SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Oliveira, Davi Alves; Tomitch, Lêda Maria Braga; Pereira, Hernane Borges de Barros

doi:10.1590/1982-4017-25-03

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Artigo Original • Ling. (dis)curso 25 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4017-25-03 linkcopy

SYSTEMATIC REVIEW OF DEFINITIONS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TEXT: A PROPOSAL FOR AN OPERATIONAL DEFINITION

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

This study investigates answers to the complex question “what is a text?” and proposes an operational definition of text that synthesizes the general characteristics found and specifies some characteristics of textual materiality. Through a systematic review of scientific articles, various definitions and characterizations of text were analyzed, with a focus on textual materiality. The analysis reveals that the works of Halliday and Hasan (1976) and Beaugrande and Dressler (1981) are the most influential. The definitions and characterizations of text are distinguished by the weight given to contextual factors and textual materiality. The crucial distinction between text and textual materiality is emphasized, so that studies focused on the latter make clear the specific characteristics of the type of materiality investigated in contrast to those that can be generalized to any text.

Keywords:
Text; Textuality; Textual Materiality

Trabalho	Características do texto¹
Trabalho	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
(Albarrán-Santiago, 2015)	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Alexander, 2019)	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Ali, 2021)	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Amaral, 1985)	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Bache, 2010)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Bayat; Yurdakul, 2014)	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Beaugrande, 1979)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Beaugrande, 1980)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Beaugrande, 1983)	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Blom; Hansen, 2015)	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Brooks, 1997)	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0
(Campuzano; Paucar, 2022)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Carrell, 1982)	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Cheung, 2010)	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Collet, 2004)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Cornish, 2009)	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1
(Dalalyan, 2015)	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0
(Dilidüzgün, 2013)	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Fang, 1997)	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Felisbino, 2001)	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
(Fowler, 1979)	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Geist, 1987)	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
(Golden; Pappas, 1990)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Gowhary et al., 2015)	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Haberland, 1999)	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Huang; Mohan, 2009)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Kaplan; Grabe, 2002)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
(Khalil, 1989)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
(Kitis; Milapides, 1997)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Kovalchuk; Popivniak, 2021)	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Luke, 1989)	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Lyons, 2021)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Makino, 1982)	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
(Marashi, 2020)	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Mee; Seng, 2014)	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Ocak; Baysal, 2016)	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Okurowski, 1989)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
(Oliveira; Senna; Pereira, 2024)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
(Ouden; Noordman; Terken, 2009)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Pavel, 1973)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Perrin; Petry, 1999)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Perrin; Petry, 2003)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Purser; Dreyfus; Jones, 2020)	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Roman; Roman, 2014)	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Rottensteiner, 2010)	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Sándor, 1989)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Stanisz; Drożdż; Kwapień, 2024)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
(Yang; Sun, 2012)	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0

Grupo	Trabalho	Características do texto¹
Grupo	Trabalho	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22
1	(Dilidüzgün, 2013)	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Lyons, 2021)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Campuzano; Paucar, 2022)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Brooks, 1997)	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0
	(Dalalyan, 2015)	1	1	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	0	0
	(Cornish, 2009)	1	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1
	(Roman; Roman, 2014)	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Yang; Sun, 2012)	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	(Rottensteiner, 2010)	1	0	0	0	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Luke, 1989)	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Kitis; Milapides, 1997)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Collet, 2004)	1	0	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Geist, 1987)	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	(Fowler, 1979)	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
2	(Khalil, 1989)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0
	(Okurowski, 1989)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	1	0
	(Oliveira; Senna; Pereira, 2024)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0
	(Purser; Dreyfus; Jones, 2020)	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Fang, 1997)	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Golden; Pappas, 1990)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Huang; Mohan, 2009)	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Albarrán-Santiago, 2015)	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Blom; Hansen, 2015)	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Cheung, 2010)	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Kovalchuk; Popivniak, 2021)	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Amaral, 1985)	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Kaplan; Grabe, 2002)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0
	(Ouden; Noordman; Terken, 2009)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Pavel, 1973)	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Perrin; Petry, 2003)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Perrin; Petry, 1999)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Stanisz; Drożdż; Kwapień, 2024)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Bache, 2010)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Beaugrande, 1980)	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Beaugrande, 1979)	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Sándor, 1989)	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
3	(Bayat; Yurdakul, 2014)	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Ali, 2021)	1	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Felisbino, 2001)	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	1	1	0	1	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	(Ocak; Baysal, 2016)	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Carrell, 1982)	1	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Alexander, 2019)	0	1	0	0	1	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Makino, 1982)	0	0	0	1	1	1	1	1	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0
	(Marashi, 2020)	1	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Beaugrande, 1983)	0	0	0	0	1	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Gowhary et al., 2015)	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Haberland, 1999)	0	0	0	0	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
	(Mee; Seng, 2014)	0	0	0	1	0	1	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0

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Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina Av. José Acácio Moreira, 787 - Caixa Postal 370, Dehon - 88704.900 - Tubarão-SC- Brasil, Tel: (55 48) 3621-3369, Fax: (55 48) 3621-3036 - Tubarão - SC - Brazil
E-mail: lemd@unisul.br

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[TFN1] Notas. 1. Características: (1) coesão; (2) nível lógico ou semântico; (3) função comunicativa; (4) situacionalidade; (5) aceitabilidade; (6) modalidade escrita; (7) modalidade oral; (8) intencionalidade; (9) unidade formal ou estrutural; (10) coerência; (11) nível discursivo; (12) nível lexical; (13) irrelevância do tamanho; (14) caráter linear ou sequencial; (15) informatividade; (16) intertextualidade; (17) nível sintático; (18) distinção de sentenças aleatórias; (19) nível fonológico ou prosódico; (20) estilo; (21) padrões de repetição; (22) possibilidade de ser não-verbal. 2. As definições e caracterizações analisadas podem ser conferidas em Oliveira (2024).

[TFN2] Fonte: Elaborado pelos autores.