Endovascular approach for isolated common iliac aneurysm and severe kyphoscoliosis

We report the case of a 72-year-old patient presenting with an isolated common iliac aneurysm with occlusion of contralateral common iliac artery and severe kyphoscoliosis. Because of high risk for open surgery due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, this patient was treated with an endovascular approach using an aortomonoiliac stent graft, followed by a femoro-femoral crossover bypass. This report illustrates the usefulness of a minimally invasive approach, and feasibility even for patients with difficult anatomy.


Introduction
4][5] Moreover, its association with severe kyphoscoliosis, to our best knowledge, was not previously reported.
9][10][11] The purpose to this study is to report a case of a patient with an isolated left common iliac aneurysm with occlusion of the right common iliac artery and severe kyphoscoliosis and gibbosity causing extreme vessel tortuosity.He was successfully treated with a carefully planned endovascular approach.

Case report
A 72-year-old man was admitted at our service with a 5.6 cm isolated left common iliac aneurysm with occlusion of right common iliac artery discovered during ultrasound screening.
The patient was a former heavy smoker who also had hypertension.He had no previous history of aneurysms.However, 2 years before, he had a trauma with lumbar vertebrae fracture (L2 and L3) and secondary spinal canal stenosis.His physical examination revealed severe kyphoscoliosis, gibbosity in lumbar region, significant thoracic asymmetry and obesity.
A preoperative CT scan was performed (Figure 1) showing the isolated left common iliac aneurysm and an important tortuosity of the abdominal aorta subsequent to the tortuosity of the spine (video available online at www.scielo.br/jvb).In the radiological examination, left convex dorsal and right convex lumbar scoliosis were stated, denoting an 81-degree lumbar scoliosis in frontal plane (Figure 1A) and a 65-degree kyphotic curvature in the sagittal plane (Figure 1B).
During surgical risk stratification, electrocardiography stated left bundle branch block, echocardiography revealed moderate left ventricular hypertrophy and a rest ejection fraction of 55%, suggesting a previous mild asymptomatic myocardial infarction.He also had a severe respiratory insufficiency due not only to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but also to restrictive disorder, which turned him into a night bi-level positive airway pressure dependent.A CT scan performed 12 months after the surgery demonstrated endograft and femoro-femoral graft patency, complete exclusion of left common iliac aneurysms without evidence of endoleak (Figure 2 and video available online at www.scielo.br/jvb)and shrinkage of the aneurysmal sac from 98.24 cm 3 measured in preoperative CT scan to 35.3 cm 3 (Figure 3).

Discussion
Aorta and major vessels may change their normal path due to scoliosis 13,14 and irregular aortic blood flow may lead to aneurysm formation. 14,15Vessel tortuosity can make endovascular repair technically challenging. 16,17In the presented case, moreover, severe respiratory insufficiency and thoracic deformity were also contraindications to open surgery.Thus, the best treatment for this case was dubious.
Open repair of common iliac aneurysms is the current gold standard.However, endovascular technique carries a number of potential advantages, as it avoids general anesthesia and aortic clamping, reduces operative blood loss and transfusion requirements, shortens hospital stays and limits the overall physiological stress associated with conventional open surgery 1,4,8-10, 18 Pitoulias et al. 9 stated that endovascular repair is safe and effective in cases without anatomical challenges, with better intraoperative and early postoperative outcomes, as well as durable mid-term re-sults, concluding that endovascular procedure should be offered as first-line therapy.
Literature shows that coil embolization of the internal iliac artery is performed in 37-78% of the cases, 1,9 and it Endovascular approach for common iliac aneurysm and kyphoscoliosis -Amato ACM et al. was also performed in the case reported here to prevent backflow into the aneurysm.
Post-processing preoperative CT scan with OsiriX software 12 allowed accurate measurement and planning of the endovascular procedure.The aortomonoiliac endograft used to expressly adapt to the patient's particular anatomy, with a short proximal large segment, designed to fit the aorta, followed by a long narrow iliac segment, designed to fit the iliac artery, allowed it to be deployed even in this tortuous artery.
Complete exclusion of the iliac aneurysm resulted in significant shrinkage of the aneurysmal sac after only 1 year, proving the efficacy of the method.Our encouraging result demonstrates acceptable mid-term graft patency.
In conclusion, this report confirms the feasibility of endovascular repair of isolated common iliac aneurysms in complex vessel anatomy worsened by severe kyphoscoliosis.New generation devices are more adaptable to difficult anatomy, broadening endovascular approach and allowing us to make a personalized choice for each patient.
Due to the obvious risks of open surgery and despite the anatomical difficulties, endovascular approach was preferred over open surgery.The procedure was performed in the operating room and a portable digital C-arm image intensifier was used.Under local anesthesia, left femoral artery was surgically exposed.At this time, 5000 IU of unfractionated heparin were administered intravenously.A standard 8F sheath was inserted over guidewire.Angiography showed a large left common iliac aneurysm.Selective catheterization using a Simmons-2 catheter and left hypogastric artery embolization with five coils (0.035 inch in diameter and 5 cm in length; MReye stainless-steel coils; William Cook Europe) were performed.A Lunderquist extra-stiff guidewire was inserted through the catheter, over which a stent graft (24-12 mm in diameter and 131 mm in length; Zenith® Aortomonoiliac Graft ZCMD-24-12-131-SR-UNI-E-ENDO; William Cook Europe Aps) was infrarenally deployed, excluding the common iliac aneurysm and covering collateral circulation.Completion angiography revealed correct placement of the endograft, with complete exclusion of the aneurysm and hypogastric artery without evidence of endoleaks and good renal flow.Following the endovascular procedure, right femoral artery was surgically exposed, and a femoro-femoral crossover bypass procedure (InterGard® 6 mm ringed, InterVascular) was performed.The postoperative period was uneventful.The patient was discharged home 3 days after the procedure.He is alive and asymptomatic at 1-year follow-up.278 J Vasc Bras 2009, Vol. 8, N°3Endovascular approach for common iliac aneurysm and kyphoscoliosis -Amato ACM et al.

Figure 1 -
Figure 1 -Three-dimensional reconstruction of preoperative CT scan with OsiriX software 12 showing the left common iliac aneurysm, occlusion of the right common iliac artery and vicarious collateral circulation.A) Anteroposterior view shows extreme lumbar scoliosis; B) left sagittal view shows a severe kyphotic curvature

JFigure 2 -Figure 3 -
Figure 2 -Three-dimensional reconstruction of postoperative CT scan with OsiriX software showing left endograft and femoro-femoral bypass graft patency, right iliac occlusion and complete exclusion of common iliac aneurysm.The arrow points to the coils used in the procedure to prevent backflow from the hypogastric branches