Anthropometric indicators and their adequacy in older adults from two towns in distinct Brazilian regions

Barbosa, Aline Rodrigues; Marchesan, Moane; Guimarães, Alexsander Vieira; França, Vivian Francielle; Marucci, Maria de Fátima Nunes; Coqueiro, Raildo da Silva; Fernandes, Marcos Henrique

doi:10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.06.05

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Original Research • MedicalExpress (São Paulo, online) 2 (6) • Dec 2015 • https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.06.05 copy

Anthropometric indicators and their adequacy in older adults from two towns in distinct Brazilian regions

INDICADORES ANTROPOMÉTRICOS EM IDOSOS DE DUAS CIDADES DE REGIÕES BRASILEIRAS DISTINTAS

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To compare anthropometric indicators and their adequacy among older adults from two towns of distinct Brazilian regions.

METHODS:

A cross-sectional, population, and household-based epidemiological study. A total of 793 persons (age ≥ 60) from the Southern and Northeastern regions of Brazil were evaluated, according to age groups (60-69, 70-79, and ≥ 80 years) and sex. Data for body mass, height, body mass index, triceps skinfold thickness, arm muscle circumference, arm, waist and calf circumferences are presented. The prevalence of adequate anthropometric indicators was also compared for body mass index, arm circumference arm muscle circumference, triceps skinfold thickness, calf circumference and waist circumference.

RESULTS:

Subjects from the Southern region (n = 477) showed significantly greater mean values for all anthropometric variables vs. subjects from the Northeastern region (n = 316). Underweight (BMI < 22.0 kg/m²) was prevalent in the Northeast, overweight (BMI > 27.0 kg/m²) in the South. Older adults from the Northeast presented a higher proportion of adequate weight circumference. Other measured anthropometric indicators revealed a greater proportion of older adults with nutritional adequacy in the Southern region.

CONCLUSION:

This study provides information that can be used for anthropometric assessment of older adults in towns within the same context. Older adults of the two regions show vulnerable nutritional status, deficiency in the northeastern and excess in the southern region.

KEYWORDS:
Ageing; Nutritional evaluation; Cross-sectional studies

Parameter	underweight	adequate	overweight Observation	Reference
BMI	< 22 kg/m²	≥ 22 - ≤ 27 kg/m²	> 27 kg/m² SISVAN	7
Parameter	inadequate	adequate	Observation	Reference
TSF (men)	< 9 mm	≥ 9 mm	As per Percentile-25 for Brazilian elderly	18
TSF (women)	< 20 mm	≥ 20 mm	As per Percentile-25 for Brazilian elderly	18
AMC (men)	< 22.98	≥ 22.98 cm	As per Percentile-25 for Brazilian elderly	18
AMC (women)	< 20.92 cm	≥ 20.92 cm	As per Percentile-25 for Brazilian elderly	18
AC	< 22 cm	≥ 22 cm		8
CC	< 31 cm	≥ 31 cm		8
Parameter	Low risk	High risk	Observation	Reference
WC (men)	<102 cm	≥102 cm	Risk of metabolic diseases	19
WC (women)	< 88 cm	≥ 88 cm	Risk of metabolic diseases	19

	Antônio Carlos - SC %	Lafaiete Coutinho - BA %	p ^* * Chi-squared test (χ2)
Sex
Female	56.8	54.9	0.540
Male	43.2	45.1	0.540
Age group (years)
60 - 69	49.5	36.5	< 0.001
70 - 79	35.8	33.7
≥ 80	14.7	29.8
Marital Status
With partner	75.3	56.6	< 0.001
Without partner	24.7	43.4	< 0.001
Current Occupation
Yes	40.7	11.4	< 0.001
No	59.3	88.6	< 0.001
Literacy
Yes	81.8	33.2	< 0.001
No	18.2	66.8	< 0.001
Living arrangements
Alone	13.1	16.5	0.140
With someone	86.9	83.5	0.140
Hunger in the first 15 years
Yes	10.5	25.0	<0.001
No	89.5	75.0	<0.001
Some disease in the first 15 years
Yes	22.9	57.7	<0.001
No	77.1	42.3	<0.001

Anthropometric Variables	Antônio Carlos, SC					Lafaiete Coutinho, BA
	n	Mean	SD	Median	p^* ***** Difference between age groups (Kruskal-Wallis test).	n	Mean	SD	Median	p^* ***** Difference between age groups (Kruskal-Wallis test).
Body Mass (Kg)			< 0.001							0.003
60-69	116	73.8	13.9	72.2		58	58.6	13.4	56.5
70-79	73	68.7	11.9	67.6		57	57.2	9.9	56.0
80 e +	78	61.9	12.0	61.5		53	50.8	11.2	51.0
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	267	70.4	13.6	68.9		168	55.7	12.2	55.2
Height (cm)					< 0.001					0.019
60-69	116	156.1	6.0	155.0		58	150.1	6.7	150.8
70-79	74	154.9	5.0	155.0		57	148.6	5.7	148.2
80 e +	78	151.7	6.3	152.0		53	146.9	6.7	146.8
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	268	155.1	6.0	154.5		168	148.6	6.5	148.8
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)					< 0.001					0.017
60-69	116	30.1	5.1	29.2		58	26.0	5.4	24.9
70-79	73	28.6	4.6	28.5		57	25.9	4.1	25.4
80 e +	78	26.7	5.0	27.1		53	23.5	5.2	22.9
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	267	29.1	5.1	28.5		168	25.2	5.0	24.6
Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm)					< 0.001					< 0.001
60-69	116	27.3	10.1	27.3		58	23.5	9.2	22.7
70-79	69	24.9	8.1	24.3		57	20.9	6.5	19.8
80 e +	78	22.7	8.6	22.0		52	16.9	8.1	16.2
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	263	25.8	9.8	25.3		167	20.6	8.4	19.7
Arm Circumference (cm)					< 0.001					< 0.001
60-69	116	33.3	4.2	33.0		58	29.5	4.5	28.8
70-79	71	31.8	13.9	31.6		57	27.9	3.1	28.0
80 e +	78	28.9	4.0	29.0		53	26.1	4.3	26.0
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	265	32.2	4.4	31.7		168	27.9	4.2	27.7
Arm Muscle Circumference (cm)					< 0.001					< 0.015
60-69	116	24.7	2.6	24.5		58	22.1	2.3	22.0
70-79	68	24.3	2.4	24.1		57	21.4	2.1	21.5
80 e +	78	21.8	2.5	21.9		52	20.9	2.4	20.9
Total^ Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Student t test).	262	24.1	2.8	24.0		167	21.5	2.3	21.5
Waist Circumference (cm)					0.182					0.187
60-69	116	101.9	13.2	102.8		57	93.6	12.7	93.2
70-79	68	101.0	11.7	101.2		55	96.6	12.0	98.6
80 e +	72	99.1	12.8	99.0		50	93.5	12.9	93.8
Total^ Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Student t test).	256	101.2	12.9	101.6		162	94.8	12.5	94.3
Calf Circumference (cm)					< 0.001					< 0.001
60-69	116	38.9	4.1	38.5		58	33.7	3.2	33.2
70-79	70	37.5	3.4	37.3		57	33.2	2.8	33.1
80 e +	78	35.1	3.9	35.5		53	30.9	3.7	30.9
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions (Mann-Whitney test).	264	37.9	4.1	37.5		168	32.6	3.5	32.7

Anthropometric Variables	Antônio Carlos, SC					Lafaiete Coutinho, BA
	n	Mean	SD	Median	p^* ***** Difference between age groups, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test.	n	Mean	SD	Median	p^* ***** Difference between age groups, according to the Kruskal-Wallis test.
Body Mass (kg²)					<0.001					0.013
60-69	79	79.7	14.8	38.0		54	63.4	12.7	60.7
70-79	66	72.5	12.4	71.2		49	64.5	14.3	63.1
80 e +	55	68.9	12.9	66.1		37	56.4	12.4	56.8
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Mann-Whitney test.	200	75.5	14.7	74.3		140	62.0	13.5	60.0
Height (cm)					0.001					0.064
60-69	79	169.9	5.8	170.0		54	163.5	7.4	161.9
70-79	69	167.5	7.4	168.0		49	161.5	7.9	161.0
80 e +	55	166.5	7.1	166.0		37	159.6	1.8	159.5
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Mann-Whitney test.	203	168.3	6.8	168.4		140	161.8	7.8	160.7
Body Mass Index (kg/m²)					<0.001					0.030
60-69	78	27.3	3.3	27.5		54	23.7	4.3	23.5
70-79	66	25.8	3.9	25.8		49	24.5	4.1	23.7
80 e +	55	24.5	3.9	24.3		37	22.1	4.1	22.4
Total^ Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Student t test.	199	26.5	4.6	26.1		140	23.6	4.3	23.4
Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm)					0.022					0.344
60-69	79	14.6	8.2	14.0		54	11.1	9.8	9.8
70-79	66	15.2	12	12.6		49	12.1	5.0	11.1
80 e +	55	11.6	4.4	11.0		37	10.5	4.3	10.3
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Mann-Whitney test.	200	14.6	9.9	13.0		140	11.3	5.0	10.4
Arm Circumference (cm)					<0.001					0.002
60-69	78	31.8	3.3	31.6		54	28.1	3.2	27.8
70-79	65	29.9	3.1	30.0		49	28.0	3.4	27.6
80 e +	55	27.5	3.8	27.0		37	25.6	3.5	25.3
Total^ Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Student t test.	198	30.5	3.7	30.2		140	27.4	3.5	27.2
Arm Muscle Circumference (cm)					<0.001					<0.001
60-69	78	27.3	3.3	27.5		54	24.6	2.4	24.3
70-79	65	25.1	4.4	26.1		49	24.2	2.5	24.3
80 e +	55	23.8	2.9	23.2		37	22.3	2.5	22.1
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Mann-Whitney test.	198	26.0	3.9	26.4		140	23.8	2.6	24.1
Waist Circumference (cm)					0.058					0.081
60-69	77	100.4	12.9	99.0		54	88.3	12.8	88.4
70-79	64	98.6	11.9	97.8		48	92.7	11.7	91.4
80 e +	54	95.8	11.3	95.3		36	89.1	21.2	86.9
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Mann-Whitney test.	195	99.3	12.6	98.8		138	89.9	15.1	89.4
Calf Circumference (cm)					<0.001					0.043
60-69	79	38.1	3.4	38.0		54	34.7	9.8	34.3
70-79	65	36.7	4.1	36.5		49	34.2	3.4	34.2
80 e +	55	34.8	3.2	34.8		37	32.5	4.1	32.0
Total^ Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the values of the anthropometric variables of the older adults of the two regions, according to the Student t test.	199	37.0	3.9	36.9		140	33.9	3.7	34.1

	Antônio Carlos, SC					Lafaiete Coutinho, BA
	n	Underweight	Adequate	Overweight	p	n	Underweight	Adequate	Overweight	p
Men					<0.001^ Difference between age groups and body mass index.					0,070
60-69	78	5.6	44.1	50.3		54	38.9	38.9	22.2
70-79	66	12.5	56.9	30.6		49	22.4	46.9	30.6
80 e +	55	27.3	49.1	23.6		37	48.6	40.5	10.8
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the proportion of the elderly of the two regions, according to the nutritional status (BMI); chi-squared test.	199	11.4	49.7	38.8		140	35.7	42.1	22.1
Women					<0.001^ Difference between age groups and body mass index.					0.042**
60-69	116	1.9	29.4	68.8		58	24.1	36.2	39.7
70-79	73	8.5	29.9	61.6		57	14.0	47.4	38.6
80 e +	78	12.8	41.0	46.2		53	32.1	47.2	20.8
Total^* * Significant difference (p < 0.05) among the proportion of the elderly of the two regions, according to the nutritional status (BMI); chi-squared test.	267	5.7	31.3	63.0		168	23.2	43.5	33.3

	Antônio Carlos - SC				Lafaiete Coutinho - BA
	n	Adequate	Inadequate	p^ Difference between age groups and anthropometric indicators.	n	Adequate	Inadequate	p^ Difference between age groups and anthropometric indicators.
MEN
Arm circunference (cm)
60-69	78	100	-	0.021	54	96.3	3.7	0.216
70-79	65	100	-		49	93.9	6.1
80 e +	55	96.4	3.6		37	86.5	13.5
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	198	99.5	0.5		140	92.9	7.1
Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm)
60-69	79	82.1	17.9	0.065	54	59.3	40.7	0.608
70-79	66	70.8	29.2		49	77.6	22.4
80 e +	55	74.5	25.5		37	62.2	37.8
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	200	76.7	23.3		140	66.4	33.6
Arm muscle circunference (cm)
60-69	78	94.4	5.6	<0.001	54	77.8	22.2	<0.001
70-79	65	85.9	14.1		49	79.6	20.4
80 e +	55	60.0	40.0		37	40.5	59.5
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	198	86.1	13.9		140	68.6	31.4
Waist Circumference (cm)
60-69	77	54.6	45.4	0.124	87.0	13.0	87.0	0.751
70-79	64	60.0	40.0		75.0	25.0	75.0
80 e +	54	64.8	35.2		86.1	13.9	86.1
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	195	41.8	58.2		82.6	17.4	82.6
Calf Circumference (cm)
60-69	79	98.9	1.1	0.004	54	88.9	11.1	<0.001
70-79	65	95.0	5.0		49	85.7	14.3
80 e +	55	89.1	10.9		37	56.8	43.2
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	199	96.0	4.0		140	79.3	20.7
W0MEN
Arm circunference (cm)
60-69	116	100	-	0.036	58	96.6	3.4	0.005
70-79	71	98.8	1.3		57	98.2	1.8
80 e +	78	97.4	2.6		53	83.0	17.0
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	265	99.2	0.8		168	92.9	7.1
Triceps Skinfold Thickness (mm)
60-69	116	77,7	22,3	0,070	58	63,8	36,2	0,001
70-79	69	73,4	36,6		57	49,1	50,9
80 e +	78	67,9	32,1		52	30,8	69,2
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	263	74,9	25,1		167	48,5	51,5
Arm muscle circunference (cm)
60-69	116	94,8	5,2	<0,001	58	74,1	25,9	0,009
70-79	68	94,1	5,9		57	66,7	33,3
80 e +	78	64,1	35,9		52	50,0	50,0
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	262	89,8	10,2		167	64,1	35,9
Waist Circumference (cm)
60-69	116	11.9	88.1	0,989	57	31.6	68.4	0,845
70-79	68	9.8	90.2		55	23.6	76.4
80 e +	72	16.7	83.3		50	32.0	68.0
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	256	11.9	88.1		162	29.0	71.0
Calf Circumference (cm)
60-69	116	100	-	<0,001	58	82,8	17,2	<0,001
70-79	70	98,7	1,3		57	78,9	21,1
80 e +	78	83,3	16,7		53	49,1	50,9
Total^* * Significant difference (p<0.05) among the proportion of older adults of the two regions; chi-square test.	264	97,0	3,0		168	70,8	29,2

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