Schistosomiasis haematobia in Brazilian patients: clinical and renal functional evaluation with 99mTc-DTPA

SHORT COMMUNICATION

Schistosomiasis haematobia in Brazilian patients: clinical and renal functional evaluation with ^99mTc-DTPA

D’Almeida J.^{I, II}; Maliska C.^{I, II}; Pellegrini P. M.^I; Penas M. E.^II; Collares R. A.^I; Cruz M. G. A.^II

^INuclear Medicine Service, Army Central Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

^IINuclear Medicine Service, Clementino Fraga Filho School Hospital and Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, UFRJ, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil

^{Correspondence to}

ABSTRACT

The present study was carried out at the Army Central Hospital, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from September 2000 to December 2001, employing diethylenetriamine penta-acetic acid labeled with technetium-99m (^99mTc-DTPA) to evaluate the renal function of nineteen symptomatic patients infected with S. haematobium during a peace mission in Mozambique. Results evidenced that the most frequent clinical manifestations were hematuria (68.4%) and low back pain (68.4%) and 73.7% patients had altered dynamic renal scintigraphy expressed by an increase in the excretory phase independently of the symptoms duration; furthermore, none of them had mechanical obstructive pattern. Schistosoma haematobium glomerulopathy could be considered a pathological finding without correlation with the disease clinical manifestations.

Key words: Schistosomiasis, Schistosoma haematobium, renal radionuclide imaging, Brazilian patients, ^99mTc-DTPA.

INTRODUCTION

In 1852, the German physician Theodore Bilharz described a parasitic infection that would later be termed schistosomiasis. Currently, 200 million people in 74 countries have the disease; 120 million of them present symptoms and 20 million have severe illness (13). Schistosomiasis haematobia is caused by S. haematobium, parasitic trematode worms that reside in the venulas of vesical plexus of their vertebrate definitive host (11).

The classical tissue response to ova is granulomatous as consequence of a cascade of events due to release of soluble egg antigens through micropores of eggshell (3, 9). There is evidence that some of these lesions may predispose to malignancy (3). The urogenital system is the main target of S. haematobium infestation. Morbidity from urinary schistosomiasis is widely variable, probably due to differences in parasitic strains, intensity of infestation and host susceptibility (3, 11). The earlier reports of schistosomal glomerulopathy were from Brazil and further reports, also from Brazil and many other countries, confirmed it as a distinct disease entity (1). The syndrome is independent of oviposition and mediated by immune response to circulating antigens released by adult worms (10).

Clinical and laboratorial diagnosis of schistosomiasis haematobia included the presence of ova in the urine, hematuria, low back pain, dysuria, pollakiuria, nycturia and pain in the pelvic region (11, 14). Schistosomal antigens were detected in glomerular deposits, usually together with IgM, C3 and less frequently with IgG and IgA (3). The renal lesions of schistossomiasis reflect the two major pathogenetic mechanisms. First, there are focal lesions mostly affecting the lower urinary tract caused by local granulomatous response to S. haematobium ova. Second, there are lesions caused by immune-complex deposition in the glomeruli, usually associated with S. mansoni infections and with S. haematobium (4).

Radioisotope renography using ^99mTc-DTPA is a safe, sensitive, simple and fast method which is widely accepted as a valuable tool for investigation, management, and follow-up of patients with renal disease. It also allows repeated examinations of individual renal function without any major inconvenience to the patient (8,9).

The aim of this work was to study renal dynamic scintigraphies with ^99mTc-DTPA of male soldiers who went to Mozambique in a peace mission and were infected with S. haematobium which does not exist in Brazil.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Renal dynamic scintigraphies were carried out for nineteen male soldiers aged from 26 to 36 years old, mean age of 30.05±2.97 years, who went to Mozambique for 15 months (from September 2000 to December 2001) and were infected with S. haematobium.

Clinical and laboratorial diagnosis of schistosomiasis haematobia was obtained within an interval between 10 months and seven years after exposition to the parasite. Inclusion criteria were: exposition to S. haematobium with clinical manifestations and presence of parasite eggs in the urine. This study was submitted and approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research.

Scintigraphies were done employing DTPA labeled with ^99mTc, both produced by Nuclear and Energetic Research Institute [Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN, São Paulo, Brazil]. A two-headed gamma-camera (Nucline DH – MB950 – Mediso, Budapest) was used, with low-energy, all-purpose collimator, and 20% window in peak for ^99mTc (140 keV).

Test was carried out 30min after hydration of the patient with 300–500ml water at room temperature. The patient was in supine position, the collimator was underneath and close to the patients’ back and the kidneys were in the center of the image. Sequential images were obtained following the bolus injection of a small volume of ^99mTc-DTPA with high-activity (370MBq; 10mCi) into the antecubital vein.

Data were obtained using 60 frames of 1s followed by 87 images of 20s each. Activity/time curves were generated for regions of interest: cortical, pelvic and whole kidney, bladder and aorta. Background was determined by a C-shaped perirenal area. Fifteen to 20min after radiotracer, an injection of 40mg furosemide was intravenously administered to patients who presented a plateau or an ascending pattern in the excretory phase of the nephrogram.

The following values were considered normal: time to peak activity (T_max) lower than 6min (8), T_1/2 of the renogram lower than 14min, and parenchymal transit time index (PTTI) lower than 2:36min (6).

RESULTS

Table 1 shows the age and the time interval between the exposition to the parasite and the beginning of the clinical manifestations (signs and/or first symptoms) of all nineteen patients. Hematuria was the first sign in 13 patients (68.42%) and low back pain also in 13 patients; association of both signs was identified in 11 patients (58%). Isolated or in association, all two symptoms had no relation to the time interval between exposition and clinical manifestations. Low back pain was the unique and first symptom in two patients (one after twelve months and one after eighty-four months of infection); both patients presented a prolonged excretory phase (PEP) in the nephrogram. Dysuria was the third most common symptom (42.10%) and was the unique symptom in one patient (after less than twelve months of exposition–clinical manifestation), who had PEP in the nephrogram. Among the five patients that did not present hematuria, three had twelve months or less of infection, one had forty-eight months, and two had eighty-four months of infection. Pollakiuria was present in four patients (21%).

Table 2 shows the time interval between exposition to the parasite and clinical manifestations, the relative function of each kidney, and the result of renogram. Six patients with twelve months or less of infection had already a PEP (four patients for both kidneys; two for the right kidney); in contrast, eight patients with more than twelve months of infection had PEP (four patients for both kidneys; three for the left kidney; and one for the right kidney). Five patients (26%) had normal nephrograms for both kidneys (one patient with twelve months; two with twenty-four months; one with 48 months; and one with eighty-four months of infection). Only five patients (26%) had normal nephrograms for both kidneys; out of the remaining fourteen patients (73.7%), eight had bilateral and six unilateral PEP. There was no tendency for left or right kidney alteration; both were equally compromised. All fourteen patients with abnormal renogram (100%) presented PEP and none of them had obstructive pattern.

Patients with bilateral normal renogram had random clinical manifestations and infection duration. The kidneys relative function was calculated between 60–120s; the mean value for the right kidney was 49% and that for left kidney was 51%.

T_max was higher than 6min in 42% of the patients; T_1/2 was higher than 14min in 68.5% of them; and PTTI was higher than 2:36min in 58% patients.

Figure 1A evidences a normal curve for both kidneys of Patient 6, who presented pollakiuria as first clinical manifestation. Figure 1B shows a curve with PEP for both kidneys of Patient 13.

DISCUSSION

The clinical manifestations of schistosomiasis haematobia observed in this study agreed with those described by Rey et al. (11,12).

Fourteen patients had abnormal scintigraphies evidencing an increase in the excretion time; none of them had obstructive pattern. Bahar et al. (2) studied 92 patients presenting schistosomiasis haematobia and urinary symptoms from endemic areas (Nile Valley, East Africa, Saudi Arabia, and Yemen) and reported that 68% of them showed altered excretory phase in ^99mTc-DTPA dynamic renal scintigraphy and 71% had PEP without obstructive pattern.

The current results corroborated the studies of Barsoum (3) who mentioned that S. haematobium glomerulopathy could be considered a pathological finding without correlation with the disease clinical manifestations indicating subclinical glomerular involvement. In the present study, scintigraphy showed close relationship with physiopathologic alterations induced by individual immunologic response to S. haematobium.

Despite the small number of patients, the present results are not in agreement with the predominance of post-renal obstruction (7) in different progression degrees of schistosomiasis haematobia. Infected patients often present few or no clinical signs of serious disease until very late stages of the infection. Therefore, it has been difficult to establish a clinical gradient with respect to S. haematobium infections (3,9).

The evaluation of renal scintigraphies of infected patients added a new dimension to the understanding of the problem by revealing severe functional abnormalities in some patients who were apparently well (3, 5, 9).

In this study, increased PTTI and PEP cannot be due to the improper hydration of the patients since the hydration protocol before the test was strictly followed.

Results showed 14 patients with PEP instead of the common post-renal obstruction. There was no correlation between the alterations observed and the clinical manifestations of the disease. The obvious task ahead for health authorities in the developing world is to detect and treat kidney diseases at the earliest possible stage (5, 14). For this purpose, renal scintigraphy using ^99mTc-DTPA in S. haematobium infected patients would help to discriminate those with a major probability to develop schistosomal glomerulopathy, which does not depend on the duration of the disease.

Prolonged excretory phase in 73.7% patients and increased PTTI in 58% of them suggested parenchymal compromising consistent with schistosomal glomerulopathy. So far, scintigraphy has shown to be important to evaluate the outcome of infected patients. Further longitudinal studies of infected patients are desirable and should yield useful information particularly in patients whose renographic abnormalities persist despite good parasitologic response to specific chemotherapy.

Received: February 16, 2007

Accepted: July 30, 2007

Abstract published online: August 8, 2007

Full paper published online: August 31, 2007

Conflicts of interest: There is no conflict.

• 1 ANDRADE ZA., ROCHA H. Schistosomal glomerulopathy. Kidney Int., 1979, 16, 23-9.
• 2 BAHAR RH., SABHA M., KOURIS K., BRITTON KE., ALI YM., AWDEH M., NILSSON T., ABDEL-DAYEM HM. Chronic urinary schistosomiasis: patterns of abnormalities in radionuclide Tc-99m-DTPA diuretic renogram. Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol. Scand., 1988, 3, 54-8.
• 3 BARSOUM RS. Editorial review: Schistosomal glomerulopathies. Kidney Int., 1993, 44, 1-12.
• 4 BARSOUM RS. Urinary schistosomiasis. In: JOHNSONS RJ., FEEHALLY JMA. Eds. Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology 2.ed. Saint Louis: Mosby, 2003: 723-9.
• 5 BARSOUM RS. Chronic kidney disease in the developing world. N. Engl. J. Med., 2006, 354, 997-9.
• 6 BRITTON KE., NAWAZ MK., WHITFIELD HN., NIMMON CC., CARROLL MJ., GRANOWSKA M., MLODROWSKA E. Obstructive nephropathy: comparison between parenchymal transit time index and furosemide diuresis. British. J. Urol., 1987, 59, 127-32.
• 7 BRITTON KE., NIMMON CC., WHITFIELD HN., HENDRY WF., WICKHAN JE. Obstructive nephropathy: successful evaluation with radionuclides. Lancet, 1979, 1, 905-7.
• 8 OEI H-Y., OEI Y-C. Dynamic and static renal imaging. In: Ell PJ., GAMBHIR SS. Eds. Nuclear Medicine in Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment. 3.ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 2004: 1517-35.
• 9 OYEDIRAN ABOO. Renal diseases due to schistosomiasis of the lower urinary tract. Kidney Int., 1979, 16, 15-22.
• 10 PEARCE EJ. Review article: priming of the immune response by schistosome eggs. Parasite Immunol., 2005, 27, 265-70.
• 11 REY L. Parasitologia 3.ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2001. 856p.
• 12 REY L., LOURENÇO MI., MUÑOZ-GARCIA C. Esquistosomíase: metodologia de controle em aldeias comunais de Moçambique. Rev. Med. Moçambique, 1987, 3, 1-7.
• 13 ROSS AG., BARTLEY PB., SLEIGH AC., OLDS GR., LI Y., WILLIAMS GM., MCMANUS DP. Review article: Schistosomiasis. N. Engl. J. Med., 2002, 346, 1212-20.
• ¹⁴
  WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION. WHO Expert Committee on the control of schistosomiasis. The control of schistosomiasis: second report of the WHO Expert Committee Geneva: WHO, 1993. 86p. [Technical Report Series, 830].

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Sept 2007
• Date of issue
  2007

History

• Accepted
  30 July 2007
• Received
  16 Feb 2007