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Tromboembolismo venoso em pacientes COVID-19

Resumo

A Covid-19 é uma doença respiratória potencialmente grave causada pelo RNA vírus SARS-CoV-2, que apresenta risco aumentado de tromboembolismo venoso (TEV). Sua fisiopatologia está relacionada a processo inflamatório exacerbado e a coagulopatia associada, verificada pelo aumento do D-dímero, do fibrinogênio e dos produtos da degradação da fibrina. Sua ocorrência deve ser monitorada, prevenida e tratada de acordo com as recomendações e diretrizes existentes. Devido a sua associação com as formas mais graves da doença e morte, alguns grupos vêm propondo uma conduta profilática e terapêutica mais agressiva. Entretanto, não existe uma definição quanto ao risco-benefício desse tipo de conduta, devendo ser avaliada individualmente e de forma multidisciplinar. Neste estudo, revisamos os principais estudos e evidências disponíveis até o momento sobre o diagnóstico, profilaxia e recomendações de tratamento do TEV em pacientes COVID-19.

Palavras-chave:
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; trombose; anticoagulante; coagulação intravascular disseminada; profilaxia

Abstract

COVID-19 is a potentially serious respiratory disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus that involves an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Its pathophysiology is apparently related to an exacerbated inflammatory process and coagulopathy, verified by an increase in D-dimer, fibrinogen, and fibrin degradation products. Occurrence must be monitored, prevented, and treated according to existing recommendations and guidelines. The increased risk of thrombosis, and the association between this phenomenon and the most severe forms of the disease and death have prompted some groups to propose a more aggressive prophylactic and therapeutic approach. However, the risk-benefit profile of this type of conduct has not been defined and cases must be assessed individually, with a multidisciplinary approach. In this study, we review the main studies and evidence available to date on diagnosis, prophylaxis, and treatment of venous thromboembolism in COVID-19 patients.

Keywords:
COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; thrombosis; anticoagulant; disseminated intravascular coagulation; prophylaxis

INTRODUÇÃO

A pandemia Covid-19, causada pelo coronavírus SARS-CoV-2, além de poder provocar lesão pulmonar alveolar e falência respiratória aguda, apresenta uma elevada prevalência de doenças cardiovasculares, sobretudo tromboembolismo venoso (TEV)11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...

2 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. PMid:32007143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
-33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
. Esse aumento do risco parece estar particularmente associado a reação inflamatória exacerbada e liberação exagerada de citocinas, sobretudo interleucina 644 Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1559-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14849. PMid:32302453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14849...
,55 Ulhaq ZS, Soraya GV. Interleukin-6 as a potential biomarker of COVID-19 progression. Med Mal Infect. 2020;50(4):382-3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020.04.002. PMid:32259560.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.medmal.2020....
. A coagulopatia é verificada pelo aumento dos índices de fibrinogênio, D-dímero (DD), fator VIII e prolongamento do tempo de protrombina (TP) e do tempo de tromboplastina parcial ativada (TTPa), fatores associados a má evolução clínica e óbito66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...

7 Xie Y, Wang X, Yang P, Zhang S. COVID-19 complicated by acute pulmonary embolism. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;2(2):e200067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200067.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.202020006...
-88 Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, Van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-7.; Epub ahead of print. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.202...
.

Esses distúrbios ocorrem sobretudo em pacientes portadores de fatores de risco, como idade avançada, obesidade, hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus, cardiopatias, pneumopatias, câncer, trombofilias, história prévia de TEV e outras comorbidades, mas também em crianças e indivíduos mais jovens, sugerindo haver um componente genético envolvido. Além disso, a imobilização, desidratação e necessidade de ventilação mecânica são fatores que podem contribuir para a alta prevalência de TEV na COVID-19. Apesar de essa prevalência não estar definida nas diversas fases da doença, tem-se observado que, nas formas mais graves e principalmente nos pacientes internados em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), existe elevado risco de tromboembolia pulmonar (TEP)11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...

2 Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. L. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507-13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30211-7. PMid:32007143.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
-33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...

7 Xie Y, Wang X, Yang P, Zhang S. COVID-19 complicated by acute pulmonary embolism. Radiol Cardiothorac Imaging. 2020;2(2):e200067. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.2020200067.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/ryct.202020006...
-88 Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, Van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191:145-7.; Epub ahead of print. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.2020.04.013.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.thromres.202...
.

As recomendações aqui apresentadas são baseadas em consensos internacionais para a profilaxia e o tratamento de TEV em pacientes não COVID-1999 Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv. 2018;2(22):3198-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022954. PMid:30482763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances....
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
, em editoriais, estudos retrospectivos de séries de casos e recomendações e opiniões de especialistas publicadas recentemente em regime de urgência, a maioria sem revisão por pares, sobre a prática clínica em pacientes COVID-191111 Cronin M, Dengler N, Krauss ES, et al. Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1076029619838052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619838052. PMid:30939900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198380...

12 Thachil J. The versatile heparin in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1020-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821. PMid:32239799.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821...

13 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
-1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Dessa forma, devem ser aplicadas de forma individualizada e por equipe multidisciplinar experiente e treinada no manuseio dessas medicações e procedimentos.

A terapia anticoagulante está associada a benefícios substanciais (redução de risco de extensão de trombo e TEP fatal na doença aguda e recorrência de TEV). Nosso objetivo é apresentar, de forma objetiva e prática, recomendações baseadas nas evidências atuais sobre o diagnóstico, profilaxia e tratamento do TEV em pacientes COVID-19.

DIAGNÓSTICO DO TEV EM PACIENTES COVID-19

Pacientes com suspeita clínica de COVID-19, mesmo tratados em regime domiciliar e especialmente aqueles que apresentem febre, anorexia e diarreia, devem ser orientados sobre a importância da hidratação, alimentação saudável e exercício dos membros. Na ocorrência de suspeita clínica de TEV (dor e edema de membros inferiores, dor torácica, piora súbita da dispneia etc.), o paciente deve ser orientado a procurar, via telemedicina, um angiologista ou cirurgião vascular e, caso necessário, realizar consulta presencial. Hoje, a maioria das clínicas é equipada com equipamentos de eco-Doppler vascular (EDV), que pode auxiliar no diagnóstico. Em pacientes tratados em regime domiciliar, não existe indicação para a solicitação de exames laboratoriais de rotina com o objetivo de identificar a presença de coagulopatia ou aumento de DD. Nos pacientes internados, a maioria dos autores recomenda que esses dados sejam checados periodicamente, apesar de não haver estudos que tenham verificado a custo-efetividade de tal prática33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,44 Connors JM, Levy JH. Thromboinflammation and the hypercoagulability of COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(7):1559-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14849. PMid:32302453.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14849...
. Nesses pacientes, o diagnóstico do TEV por métodos de imagem complementares pode ser problemático durante o curso de uma pandemia devido à exaustão dos recursos hospitalares, além do risco de contaminação daqueles não COVID positivo, sobretudo daqueles internados em UTI, e da equipe envolvida no tratamento1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
.

Nos pacientes que apresentam DD elevado ou suspeita clínica elevada de TEP e quando houver dificuldade de acesso a tomografia, tem sido recomendada a realização de exames complementares à beira do leito. O ecocardiograma transtorácico é capaz de identificar sinais de sobrecarga de ventrículo direito, que podem sugerir a presença de TEP. O EDV, realizado pela técnica point-of-care, pode verificar a presença de trombose venosa profunda no eixo fêmoro-poplíteo1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
.

PROFILAXIA EM PACIENTES NÃO INTERNADOS

Os pacientes que fazem uso de antitrombóticos devem ser orientados a continuar o uso desse medicamento, mas devem ser alertados sobre o risco de interação medicamentosa entre esses e medicamentos prescritos para a COVID-19, sobretudo os antivirais e anti-inflamatórios hormonais e não hormonais. De uma forma geral, não existe indicação para a farmacoprofilaxia do TEV; entretanto, a profilaxia com heparina de baixo peso molecular (HBPM) pode ser considerada, sobretudo nos portadores de risco aumentado para TEV (escore de Caprini > 8)1111 Cronin M, Dengler N, Krauss ES, et al. Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1076029619838052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619838052. PMid:30939900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198380...

12 Thachil J. The versatile heparin in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1020-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821. PMid:32239799.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821...

13 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
-1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
, desde que não haja risco aumentado para sangramento. A HBMP deve ser priorizada por apresentar meia vida mais curta e menor interação medicamentosa que os anticoagulantes orais diretos (DOACs). O uso de antagonistas da vitamina K (AVK) deve ser evitado pela dificuldade de controle dos níveis do índice internacional normalizado (INR), devendo-se administrar DOACs em seu lugar sempre que possível. Entretanto, pacientes portadores de válvulas mecânicas cardíacas, fibrilação atrial valvar síndrome do anticorpo antifosfolípide ou pacientes que estejam amamentando devem continuar usando AVK1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Deve ser considerada a existência de interação medicamentosa entre os diversos agentes anticoagulantes com os medicamentos de uso contínuo e os recomendados para o tratamento da COVID-19. A universidade de Liverpool disponibiliza em seu site uma extensa lista de possíveis interações entre os medicamentos frequentemente utilizados na COVID-19.

PROFILAXIA E TRATAMENTO EM PACIENTES INTERNADOS

Em todos os pacientes internados com diagnóstico confirmado ou suspeita clínica de COVID-19, existe risco elevado de TEV. Todos devem receber farmacoprofilaxia, caso não haja contraindicação absoluta99 Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv. 2018;2(22):3198-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022954. PMid:30482763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances....
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Nos pacientes que apresentam risco aumentado (escore de Caprini > 8), recomenda-se o uso de dose aumentada ou dobrada de profilaxia e, na ocasião da alta hospitalar, a extensão da farmacoprofilaxia parenteral ou oral por até 30 dias1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Entretanto, devemos enfatizar que essa prática não é fundamentada em estudos clínicos e deve ser aplicada de forma individualizada, considerando os riscos e benefícios em cada caso específico.

DOSES RECOMENDADAS1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

A dose regular de HBPM, subcutânea (SC), é de 30 mg 2x/dia ou 40 mg/dia. Para pacientes com obesidade [índice de massa corporal (IMC) > 30 kg/m2), escore de Caprini > 8 e DD elevado (200-3500 ng/mL), considerar 60 mg, SC, 2x/dia; para pacientes com insuficiência renal (Clearence de creatinina < 30 mL/min), considerar heparina não fracionada (HNF) 5000 UI, SC 3x/dia; para paciente com história de trombocitopenia induzida por heparina, considerar Fondaparinux, 2,5 a 5 mg, SC, 1x/dia. Para aqueles com contagem de plaquetas < 30.000 ou contraindicação absoluta para anticoagulação, usar dispositivos de compressão pneumática intermitente. Para pacientes em estado crítico, a HNF pode ser indicada nos casos em que se considera haver risco aumentado de sangramento e necessidade de procedimento invasivo. No uso da HNF, considerar o risco de contaminação associado à necessidade de coleta de amostra sanguínea seriada. A HBPM pode ser usada na dosagem de 1 mg/kg 2x/dia para proteger a equipe do risco de contaminação, associada ao uso de HNF. Pacientes internados em estado grave ou crítico devem ter os níveis de tempo de atividade da protrombina (TAP), TTPa, DD, fibrinogênio e produto de degradação de fibrina mensurados, rotineiramente, uma vez que a elevação desses marcadores está associada a pior prognóstico e a alta prevalência de TEV e óbito33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1111 Cronin M, Dengler N, Krauss ES, et al. Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1076029619838052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619838052. PMid:30939900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198380...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
.

As indicações para a realização de EDV devem ser as mesmas daquelas para pacientes não COVID-19, e esse exame só deve ser realizado se seu resultado for decisivo para a determinação da conduta terapêutica. O nível aumentado do DD não deve ser o único fator para a realização do EDV1111 Cronin M, Dengler N, Krauss ES, et al. Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1076029619838052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619838052. PMid:30939900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198380...

12 Thachil J. The versatile heparin in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1020-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821. PMid:32239799.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821...

13 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
-1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Deve ser dada preferência a equipamento de ultrassom portátil e sem fio e a técnica point-of-care para diminuir os riscos de contaminação1111 Cronin M, Dengler N, Krauss ES, et al. Completion of the Updated Caprini Risk Assessment Model (2013 Version). Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1076029619838052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619838052. PMid:30939900.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198380...

12 Thachil J. The versatile heparin in COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1020-2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821. PMid:32239799.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14821...

13 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
-1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Estudos necroscópicos vêm demonstrando alta prevalência de microtrombose pulmonar em pacientes COVID-19 positivo que evoluíram a óbito1515 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.,1616 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...
. Aparentemente, todas as heparinas são capazes de diminuir os níveis de DD e a mortalidade11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
.

Pode-se considerar a anticoagulação em dose plena para os pacientes com suspeita clínica de TEV e dosagem elevada de DD (> 3000 mg/dL) e para aqueles que evoluam com aumento acentuado dos valores, desde que não haja contraindicação absoluta para tal1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Os riscos e benefícios devem ser considerados individualmente. Essa conduta aparentemente é benéfica ao reduzir o tempo de UTI e mortalidade. Os estudos publicados não verificaram aumento do risco de hemorragia com esse tipo de conduta; entretanto, deve-se levar em conta a escassez de estudos publicados e a baixa qualidade da evidência científica11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
. Qualquer alteração clínica significativa na evolução do paciente COVID-19 deve ser monitorada e considerada a hipótese de ocorrência de TEV e TEP11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
. Deve-se avaliar a disponibilidade de recursos hospitalares e o potencial de contaminação na escolha dos exames complementares e da tática terapêutica. A anticoagulação empírica pode ser considerada nas seguintes situações, caso não haja acesso a exames complementares: aumento de DD (> 500 ng/mL ou aumento constante em dois dias consecutivos); saturação de O2 < 88% na admissão e necessidade progressiva de suporte ventilatório. Nessas situações, considera-se que o risco de TEP é alto11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
. Nos pacientes críticos, se houver sinais sugestivos de TEP maciço ou submaciço, piora súbita dos parâmetros hemodinâmicos ou do padrão ventilatório, deve-se avaliar a indicação de ecocardiograma à beira do leito e, se forem identificados sinais de sobrecarga no ventrículo direito, deve-se considerar a fibrinólise sistêmica ou trombectomia farmacomecânica, considerando-se o risco de sangramento11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
. Nos pacientes internados, caso haja colapso hemodinâmico, choque cardíaco ou suporte circulatório extracorpóreo (oxigenação por membrana), deve ser considerada a trombectomia farmacomecânica ou cirúrgica11 Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497-506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30183-5. PMid:31986264.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,33 Tang N, Li D, Wang X, Sun Z. Abnormal coagulation parameters are associated with poor prognosis in patients with novel coronavirus pneumonia. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(4):844-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768. PMid:32073213.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14768...
,66 Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30566-3. PMid:32171076.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)...
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...

14 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...

15 Dolhnikoff M, Duarte-Neto AN, Monteiro RAA, et al. Pathological evidence of pulmonary thrombotic phenomena in severe COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(76):1517-9. PMid:32294295.

16 Carsana L, Sonzogni A, Nasr A, Rossi R, Pellegrinelli A et al. Pulmonary post mortem findings in a large series of COVID-19 cases from Northern. medRxiv. 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.200...

17 Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585. PMid:32031570.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585...

18 Lippi G, Favaloro EJ. D-dimer is associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a pooled analysis. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(5):876-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650. PMid:32246450.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650...

19 Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817. PMid:32220112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817...

20 Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
-2121 Grillet F, Behr J, Calame P, Aubry S, Delabrousse E. Acute Pulmonary Embolism Associated with COVID-19 pneumonia detected by pulmonary CT angiography. Radiology. 2020;296(3):e186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201...
. Se, durante a internação, houver diagnóstico clínico ou radiológico de TEV, deve ser mantida anticoagulação plena por pelo menos 3 meses1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
. Na alta hospitalar, nos pacientes em que for identificado risco alto para TEV (idade ≥75 anos; > 60 anos e DD > duas vezes o valor de referência; 40-60 anos e DD > duas vezes o valor de referência e história de TEV ou câncer), escore de Caprini > 8 ou International Medical Prevention Registry on Venous Thromboembolism (IMPROVE-VTE) > 4, recomenda-se farmacoprofilaxia por pelo menos 6 semanas99 Schünemann HJ, Cushman M, Burnett AE, et al. American Society of Hematology 2018 guidelines for management of venous thromboembolism: prophylaxis for hospitalized and nonhospitalized medical patients. Blood Adv. 2018;2(22):3198-225. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances.2018022954. PMid:30482763.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances....
,1010 ISICEM. The 40th International Symposium on Intensive Care & Emergency Medicine: Brussels, Belgium. 24-27 March 2020. Crit Care. 2020;24(Suppl 1):87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-2772-3. PMid:32209112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s13054-020-277...
,1313 Spyropoulos AC, Levy AH, Ageno W, et al. Scientific and Standardization Committee Comunication: clinical guidance on the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(8):1859-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929. PMid:32459046.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14929...
,1414 The COVID-19 Sub-Committee of the American Venous Forum. Considerations in prophylaxis and treatment of VTE in COVID-19 patients. Illinois: American Venous Forum; 2020 [citado 2020 jun 15]. https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/COVID-19-White-Paper-04-17-2020-FINAL-1.pdf
https://www.veinforum.org/wp-content/upl...
,2222 Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, et al. Modified IMPROVE VTE Risk score and elevated D-dimer identify a high venous thromboembolism risk in acutely ill medical population for extended thromboprophylaxis. TH Open. 2020;4(1):e59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705137. PMid:32190813.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705137...
,2323 Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):513-23. PMid:23388003..

QUAL ANTICOAGULANTE USAR APÓS A ALTA HOSPITALAR?

Após a alta hospitalar, podem ser usados HBPM ou DOAC, e DOACs podem ser preferidos por apresentarem melhor comodidade terapêutica. A dose de rivaroxabana a ser utilizada via oral (VO) deve ser de 10 mg/dia, VO, por 31 a 39 dias [dose e indicação aprovada pela Food and Drug Administration (FDA)]2323 Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):513-23. PMid:23388003.,2424 Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, et al. Improved benefit risk profile of rivaroxaban in a subpopulation of the MAGELLAN study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619886022. PMid:31746218.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10760296198860...
.

O TEV ocorre frequentemente em pacientes hospitalizados, sobretudo naqueles em estado grave e tratados em UTI. Estudos apontam que o SARS-CoV-2 é associado a processo inflamatório exacerbado, coagulopatia e maior risco de mortalidade cardiovascular. O alto risco de contágio e a instabilidade hemodinâmica dificultam o diagnóstico e a definição da real prevalência do TEV na COVID-19. Dessa forma, o estabelecimento de modelos específicos para a estratificação dos riscos, de profilaxia e de tratamento do TEV durante a pandemia representa um verdadeiro desafio. Existe uma necessidade urgente de estudos clínicos, multicêntricos e randomizados, que possam trazer dados confiáveis para nortear condutas e protocolos. Entretanto, devemos considerar que a COVID-19 é uma pandemia infecciosa grave, recente e para a qual não existe, até o momento, um tratamento específico2525 Sobreira ML, Marques MA. A panaceia dos anticoagulantes na infecção pela COVID-19. J Vasc Bras. 2020;19:e20200063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200063.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.2000...
. Aparentemente, o TEV representa uma complicação frequente e relacionada a casos mais graves e óbito. O uso de HBPM em doses profiláticas e terapêuticas vem demonstrando benefício clínico e baixo risco de complicações hemorrágicas. Dessa forma, concluo que existe elevado risco de TEV na pandemia COVID-19 e que a profilaxia e o tratamento com o uso de heparina em suas diversas formas posológicas devem ser realizados de forma agressiva nos pacientes que não apresentem risco elevado de complicações hemorrágicas.

  • Como citar: Rossi FH. Tromboembolismo venoso em pacientes COVID-19. J Vasc Bras. 2020;19:e20200107. https://doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200107
  • Fonte de financiamento:

    Nenhuma.
  • O estudo foi realizado no Instituto Dante Pazzanese de Cardiologia de São Paulo (IDPC-SP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil.

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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2020.04.19.20054262
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    Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585 PMid:32031570.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.1585
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1709650
  • 19
    Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, Gong J, Li D, Sun Z. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):1094-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817 PMid:32220112.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jth.14817
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    Chen J, Chen J, Wang X, et al. Findings of acute pulmonary embolism in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020. In press.
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1148/radiol.2020201544
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    Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, et al. Modified IMPROVE VTE Risk score and elevated D-dimer identify a high venous thromboembolism risk in acutely ill medical population for extended thromboprophylaxis. TH Open. 2020;4(1):e59-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705137 PMid:32190813.
    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1705137
  • 23
    Cohen AT, Spiro TE, Büller HR, et al. Rivaroxaban for thromboprophylaxis in acutely ill medical patients. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(6):513-23. PMid:23388003.
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    Spyropoulos AC, Lipardi C, Xu J, et al. Improved benefit risk profile of rivaroxaban in a subpopulation of the MAGELLAN study. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2019;25:1-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1076029619886022 PMid:31746218.
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    » http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1677-5449.200063

Datas de Publicação

  • Publicação nesta coleção
    16 Out 2020
  • Data do Fascículo
    2020

Histórico

  • Recebido
    15 Jun 2020
  • Aceito
    21 Jul 2020
Sociedade Brasileira de Angiologia e de Cirurgia Vascular (SBACV) Rua Estela, 515, bloco E, conj. 21, Vila Mariana, CEP04011-002 - São Paulo, SP, Tel.: (11) 5084.3482 / 5084.2853 - Porto Alegre - RS - Brazil
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