SNAKEBITES IN SOUTHWESTERN GOIÁS STATE, BRAZIL

The present study evaluated snakebite cases recorded by the Southwest II Regional Health Bureau [Regional de Saúde Sudoeste II], Goiás State, Brazil. The following data were analyzed: accident period; patient’s age and gender; bite site; envenomation severity; and time elapsed between the bite and medical treatment. We evaluated 211 cases recorded between January 2002 and December 2005, which resulted in an incidence coefficient of 32.4/100,000 inhabitants. Most accidents were due to the bite of snakes from the Bothrops genus (78.2%). The months between January and April had a larger number of accidents (93%–44.1%), although no significant differences were observed. Only one death occurred, resulting in a mortality rate of 0.5%. The lower limbs were the most frequently affected (66.3%). The majority of the victims were male (75.1%). The age group of most of the patients was from 21 to 30 years (20.8%). The accidents were classified as mild, moderate and severe, representing 44.9%, 47.6% and 7.5% of the cases, respectively. The time elapsed between the accident and medical treatment was less than 3h in most of the cases (80.7%), reflecting the high frequency of mild and moderate accidents (92.5%) as well as the large number of healed patients.


INTRODUCTION
Nowadays, there are about 2,900 snake species identified worldwide; they are distributed into 165 genera and 30 families (8).In Brazil, two families of venomous snakes can be found: Viperidae, represented by five genera (Bothriopsis, Bothrocophias, Bothrops, Crotalus and Lachesis) totalizing 30 species, and Elapidae, represented by the coral snakes, which belong to the genus Micrurus, comprising 22 species (14).
Accidents caused by venomous snakes represent a significant public health problem, especially in tropical countries (20).According to the National Health Foundation -FUNASA, Brazil, about 81,611 snakebite accidents occurred in Brazil from January 1990 to December 1993, yielding a coefficient of 13.5 accidents/100,000 inhabitants.
Among the different regions of the country, the highest index was observed in the central-western region, with 33.3 accidents/100,000 inhabitants, followed by the northern region, with 23.3 accidents/100,000 inhabitants (4).These accidents are common in rural zones, mainly in canopy-gap areas.The Goiás State Health Bureau recorded 3,261 accidents caused by venomous snakes from January 1998 to December 2000, with an incidence coefficient of 21.7/100,000 inhabitants (19).
Bites by snakes from the Bothrops genus (jararacas, lanceheads) account for about 75% of the snakebite accidents in Brazil (4,19).Silva et al. (27) evaluated 90 cases of snakebite accidents with venomous snakes in a central region of the country and concluded that 74% were caused by Bothrops, 24% by Crotalus (rattlesnakes) and 2% by Micrurus species (27).
Snakebite accidents are often associated with venomous snakes, although Albolea et al. (1) verified that nonvenomous snakes are responsible for about 40% of the accidents in the state of São Paulo, Brazil (1).According to Ribeiro et al. (24), bites by the nonvenomous snake Philodryas olfersii can cause symptoms similar to those caused by the bite of Bothrops snakes (24).
The present study aimed at evaluating the epidemiological aspects of the snakebite accidents recorded by the Southwest II Regional Health Bureau-Jataí, Goiás State, Brazil, as well as at supporting future actions for the prophylaxis and epidemiology of these accidents.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Epidemiological data were collected from the Southwest II Regional Health Bureau-Jataí, Southwestern Goiás State, Brazil.We analyzed 211 investigation files of snakebite victims between January 2002 and December 2005.
Information about the day and month of the accident, the patient's age and gender, the bitten anatomical site, and the time elapsed between the accident and the first medical procedures was collected in all analyzed cases.
The envenomation severity and the evolution of cases were recorded.Data about complications of envenomation cases were not analyzed, whereas they are well described in literature.The Chi-square test was used to analyze whether there was a monthly prevalence of accidents.

RESULTS
Analysis of 211 files during these four years indicated that 78.2% of the accidents were caused by Bothrops snakes, 12.3% by Crotalus snakes, 0.9 by nonvenomous snakes, and in 8.5% of the cases, the animal responsible for the accident could not be identified (Table 1).Eighteen files were excluded from the analyses due to the lack of information about the animal responsible for the accident.
There was an average of 52.75 annual cases, and the average of cases per month was 17.58 with a variation coefficient of 32%.January, February, March, and April showed larger numbers of accidents, totalizing 93 (44.1%) out of the analyzed months (Figure 1).However, these higher incidences did not reflect significant statistical differences (χ 2 =14.27; df=11; p=0.218).
Information about the injured anatomical site was available in 190 files.The most affected limbs were the feet (40.5%), followed by the hands (27.9%) and the legs (25.3%).Thighs, trunk, arms and forearms accounted for 6.3% of the cases (Table 2).
Individuals between 51 and 60 years as well as those older than 60 were the least attacked group (Table 2).With regard to the accident place (N=189), the majority of the cases occurred in the rural zone (Table 2).
Out of the 187 files containing available data on the accidents severity, 44.9% represented mild cases, 47.6% moderate cases, and 7.5% severe cases (Table 3).
In general, the patients' clinical state progressed to healing (89.8%).Healing with health consequences was observed in five cases (2.7%) and there was only one record of death (0.5%) out of all the analyzed files (Table 3).

DISCUSSION
The snakebite accidents recorded in the southwest of Goiás State, Brazil, between January 2002 and December 2005 yielded an incidence coefficient of 32.4/100,000 inhabitants, which was higher than that obtained by Pinho et al. (19) for the whole state of Goiás and over twofold higher than the coefficient found by FUNASA for the entire country (4).
These results can be related to the expansion of agriculture in Goiás State, which caused a series of changes to the environment and the population movement in the countryside, increasing thus the exposition of people to varied accidents, including those caused by venomous animals (3).The significant increase in the number of accidents with Crotalus snakes, which almost doubled in the last four years, can be explained by the higher adaptability of these animals to dry environments (12).Such snakes may have been favored by the substitution of the native vegetation for fields and pasture, increasing the possibility of accidents with humans.However, an opposite process may have been occurring with Bothrops snakes, as the agricultural expansion reduces humid environments and may increase the incidence of these species in places like riparian forests, which are frequently visited by fishers and used for leisure activities, increasing the chances of accidents involving jararacas.
Among the accidents with identified snakes, most of them were caused by venomous snakes from the genus Bothrops, followed by Crotalus.This pattern is similar to the results obtained by Silva et al. in a study in the central area of Brazil (27), as well as to the data from the Goiás State Health Bureau (19).Accidents involving Micrurus snakes, represented by coral snakes, were not recorded.This can be easily explained by the small number of accidents involving this snake genus (5, 7).
There were few accidents with nonvenomous snakes; however, it must be emphasized that the involved snake was not identified in 8.5% of the cases.
According to Franco et al. (9), in Pouso Alegre region, south of Minas Gerais State, Brazil, accidents with Crotalus snakes are almost twofold more common than those caused by Bothrops snakes.These data from the Pouso Alegre Regional Health Bureau are quite distinct from the general pattern verified in Brazil (4), although there are no reports of a high abundance of rattlesnakes in that region.
Pacheco et al. (17) studied the snake species in the district of Jataí, southwest of Goiás State, and observed a predominance of Crotalus, relative to Bothrops snakes.
In spite of the higher incidence of rattlesnakes in that region, the frequency of crotalic Snakebite accidents are commoner between October and March, reflecting the season influence such as increase in temperature, rainfall and human activity in rural areas (4,18,19,22,28).A larger number of accidents during the hottest months of the year may be related to the mating season of Viperidae (2,16).Our results showed that the hottest and rainiest months had a higher incidence of accidents, but these differences were not significant.
Considering the accident place and the victim's gender and age, the obtained data were similar to those reported in literature (5, 9, 13, 15, 26).
Lower limbs were most frequently affected (66.3%) and these accidents could have been easily avoided by using boots and spats while laboring in the fields.
For most of the cases (80.7%), the time elapsed between the accident and medical treatment was less than 3h, reflecting the larger number of mild and moderate cases as well as healed patients.Snakebite victims treated only after 6h have more chances of developing severe envenomation (6).
Snakes from the Bothrops genus have been the main responsible for accidents and deaths, but the percentage of Crotalus accidents which progressed to death is higher (21,23).Out of 211 accident files, the unique case of death was due to the bite by a Bothrops snake, yielding a lethality coefficient of 0.47%, which corroborates the numbers found in literature (4,19).
Our data indicate a high incidence of accidents caused by venomous snakes in the southwestern region of Goiás State, Brazil.Therefore, prevention measures must be more intensified and new studies should be carried out to fulfill the lack of epidemiological work, mainly for the central-western region of Brazil, where the coefficient of accidents is the highest of the country (5).
Martinez et al. (13), in their studies in Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo State, Brazil, found a snakebite incidence rate tenfold higher than that obtained for the whole state of São Paulo.It reinforces the need for further studies in micro-regions of the country.
According to Salomão et al. (25), the characteristics of each locality keep close connection with each other, reinforcing thus the need for epidemiological studies in more restricted areas.

Table 1 .
Annual distribution of snakebite accidents in the southwest of Goiás State, Brazil, between January 2002 and December 2005.

Table 2 .
Frequency of snakebites recorded by the Southwest II Regional Health Bureau, Goiás State, Brazil, between January 2002 and December 2005, according to the patient's age and gender, the bite site, and the accident place.

Table 3 .
Classification and evolution of the cases, and time elapsed between the bite and medical treatment for snakebite accidents in Southwestern Goiás State, Brazil, between January 2002 and December 2005.
U. P. Pacheco and M. Zortéa SNAKEBITES IN SOUTHWESTERN GOIÁS STATE, BRAZIL.J. Venom.Anim.Toxins incl.Trop.Dis., 2008, 14, 1, p. 148 accidents was rather lower than that of bothropic ones, which does not agree with the pattern observed by Franco et al. in Minas Gerais (9).