Molecular detection and characterization of cpb2 gene in Clostridium perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased chickens

ORIGINAL PAPER

Molecular detection and characterization of cpb2 gene in Clostridium perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased chickens

Tolooe A; Shojadoost B; Peighambari SM

Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

^{Correspondence to}

ABSTRACT

Clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen in both human and veterinary medicine. Necrotic enteritis (NE) is the most clinically dramatic bacterial enteric disease of poultry induced by C. perfringens. The pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with the production of extracellular toxins produced by some of its strains, such as beta2 toxin. The exact role of beta2 toxin in NE pathogenesis is still controversial. In the present study, C. perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased poultry flocks from different parts of Iran were analyzed by PCR assay to determine the presence of all variants of the beta2 toxin gene (cpb2). The products of two positive cpb2 PCR reactions were sequenced, compared to each other and to the cpb2 sequences published in GenBank (by multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis). The current work represents the first study of cpb2 in poultry C. perfringens isolates in Asia, and reports the highest percentage of cpb2-positive isolates in both apparently healthy chickens (97.7%) and those afflicted with NE (94.4 %). The sequenced isolates were classified as atypical. This study did not show a direct correlation between NE occurrence and cpb2 presence.

Key words:Clostridium perfringens, necrotic enteritis, chicken, beta2 toxin, cpb2, Iran.

INTRODUCTION

Clostridium perfringens, an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium, is an important pathogen among humans and many other animal species (1). In poultry, it can cause a deadly disease called necrotic enteritis (NE). Worldwide economic losses to the poultry industry due to NE have been estimated at more than two billion dollars annually (2). The pathogenicity of C. perfringens has contributed to the production of various extracellular toxins and enzymes. However, the exact mechanism behind the pathogenesis of C. perfringens is poorly understood (3, 4). Clostridium perfringens is classified into five toxin types (A to E) based on differential production of the four major toxins, alpha, beta, epsilon, and iota (1). NE is caused primarily by C. perfringens type A and, to a lesser extent, type C strains (3, 4). In addition to the so-called major toxins, there are at least 13 minor toxins or enzymes produced by some strains of C. perfringens, which may play a role in pathogenicity. These compounds include beta2, netB, delta, theta, kappa, lambda, mu, nu, gamma, eta, neuraminidase, urease and enterotoxin (1, 3). While the roles of beta, iota, and epsilon toxins in enteritis pathogenesis among animals are well documented, the roles of other toxins, such as alpha, netB, and beta2 toxin, in NE pathogenesis are still unclear (3-7).

Almost a decade ago, the beta2 toxin and its encoding gene (cpb2) were first identified in C. perfringens type C (strain CWC245) isolated from a piglet with necrotizing enterocolitis (8). The amino acid sequence of cpb2 showed no significant homologies with cpb from the beta toxin (15%) or other known proteins (8, 9). Although its biological activity was similar to that of the beta toxin it may possess weaker cytotoxic activity (8). A possible pore formation or other mechanisms leading to cell membrane disruption appear to be its most plausible function (1). The cpb2 gene was shown to be located on a plasmid (1) and two alleles of the cpb2 gene were described (10, 11). The original cpb2 was termed the consensus gene/allele whereas the variant was denominated the atypical gene or atypical allele (11, 12). The consensus cpb2 allele has been identified in porcine isolates of C. perfringens, while the atypical allele was present predominantly in isolates from non-porcine hosts (11, 13). The cpb2 gene has been found in isolates originating from humans and a variety of other animals. Numerous published studies have addressed a possible association between cpb2-harboring strains of C. perfringens and the occurrence of enteric disease. However, it is not clear whether beta2 toxin is involved in C. perfringens-associated avian enteric diseases (14).

However, no study has been published in Iran or any other Asian country regarding the cpb2-harboring strains of C. perfringens from poultry sources. In the present study, C. perfringens isolates from healthy and diseased poultry flocks from different parts of Iran were analyzed by PCR assay in order to determine the presence of both consensus and atypical cpb2 genes. The products of two positive cpb2 PCR reactions were sequenced; comparison of these sequences to each other and to the cpb2 sequences available in GenBank was made by multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Bacterial Isolates and Bacteriological Procedures

A set of frozen (in 50% glycerol at -70°C) isolates of C. perfringens type A collected from 2005 to 2008 in our laboratory was used for this study (unpublished data). The collection consisted of 36 isolates obtained from six NE-positive flocks and 43 strains obtained from four NE-negative flocks. The frozen C. perfringens isolates were cultivated in brain heart infusion (BHI) and incubated anaerobically at 37ºC for 24 to 36 hours. Samples were subcultured anaerobically in blood agar plates containing 7% defibrinated sheep blood, tryptose sulfite cycloserine agar (TSC) and tryptose sulfite neomycin agar (TSN). The identity of the isolates was confirmed by characteristic colony morphology, hemolytic pattern, Gram staining, and biochemical tests as previously described (15). All culture media and additives used in this study were obtained from Merck (Germany). Reference strains of Clostridium perfringens CIP 60.61 (type B, cpb2-positive) were used as a positive control whereas Clostridium perfringens ATCC 13124 (Type A, cpb2 negative) served as a negative control (Rasta Daroo Co., Iran).

PCR Reaction

To extract bacterial DNA, a few colonies of each C. perfringens isolate grown overnight on blood agar plate at 37°C were suspended in 100 μL distilled water in a clean 1.5 mL microtube, boiled for ten minutes and centrifuged for ten minutes at 10,000 x g. The supernatants were carefully removed and used as template DNA. The DNA concentration was determined by BioPhotometer®(Eppendorf AG, Germany) and adjusted to approximately 50 ng for each PCR reaction. To detect all variants of cpb2 gene (consensus/atypical), previously developed forward (5'-AAATATGATCCTAACCAACAA-3') and reverse (5'-CCAAATACTCTAATCGATGC-3') primers were used (16).

Amplification reactions were carried out in a 50 μL reaction volume containing: 5 μL 10 x PCR buffer, 25 mM MgCl₂, 5 mM dNTP mixture, five units of Taq DNA polymerase, 0.4 μM of each primer, dH2O and 10 μL of template DNA solution. Positive and negative controls using template DNA prepared from appropriate bacterial strains as described above were included in all PCR reaction sets. Amplification was programmed in a thermocycler (Gradient Mastercycler, Germany) as follows: 95°C for 15 minutes followed by 40 cycles of 94°C for 30 seconds, 53°C for 90 seconds, 72°C for 90 seconds, and a final extension at 72° C for ten minutes (17). The amplification products were detected by gel electrophoresis (Apelex, France) in 1.5% agarose gel in 1 x TAE buffer, stained with 0.5 μg/mL EtBr. Amplified bands were visualized and photographed under UV transillumination. The primers and other materials used in PCR reactions were provided by Cinnagen (Tehran, Iran).

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis

After the selection of two Clostridium perfringens isolates (ATBS61tIR and ATBS100tIR) obtained from separate diseased flocks, their relevant PCR amplified products for cpb2 were purified using the GeneJET® Gel Extraction kit (Fermentas Life Science, Germany) and submitted for automated sequencing in both directions at the Geneservice®, Source BioSience (Cambridge, England) using PCR primers as sequencing primers. Nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequence data were aligned by the Clustal alignment algorithm. The COBALT multiple alignment tool (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/tools/cobalt) was used for amino acid alignments.

Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences was conducted using the distance method, UPGMA (unweighted pair group with arithmetic mean), by calculating bootstrap values for 1000 replicates in a CLC Sequence Viewer®, version 6.4 (CLC Bio, Denmark). The sequence data were submitted to GenBank under the accession numbers GU581184 (ATBS61tIR strain) and GU581185 (ATBS100tIR strain). The following accession numbers for C. perfringens beta2-toxin gene sequences were employed for multiple alignment and phylogenetic analyses: AY609162 (JGS1604 strain, a non-porcine isolate representative of atypical beta2-toxin sequence), L77965 (CWC245 strain, a porcine isolate representative of consensus beta2-toxin sequence), AY884035 (ARS-CP13 strain, a poultry isolate), AY884036 (ARS-CP25 strain, isolated from poultry), AY884037 (ARS-CP30 strain, a poultry isolate), AY884038 (ARS-CP38 strain, also a poultry isolate), AY884039 (ARS-CP39 strain, a poultry isolate), AY884040 (ARS-CP40 strain, isolated from poultry), AY884041 (ARS-CP42 strain, a poultry isolate), AJ537533 (CF5 strain, a porcine isolate), DQ525205 (47001c12 strain, an isolate from enterotoxemic cattle), AJ537534 (E482/97 strain, a horse isolate), AY730631(F4406 strain, an isolate from a human with gastrointestinal disease) and AY730634 (F4589 strain, an isolate from a human with gastrointestinal disease).

RESULTS

PCR

All isolates were examined for the presence of the cpb2 gene by single PCR (Figure 1). Out of 36 isolates obtained from diseased flocks, 34 were positive (94.4%) for the cpb2 gene. Two isolates that were negative for cpb2 had been obtained from a single farm. Out of 43 isolates obtained from healthy flocks, 42 were cpb2-positive (97.7%).

Sequence and Phylogenetic Analysis

Comparison of two Iranian C. perfringens isolates, ATBS61tIR and ATBS100tIR, sequenced by Blast-N at the nucleotide level revealed 99% similarity to each other and 73 to 100% identity with the cpb2 sequences of C. perfringens strains available in GenBank. Nucleotide sequences differed at positions 6, 10, 12, 20, and 198 between the two Iranian C. perfringens isolates. The five differences found between ATBS61tIR and JGS1604 were at positions 11, 12, 22, 67, and 198, whereas four differences were detected between ATBS100tIR and JGS1604 at positions 6, 10, 11, and 67. There were many differences between CWC245 strain and two Iranian isolates. CWC245 strain differed in 137 and 138 positions with ATBS61tIR and ATBS100tIR, respectively. Both Iranian isolates differed with strain JGS1604 at positions 11 and 67.

Figure 2 shows an amino acid alignment of the atypical beta2-toxin protein (JGS1604), two Iranian isolates (ATBS61tIR and ATBS100tIR), and the consensus beta2-toxin protein (CWC245). The beta2-toxin protein sequences of Iranian isolates were 97% identical to each other, and 93% identical to atypical beta2-toxin proteins whereas they displayed only 66 to 67% identity with the consensus beta2-toxin protein. Comparison of amino acid substitutions at different positions between Iranian field isolates showed five differences at positions 2, 3, 4, 7, and 66. Strain JGS1604 differed from ATBS61tIR at positions 4, 7 and 66, and from ATBS100tIR at positions 2, 3 and 4, whereas strain CWC245 differed from ATBS61tIR, ATBS100tIR and JGS1604 at amino acid positions 57, 59 and 56, respectively (Figure 2).

The phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences from a cpb2 gene fragment of two Iranian C. perfringens isolates and some C. perfringens isolates from various hosts is shown in Figure 3. Phylogenetic analysis separated the isolates into two groups, atypical and consensus cpb2 genes. Among atypical group, two Iranian isolates, ATBS61tIR and ATBS100tIR, formed two separate branches and were more closely related to other isolates from poultry sources. Among the consensus group, isolates obtained from cattle and horses formed a separate branch and showed closer relation to the human isolate (F4589) than to porcine origin isolates (CWC245 and CF5) which also formed a separate branch (Figure 3). Another human isolate (F4406) was classified among the atypical group and formed a joint branch with poultry (ARS-CP42) and non-porcine (JGS1604) isolates.

DISCUSSION

Throughout the last decade, several epidemiological studies have shown a wide distribution of β2-toxigenic C. perfringens strains among various healthy and diseased humans and other animal species. Clostridium perfringens-harboring cpb2 has been isolated from pigs, horses, cattle, small ruminant animals, domestic carnivores, many wildlife species, fish, poultry and humans (14, 18). Based on these studies the correlation between cpb2 gene prevalence and gastrointestinal disease was strong in pigs and somewhat weaker in horses; but no conclusions could be drawn as to the role of the β2-toxin in enteric disease in humans or other animal species (14, 18).

The prevalence of the cpb2 gene in avian isolates has varied among descriptions in the literature. The highest (23 out of 31) and lowest (0 out of 41) prevalences of the cpb2 gene among diseased birds were reported in prior studies (19, 20). In our study, 34 out of 36 isolates from diseased flocks tested positive. The extent to which the cpb2 gene has been found in isolates from healthy flocks has also varied. Both high (46 out of 48) and low prevalences (4 out of 27) of the cpb2 gene were previously shown in isolates from healthy flocks (21, 22). In the present study, we found 42 out of 43 isolates positive for the cpb2 gene.

The detection sensitivity of the various alleles of cpb2 has contributed to the primer sequences employed for amplification (16). Several sets of primer sequences have been applied for amplification of the cpb2 gene. However, most of these primers were able to detect only a consensus or atypical form of the cpb2 gene. This might indicate that the number of cpb2-positive or cpb2-negative C. perfringens isolates reported previously could be somewhat lower than the actual numbers. In the present study, we used primers capable of amplifying all known variants of cpb2 sequences. Perhaps one of the reasons for the high cpb2-gene prevalence among isolates of this study was the utilization of appropriate primers in the PCR reaction.

Our findings based on phylogenetic analyses and amino acid alignment demonstrated that two Iranian C. perfringens were far from the consensus representative strain (CWC245), but very close to the atypical representative strain (JGS1604). The protein sequences in the Iranian isolates were 93% identical to the JGS1604 strain versus only 66% to 67% identity with the CWC245 strain. These results almost corresponded to a previous finding that the protein encoded by atypical cpb2 genes had 62.3% identity with the consensus beta2 toxin (11). Comparison of sequences of two Iranian isolates with other cpb2 gene sequences among atypical and consensus groups revealed 99% and 74% identity at the nucleotide level, respectively. In a phylogenetic tree, Iranian isolates were placed in two separate but adjacent branches. This finding may be explained under the assumption that these isolates were taken from two different flocks originating in geographically separate areas of Iran. It appears that the type of cpb2 alleles may differ in distinct geographical locations (22, 23). Siragusa et al. (22) reported the presence of the atypical cpb2 allele among North American C. perfringens isolates, whereas Johansson et al. (23) found that the European C. perfringens isolates carried the consensus cpb2 allele.

It should be noted that the mere presence of C. perfringens beta2 toxin gene does not necessarily imply the actual expression of the protein. It has been found that consensus genes from porcine isolates are expressed in most cases (>96.9%); however, it was reported that about half of the consensus genes from non-porcine C. perfringens isolates were not expressed due to a frameshift mutation (11). Interestingly, there has been only one report on the expression of the atypical genes among non-porcine C. perfringens isolates (24). We found only one study that reported cpb2 expression in avian C. perfringens isolates. Crespo et al. (20) reported that 54% of the avian C. perfringens isolates positive for cpb2 gene produced the beta2 toxin in vitro. In that study the type of cpb2 allele (consensus or atypical) was not clear.

To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first investigation on C. perfringens isolates from poultry in Iran as well as the first on detection of the beta2 toxin gene in all of Asia. We are reporting the highest percentage of cpb2 gene presence in C. perfringens isolates in both healthy and diseased chickens. We also found that the number of cpb2-harboring isolates was equally distributed between NE-positive and healthy birds. Surveillance of healthy chickens and those with NE has not revealed a direct correlation between occurrence of the disease and presence of cpb2 gene. The two Iranian isolates sequenced for cpb2 were atypical.

Future investigations are required to elucidate the role of beta2 toxin in the induction of NE, the ability of the cpb2 gene to produce toxin and the regulatory mechanisms involved in the expression of beta2 toxin.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors are especially grateful to Prof. J. Glenn Songer (University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ) for his helpful suggestions and comments at different stages of this research.

Submission status

Received: August 8, 2010.

Accepted: January 25, 2011.

Abstract published online: January 26, 2011.

Full paper published online: February 28, 2011.

Financial source

The Research Council of the University of Tehran provided the financial grant (protocol n. 7508049/6/7).

Conflicts of interest

There is no conflict.

Ethics committee approval

The present study was approved by the Research Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  01 Mar 2011
• Date of issue
  2011

History

• Received
  08 Aug 2010
• Accepted
  25 Jan 2010