Figure 1
Tapered steel roof beams: a) football stadium (Coimbra, Portugal), b) shopping mall (Medellin, Colombia).
Figure 2
I-section beam-columns adopted: a) geometrical parameters, b) cross-section, c) vertical symmetric loading, d) orthogonal symmetric loading, e) orthogonal asymmetric loading.
Figure 3
I-section beam-columns model adopted: a) perspective view, b) region close to the symmetry plane: i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 4
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) the number of degrees of freedom (1000), b) FE edge size (mm): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 5
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Angle (°), c) Angle (°): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 6
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Flange width (m), c) Flange width (m): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 7
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Height on a fixed support (m) and Height in the symmetry plane (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 8
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange thickness (m), b) Flange thickness (m) and Web thickness (m), c) Web thickness (m): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 9
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Yield stress (MPa), b) Yield stress (MPa) and Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Geometrical imperfection (m): i) small case, ii) intermediate case, iii) large case.
Figure 10
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Height in the symmetry plane (m), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Height in the symmetry plane (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 11
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Flange width (m), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Flange width (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 12
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Flange thickness (m), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Flange thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 13
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Web thickness (m), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Web thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 14
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Yield stress (MPa), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Yield stress (MPa), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 15
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height on fixed support (m), b) Geometric imperfection (m), c) Height on fixed support (m) and Geometric imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 16
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height in the symmetry plane (m), b) Flange width (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m) and Flange width (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 17
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height in the symmetry plane (m), b) Flange thickness (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m) and Flange thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 18
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height in the symmetry plane (m), b) Web thickness (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m) and Web thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 19
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height in the symmetry plane (m), b) Yield stress (MPa), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m) and Yield stress (MPa), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 20
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Height in the symmetry plane (m), b) Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m) and Geometrical imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 21
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange width (m), b) Flange thickness (m), c) Flange width (m) and Flange thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 22
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange width (m), b) Web thickness (m), c) Flange width (m) and Web thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 23
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange width (m), b) Yield stress (MPa), c) Flange width (m) and Yield stress (MPa), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 24
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange width (m), b) Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Flange width (m) and Geometrical imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 25
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange thickness (m), b) Web thickness (m), c) Flange thickness (m) and Web thickness (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 26
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange thickness (m), b) Yield stress (MPa) (m), c) Flange thickness (m) and Yield stress (MPa), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 27
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Flange thickness (m), b) Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Flange thickness (m) and Geometrical imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 28
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Web thickness (m), b) Yield stress (MPa), c) Web thickness (m) and Yield stress (MPa), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 29
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Web thickness (m), b) Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Web thickness (m) and Geometrical imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 30
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Yield stress (MPa), b) Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Yield stress (MPa) and Geometrical imperfection (m), d) linear/linear approximation.
Figure 31
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Height on fixed support (m), c) Height on fixed support (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 32
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Height in the symmetry plane (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 33
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°),b) Angle (°) and Flange width (m), c) Flange width (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 34
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Flange thickness (m), c) Flange thickness (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 35
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Web thickness (m), c) Web thickness (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 36
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Yield stress (MPa), c) Yield stress (MPa), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 37
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Angle (°), b) Angle (°) and Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Geometrical imperfection (m), d) quadratic/linear approximation, e) polynomial interpolation.
Figure 38
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Height on fixed support (m), c) Height on fixed support (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 39
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Height in the symmetry plane (m), c) Height in the symmetry plane (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 40
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Flange width (m), c) Flange width (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 41
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Flange thickness (m), c) Flange thickness (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 42
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Web thickness (m), c) Web thickness (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 43
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Yield stress (MPa), c) Yield stress (MPa), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 44
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Geometrical imperfection (m), c) Geometrical imperfection (m), d) exponential/linear approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 45
Collapse Load (kN) as a function of the: a) Length (m), b) Length (m) and Angle (°), c) Angle (°), d) exponential/quadratic approximation, e) crossed terms approximation.
Figure 46
Frequency of results by error percentage range of an approximation function without crossed terms.
Figure 47
Frequency of results by error percentage range of an approximation function with crossed terms.
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