipoxin, phospholipase A_2, enzyme specificity, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Sr²⁺ influence.

INTRODUCTION

It is already well documented that vipoxin is the main toxic factor of the Vipera ammodytes meridionalis venom (2), showing both neurotoxic action (LD₅₀ value of 400 µg/kg for white mice) and phospholipase activity (1). Detailed study on its chemical structure has proved the formation of an ionic complex consisting of basic and acidic subunits – toxic phospholipase A₂ and nontoxic inhibitor, respectively (12). Both subunits are built from 122 amino acid residues each and show high structural homology (62% amino acidic identity) (6, 12). After separation of the subunits, the phospholipase A₂ (both in solution and in lyophilized form) irreversibly looses its activity in a short period of time. When complexed with the inhibitor, however, the toxicity is retained for a long period combined with the phospholipase activity; the latter being lower compared with the freshly obtained free phospholipase A₂ (12).

The enzymatic specificity of the above-mentioned phospholipase A₂ is of immense interest because of the important role the different types of this enzyme play in numerous bioprocesses (10). Until the present moment, however, only its total enzymatic activity has been studied using pH-stat titration of the released fatty acids and isotopically labeled substrates; fluorescently marked ones are also used in spectrophotometric and chromatographic studies (3, 5, 8, 9, 13, 14). So far only the chromatographic techniques allow the determination of the individual fatty acids concentration. In the present paper a gas chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS) is applied allowing the kinetic monitoring of the enzymatic specificity together with the total and specific phospholipase activity.

On the other hand, there are only scarce data about the influence of Ca²⁺ ions on the phospholipase A₂ activity, its physicochemical properties, and the high structures (4) of vipoxin, whereas the influence of metal ions on the enzymatic specificity has not been studied. Therefore the vipoxin specificity in presence of Ca²⁺ was investigated since it is expected to influence enzymatic specificity. For comparison purpose, the influence of Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions was also studied.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The vipoxin used was isolated from air-dried venom of Vipera ammodytes meridionalis using the column chromatography procedure (11) followed by lyophilization and storage at 0-5ºC.

The soybean lecithin was purchased from "Serva". All other chemicals and solvents used were AR grade (Merck) and the solvents used in the chromatographic experiments were GC grade (Merck).

Fatty acids and fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) reference substances were purchased from "Serva".

Diazald^®, used for preparation of diazomethane, was purchased from Sigma.

The enzyme reaction was carried out at optimum conditions followed by extraction of the released fatty acids and their quantitation after methylation.

The individual determination of FAMEs was made on a gas chromatograph Trace DSQ Thermo-Finnigan equipped with a split/splitless injector working in "splitless" mode, capillary column Supelcowax 10 (30m x 0.32mm x 0.4µm film, Supelco Inc.), at temperature program ranging from 70ºC to 230ºC, helium carrier gas with flow rate of 1.2 ml/min, and quadruple EI mass spectrometric detector operating in "SCAN" mode in the 50-350 m/z range.

Soybean lecithin, emulsified in 40% (v/v) methanol/deionized water free from Ca²⁺ ions, was used as substrate.

The enzymatic reaction was carried out at optimum conditions (12), 40 µl freshly prepared 0.1 mM vipoxin solution was added to 4.0 ml of 0.5 mg/ml neutral substrate solution containing a definite amount of Ca²⁺. The mixture was incubated for 25 min at 25ºC and stopped by the addition of 1 ml 1M H₂SO₄. The fatty acids released were immediately extracted by three-fold extraction with portions of 2 ml each (n-propanol/hexane/heptane [4: 1: 1]). After the addition of 100 µl internal standard (100 µg/ml heptadecanoic acid) the solvent was evaporated under nitrogen flow and the dry residue was methylated with ether solution of diazomethane. The methylated esters obtained were dissolved in methanol and the aliquots were analyzed using the GC-MS technique.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

According to literature data (7, 15), it was established that the substrate of the enzymatic reaction, 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (natural lecithin), predominantly contains saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) at the first position (A₁) and unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) at the second (A₂) (Table 1 and Figure 1).

The dependence of the vipoxin total enzymatic activity (R_Vip) on the Ca²⁺ concentration and on the enzymatic specificity ratio (R) in presence of Ca²⁺ is presented in Figures 2 and 3, respectively. It is evident that at 1.5 mM Ca²⁺ concentration maximum vipoxin total enzymatic activity is observed, in agreement with some literature data available (13). Also at this Ca²⁺ concentration the highest enzymatic specificity was recorded, which is approximately 1.3 times higher than the one found in absence of Ca²⁺.

The influence of Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ on the enzymatic activity and specificity was also studied, and the experimental conditions were the same as those in which the maximum influence of Ca²⁺ ions was observed.

The data obtained are summarized in Figure 4, showing the values of the corresponding activities and specificities in absence and presence of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ ions. As it can be observed, the enzymatic activity is slightly increased in presence of Mg²⁺, while Sr²⁺ ions decrease it. Quite different is their influence on the specificity - in presence of 1.5 mM Ca²⁺ it is increased 1.3 times, while both Mg²⁺ and Sr²⁺ cause its decrease. Positive effect of Ca²⁺ (strong) and Mg²⁺ (small) on the vipoxin phospholipase activity was confirmed together with the negative effect of Sr²⁺.

REFERENCES

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Received: November 8, 2004

Accepted: February 4, 2005

Published online: July 1, 2005

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  16 Aug 2005
• Date of issue
  Sept 2005

History

• Accepted
  04 Feb 2005
• Received
  08 Nov 2004