Homma [1111. Homma Y, Watanabe M, Inoue K, Moritaka T. Coronavirus disease-19 pneumonia with facial nerve palsy and olfactory disturbance. Intern Med. 2020 Jul 15;59(14):1773-5.] |
Japan |
Case report |
Hospital |
May 2020 |
1 |
35 years |
F |
Rapid tests for influenza and streptococcus |
COVID-19 pneumonia associated with facial nerve palsy and olfactory disturbance. |
Ribeiro [1212. Ribeiro BNF, Marchiori E. Facial palsy as a neurological complication of SARS-CoV-2. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 2020;78:667.] |
Brazil |
Case report |
Hospital |
August 2020 |
1 |
26 years |
M |
Not reported |
Facial paralysis. |
Derollez [1313. Derollez C, Alberto T, Leroi I, Mackowiak MA, Chen Y. Facial nerve palsy: An atypical clinical manifestation of COVID-19 infection in a family cluster. Eur J Neurol. 2020 Dec;27(12):2670-2.] |
France |
Case report |
Hospital |
August 2020 |
1 |
57 years |
F |
Ganglioside antibodies, nuclear antibodies panel, rheumatoid factor, classical complement pathway, converting angiotensin enzyme, Campylobacter jejuni serology, HIV serology, HVA serology, HVB serology, HCV serology, CMV serology, VZV serology, EBV serology |
Isolated cranial nerve deficit, especially facial nerve palsy, as a possible neurological manifestation due to COVID-19 infection. |
Casas [1717. Casas E, Barbosa A, Rubio-García E, Cebrián J, Díaz-Pérez C, de la Fuente E, Vivancos J, López-Manzanares L. Isolated peripheral facial paralysis in a patient with COVID-19. Rev Neurol. 2020 Jul 1;71(1):40-1.] |
Spain |
Case report |
University hospital |
June 2020 |
1 |
32 years |
M |
None |
PFP secondary to neuritis of probable viral origin, related to SARS-CoV-2. |
Ochoa-Fernández [1818. García Ochoa-Fernández EG, Víllora-Morcillo N, Táboas-Pereira MA. Peripheral facial palsy in a paediatric patient with no risk factors within the context of infection by SARS-CoV-2. Rev Neurol. 2021 Mar 1;72(5):177-8.] |
Spain |
Case report |
Emergency department |
January 2021 |
1 |
6 years |
F |
None |
PFP in pediatric age. |
Doblan [1919. Doblan A, Kaplama ME, Ak S, Basmacı N, Tarini EZ, Göktaş ŞE, Güler S, Müderris T. Cranial nerve involvement in COVID-19. Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Sep-Oct;42(5):102999.] |
Turkey |
Cross-sectional study |
Hospital |
March 2021 |
21 |
Range for 16 patients: 18-59 years Range for 5 patients: 60 years and over |
M (11)/F (10) |
Not reported |
COVID-19, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, commonly leads to cranial nerve symptoms. |
Zain [2020. Zain S, Petropoulou K, Mirchia K, Hussien A, Mirchia K. COVID-19 as a rare cause of facial nerve neuritis in a pediatric patient. Radiol Case Rep. 2021 Jun;16(6):1400-4.] |
USA |
Case report |
Emergency room |
April 2021 |
1 |
23 months old |
F |
Respiratory pathogen panel and cytomegalovirus RT-PCR; pathogen panel [serum Lyme titers; Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) IgM and IgG] |
Peripheral nerve palsies associated with COVID-19 (brain MRI of the right cranial suggestive of neuritis). |
Cabrera Muras [2121. Cabrera Muras A, Carmona-Abellán MM, Collía Fernández A, Uterga Valiente JM, Antón Méndez L, García-Moncó JC. Bilateral facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19 and Epstein-Barr virus co-infection. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Jan;28(1):358-60.] |
Spain |
Case report |
University hospital |
September 2020 |
1 |
20 years |
M |
EBV, enterovirus, herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster, cytomegalovirus, parechovirus |
SARS-CoV-2 infection preceded by upper respiratory symptoms, and evidence of coinfection with EBV. |
Pinna [2222. Pinna P, Grewal P, Hall JP, Tavarez T, Dafer RM, Garg R, Osteraas ND, Pellack DR, Asthana A, Fegan K, Patel V, Conners JJ, John S, Silva I. Neurological manifestations and COVID-19: Experiences from a tertiary care center at the Frontline. J Neurol Sci. 2020 Aug 15;415:116969.] |
USA |
Case series |
Large tertiary care academic center |
June 2020 |
3 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Neurological manifestations in the setting of COVID-19. |
Mehta [2323. Mehta S, Mackinnon D, Gupta S. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 as an atypical cause of Bell’s palsy in a patient experiencing homelessness. CJEM. 2020 Jun 8:1-3.] |
Canada |
Case report |
Emergency department, University of Toronto |
June 2020 |
1 |
36 years |
M |
None |
Case of Bell’s palsy likely attributable to SARS-CoV-2. |
Goh [2424. Goh Y, Beh DLL, Makmur A, Somani J, Chan ACY. Pearls & Oy-sters: Facial nerve palsy in COVID-19 infection. Neurology. 2020 Aug 25;95(8):364-7.] |
Singapore |
Case report |
Hospital (tertiary health care center) |
August 2020 |
1 |
27 years |
M |
HSV, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), EBV, cytomegalovirus |
Left lower motor neuron type facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19. |
Zammit [2525. Zammit M, Markey A, Webb C. A rise in facial nerve palsies during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. J Laryngol Otol. 2020 Oct 1:1-4.] |
UK |
Retrospective review |
Hospital (accident and emergency department) |
September 2020 |
30 |
48 years ± 29 years |
F (17)/M (13) |
Not reported |
Possibility of COVID-19 causing lower motor lower motor neuron VIIth cranial nerve palsy, with or without any preceding COVID-19 symptoms. |
Chaumont [2626. Chaumont H, San-Galli A, Martino F, Couratier C, Joguet G, Carles M, Roze E, Lannuzel A. Mixed central and peripheral nervous system disorders in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Neurol. 2020;267(11):3121-7.] |
France |
Case series |
Hospital |
June 2020 |
4 |
60.5 ± 9.5 years |
M |
Not reported |
Mixed central and peripheral disorders as a complication of severe COVID-19. |
Bsales [2727. Bsales S, Olson B, Gaur S, Chefitz D, Carayannopoulos M, Uprety P, Esfahanizadeh A. Bell’s palsy associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in a 2-year-old child. J Pediatr Neurol. 2021:2-4.] |
USA |
Case report |
Hospital (emergency department) |
November 2020 |
1 |
2 years |
M |
Lyme disease, bacterial culture, meningitis encephalitis; HSV type-1 immunoglobulin antibody was reactive and HSV type-2 antibody was nonreactive; cytomegalovirus IgG antibody was positive and cytomegalovirus IgM was negative; blood EBV was undetected |
Left-sided facial palsy in a previously healthy child who was simultaneously infected with SARS-CoV-2. |
Mikaberidze [2828. Mikaberidze A. Letter to the editor. J Slavic Mil Stud. 2007 Apr 18;20:135-6.] |
Iran |
Case report |
Hospital |
November 2020 |
1 |
60 years |
M |
Not reported |
SARS-CoV-2-induced facial nerve palsy. |
Bastola [2929. Bastola A, Sah R, Nepal G, Gajurel BP, Rajbhandari SK, Chalise BS, Shrestha B, Nepal R, Maharjan K, Dhama K, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. Bell’s palsy as a possible neurological complication of COVID-19: A case report. Clin Case Rep. 2021 Feb;9(2):747-50.] |
Nepal |
Case report |
Hospital |
September 2020 |
1 |
48 years |
M |
Not reported |
Bell’s palsy as a possible neurological complication of COVID-19 infection. |
Decio [3030. Decio A, Mazza A, Quadri V, Ronconi MS, Brusadelli C, Ruggeri M, D’Antiga L. Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 in Children: A Case of Facial Nerve Palsy. Pediatr Neurol. 2021 Mar;116:59.] |
Italy |
Case report |
Pediatric neurology department |
December 2020 |
1 |
15 months |
F |
Serological tests for HSV 1, HSV 2, varicella zoster virus (VZV), EBV, cytomegalovirus, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Borrelia burgdorferi
|
Facial palsy immune-mediated neurological complication of COVID-19, similar to transverse myelitis and GBS. |
Roussel [3131. Roussel A, Germanaud D, Bouchoucha Y, Ouldali N, Vedrenne-Cloquet M, Castelle M, Baruchel A. Cranial polyneuropathy as the first manifestation of a severe COVID-19 in a child. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2021 Mar;68(3):e28707.] |
France |
Case report |
Hospital |
July 2020 |
1 |
6 years |
F |
gram stain and culture, PCR for HSV, varicella, enterovirus, EBV, human herpes virus 6, herpes virus 8, adenovirus, mycoplasma, cryptococcus, toxoplasma nucleic acids |
Children can display peripheral neuropathy, reminiscent of GBS or Miller-Fischer syndromes, with concomitant SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
Kumar [3232. Kumar V, Narayanan P, Shetty S, Mohammed AP. Lower motor neuron facial palsy in a postnatal mother with COVID-19. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Mar 1;14(3):10-2.] |
India |
Case report |
Hospital |
February 2021 |
1 |
28 years |
F |
Guillain-Barré syndrome, Lyme disease, herpes virus, HIV serology |
Neurocovid manifestation. |
Neo [3333. Neo WL, Ng JCF, Iyer NG. The great pretender-Bell’s palsy secondary to SARS-CoV-2? Clin Case Rep. 2021Feb 12;9(3):1175-77.] |
Singapore |
Case series |
Hospital |
February 2021 |
2 |
Patient 1: 25 years Patient 2: 35 years |
M |
Not reported |
Possible association between isolated facial nerve palsy and SARS-CoV-2. |
Dahl [3434. Dahl EH, Mosevoll KA, Cramariuc D, Vedeler CA, Blomberg B. COVID-19 myocarditis and postinfection Bell’s palsy. BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jan 11;14(1):e240095.] |
Norway |
Case report |
Hospital |
December 2020 |
1 |
37 years |
M |
Cellulitis on the neck |
The development of ganglioside antibodies during the course of the infection and the manifestation of Bell’s palsy only after he had recovered from the initial febrile infection support the conclusion that the palsy has autoimmune pathogenesis. |
Islamoglu [3535. Islamoglu Y, Celik B, Kiris M. Since January 2020 Elsevier has created a COVID-19 resource centre with free information in English and Mandarin on the novel coronavirus COVID- 19. The COVID-19 resource centre is hosted on Elsevier Connect, the company’s public news and information. 2020.] |
Turkey |
Cross-sectional study |
Hospital |
February 2021 |
10 |
60 years or more |
Not reported |
Viral serology, especially HSV, HIV, VZV |
COVID-19 |
Theophanous [3636. Theophanous C, Santoro JD, Itani R. Bell’s palsy in a pediatric patient with hyper IgM syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Brain Dev. 2021 Feb ;43(2):357-9.] |
USA |
Case report |
Hospital |
August 2020 |
1 |
6 years |
M |
HSV 1, HSV 2, VZV |
COVID-19 |
Portela-Sánchez [3737. Portela-Sánchez S, Sánchez-Soblechero A, Melgarejo Otalora PJ, Rodríguez López Á, Velilla Alonso G, Palacios-Mendoza MA, Cátedra Caramé C, Amaya Pascasio L, Mas Serrano M, Massot-Tarrús A, De La Casa-Fages B, Díaz-Otero F, Catalina I, García Domínguez JM, Pérez-Sánchez JR, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Grandas F. Neurological complications of COVID-19 in hospitalized patients: The registry of a neurology department in the first wave of the pandemic. Eur J Neurol. 2021 Oct ;28(10):3339-47.] |
Spain |
Cross-sectional study |
Hospital |
January 2021 |
1 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not reported |
COVID-19 |
Lima [3838. Lima MA, Silva MTT, Soares CN, Coutinho R, Oliveira HS, Afonso L, Espíndola O, Leite AC, Araujo A. Peripheral facial nerve palsy associated with COVID-19. J Neurovirol. 2020 Dec;26(6):941-4.] |
Brazil |
Case series |
Hospital |
September 2020 |
8 |
Average age: 36 years Range: 25-50 years |
F (7)/M (1) |
HSV |
Peripheral facial palsy should be added to the spectrum of neurological manifestations associated with COVID-19. |
Koh [3939. Koh JS, De Silva DA, Quek AML, Chiew HJ, Tu, TM, Seet CYH, Hoe RHM, Saini M, Hui ACF, Angon J, Ker JR, Yong MH, Goh Y, Yu WY, Lim TCC, Tan BYQ, Ng KWP, Yeo LLL, Pang YZ, Prakash KM, Ahmad A, Thomas T, Lye DCB, Tan K, Umapathi T. Neurology of COVID-19 in Singapore. J Neurol Sci. 2020 Nov 15;418:117118.] |
Singapore |
Retrospective study |
All the public healthcare institutions of the city |
September 2020 |
5 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not reported |
COVID-19. |
Meppiel [4040. Meppiel E, Peiffer-Smadja N, Maury A, Bekri I, Delorme C, Desestret V, Gorza L, Hautecloque-Raysz G, Landre S, Lannuzel A, Moulin S, Perrin P, Petitgas P, Sellal F, Wang A, Tattevin P, Broucker T, contributors to the NeuroCOVID registry. Neurologic manifestations associated with COVID-19: a multicentre registry. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Mar;27(3):458-66.] |
France |
Retrospective study |
Hospital |
November 2020 |
1 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not performed |
COVID-19. |
Elibol [4141. Elibol E. Otolaryngological symptoms in COVID-19. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2021 Apr;278(4):1233-6.] |
Turkey |
Retrospective study |
Government hospital |
August 2020 |
1 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not performed |
COVID-19. |
Taşlıderea [4242. Taşlıdere B, Mehmetaj L, Özcan AB, Gülen B, Taşlıdere N. Melkersson-Rosenthal Syndrome Induced by COVID-19. Am J Emerg Med. 2021Mar;41:262.e5-7.] |
Turkey |
Case report |
Emergency department |
August 2020 |
1 |
51 years |
F |
Serology for HSV, cytomegalovirus |
The patient had Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome. COVID-19 infection, which was not previously included in the etiology of the disease, can now be considered among the causes of recurrence of the syndrome. |
López-Blanco [4343. López-Blanco R, Cazorla-Garcia R, Barbero-Bordallo N, Ferro JF. Neurological infections during the COVID-19 epidemic. Neurología (English Edition). 2020 May;35(4):273-4.] |
Spain |
Case report |
Hospital |
May 2020 |
1 |
67 years |
M |
VZV |
Varicella-zoster virus. |
Kerstens [4444. Kerstens J, Deschuytere L, Schotsmans K, Maréchal E. Bilateral peripheral facial palsy following asymptomatic COVID-19 infection: a case report. Acta Neurol Belg. 2021;121(3):815-6.] |
Belgium |
Case report |
Emergency department |
April 2021 |
1 |
27 years |
M |
EBV, HSV, VZV |
Bilateral facial palsy associated with COVID-19. |
Taouihar [4545. Taouihar S, Bouabdallaoui A, Aabdi M, Kaouini AE, El Aidouni G, Merbouh M, Zaid I, Bkiyar H, Housni B. Peripheral facial paralysis as the only symptom revealing sars cov 2 infection: Case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021 Aug;68:102550.] |
Morocco |
Case report |
University hospital center |
August, 2021 |
2 |
Patient 1: 39 years Patient 2: 57 years |
M (2) |
Serologies of HSV, HZV, HIV, Treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA) were performed and came back negative |
SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. |
Ozer [4646. Ozer F, Alkan O. Simultaneous sudden hearing loss and peripheral facial paralysis in a patient with Covid-19. Ear Nose Throat J. 2021 Jul 5;1455613211028094.] |
Turkey |
Case report |
Clinic |
June 2021 |
1 |
62 years |
F |
Not reported |
PFP. |
Egilmez [4747. Egilmez OK, Gündoğan ME, Yılmaz MS, Güven M. Can COVID-19 cause peripheral facial nerve palsy? SN Compr Clin Med. 2021;3(8):1707-13.] |
Turkey |
Retrospective observational study |
Emergency department |
May 2021 |
8 |
Average age: 50 years Range: 4-90 years |
M (2)/F (6) |
Not reported |
Peripheral facial palsy can be encountered during the clinical course of COVID-19. |
Hookham [4848. Hookham L, Teoh P, Stern W, Goodman AL. Can PIMS-TS lead to a facial nerve palsy? BMJ Case Rep. 2021 Jun 14;14(6):e242887.] |
UK |
Case report |
Emergency department |
May 2021 |
1 |
17 years |
M |
Not reported |
Pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndrome. |
Mutlu [4949. Mutlu A, Kalcioglu MT, Gunduz AY, Bakici B, Yilmaz U, Cag Y. Does the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic really increase the frequency of peripheral facial palsy? Am J Otolaryngol. 2021 Sep-Oct;42(5):103032.] |
Turkey |
Retrospective study |
Hospital |
April 2021 |
2 |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Not reported |
Idiopathic PFP. |
González-Castro [5050. Gonzáles-Castro A, Rodríguez-Rodriguez E, Arnaiz F, Ferrer-Pargada D. Parálisis facial periférica en pacientes con SARS-CoV-2 en decúbito prono. Rev Neurol. 2021;72:296-7.] |
Spain |
Case report |
Intensive Care Unit |
|
2 |
Patient 1: 40 years Patient 2: 65 years |
M and F |
Not reported |
PFP. |
Tawfik [5151. Tawfik HM, Shaaban HM, Tawfik AM. Post-COVID-19 Syndrome in Egyptian Healthcare Staff: Highlighting the Carers Sufferings. Electron J Gen Med. 2021;18(3).] |
Egypt |
Cohort study |
Hospital |
March 2021 |
1 |
29 years |
M |
Not reported |
Facial palsy. |
Kaplan [5252. Kaplan AC. Noteworthy Neurological Manifestations Associated With COVID-19 Infection. Cureus. 2021 Apr 9;13(4):e14391.] |
USA |
Case report |
Not reported |
April 2021 |
1 |
48 years |
F |
Lyme disease |
Bell’s palsy. |
Hasibi [5353. Hasibi M, Seyed Ahadi M, Abdollahi H, Jafari M. Protracted COVID-19 during treatment of facial palsy. Case Rep Neurol Med. 2021 Jun 4;2021:5569841.] |
Iran |
Case report |
Hospital |
June 2021 |
1 |
52 years |
M |
Not reported |
Facial palsy. |
Aragão [5454. Aragao MFVV, Leal MC, Andrade PHP, Cartaxo Filho OQ, Aragao LV, Fonseca TM, Valenca MA, Leao MRVC, Aragao JPV, Soares ML, Lima MP, Caldas SS, Valenca MM. Clinical and radiological profiles of covid‐19 patients with neurological symptomatology: A comparative study. Viruses. 2021 May 6;13(5):845.] |
Brazil |
Case control |
Hospital and clinic |
May 2021 |
1 |
40 years |
M |
Not reported |
Facial palsy. |
Figueiredo [5555. Figueiredo R, Falcão V, Pinto MJ, Ramalho C. Peripheral facial paralysis as presenting symptom of COVID-19 in a pregnant woman. BMJ Case Rep. 2020 Aug 11;13(8):13-5. ] |
Portugal |
Case report |
Obstetric emergency department |
July 2020 |
1 |
35 years |
F (primigravida, 39 weeks’ gestation) |
VZV and herpes virus infections unlikely; Lyme disease, HIV, vasculitis, sarcoidosis or other autoimmune diseases; neoplasm and cerebrovascular diseases. |
Possible association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Bell’s palsy. |