Effects of shortening and lengthening resistance exercise with low-intensity on physical fitness and muscular function in senior adults

Hiruma, Eisuke; Katamoto, Shizuo; Naito, Hisashi

doi:10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.01.05

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ORIGINAL RESEARCH • MedicalExpress (São Paulo, online) 2 (1) • Feb 2015 • https://doi.org/10.5935/MedicalExpress.2015.01.05 copy

Effects of shortening and lengthening resistance exercise with low-intensity on physical fitness and muscular function in senior adults

EFEITOS DE EXERCÍCIOS RESISTIVOS DE ENCURTAMENTO E ALONGAMENTO, EM BAIXA INTENSIDADE, SOBRE CONDICIONAMENTO E FUNÇÃO MUSCULAR EM ADULTOS SÊNIOR

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

OBJECTIVE:

To identify effects of shortening and lengthening low-intensity resistance exercise together with aerobic exercise on physical fitness and muscular strength in senior adults.

METHOD:

Seventeen males (58-72yrs) and sixteen females (58-68yrs) participated in this study: seven male and six female as control subjects, ten male and ten female as exercise subjects: these subjects completed an 8-week training program (two times/week) consisting of 15 minutes of aerobike exercise at 50% of VO_2max and six shortening-lengthening resistance exercises (3 exercises for upper body and 3 exercises for lower body). The subjects exercised resistance training (5 sec for shortening, 5 sec for lengthening) at 50% of one repetition maximum. Primary outcome measures included physical fitness tests (grip strength, sit-ups, sit-and-reach, 6 minutes of walking, single-leg balance test with open eyes), timed up-and-go test (UP&GO), and one repetition maximum of the same six exercises. This study examined joint angle of knee flexion and elbow flexion, visual analog scale, and muscular strength test to identify delayed onset muscle soreness.

RESULTS:

The resting blood pressures in both exercising groups were significantly decreased after 16 sessions of exercise intervention (p < 0.05). The training group significantly increased muscular strength and improved physical fitness, UP&GO, and one repetition maximum of 6 resistance exercises (p < 0.05). The combined exercise did not induce delayed onset muscle soreness.

CONCLUSION:

The present study showed that the combined shortening and lengthening resistance training with aerobic exercise in senior male and female adults was effective in decreasing blood pressure and increasing muscular strength and physical fitness.

KEYWORDS:
muscle strength; blood pressure; delayed onset muscle soreness

	Age (yrs)	Height (cm)	Body Weight (kg)	Blood pressure Systolic (mmHg)	Diastolic (mmHg)	%Body fat (%)	Lean Body Mass (kg)	BMI (kg. m^-2)
MALE:
Training group
Pre-training	66.9 ± 8.8	168.2 ± 6.2	66.4 ± 9.10^a a : p < 0.05	145.3 ± 11.0^aa aa : p < 0.01	91.0 ± 10.9^a a : p < 0.05	20.91 ± 3.81	52.66 ± 8.23^aa aa : p < 0.01	23.3 ± 1.8
Post-training	66.9 ± 8.8	168.2 ± 6.2	65.4 ± 8.84^a a : p < 0.05	132.5 ± 13.5^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	77.6 ± 12.1^* ***** :p < 0.001	19.69 ± 3.44^* * :p < 0.05	52.57 ± 7.82^a a : p < 0.05	23.1 ± 1.9
Control group Initial values	61.4 ± 0.5	171.6 ± 2.8	72.90 ± 7.17	118.7 ± 11.5	76.6 ± 8.52	21.94 ± 4.75	56.80 ± 5.86	24.7 ± 1.9
Final Values	61.4 ± 0.5	171.6 ± 2.8	72.50 ± 6.84	120.7 ± 11.40	78.9 ± 10.9	22.93 ± 3.81	55.66 ± 8.23	24.2 ± 1.8
FEMALE:
Training group
Pre-training	62.8 ± 5.3	154.22 ± 7.05	52.51 ± 7.77	133.8 ± 20.0^a a : p < 0.05	85.0 ± 11.1^aa aa : p < 0.01	29.69 ± 4.47^a a : p < 0.05	36.93 ± 7.42	22.0 ± 2.4
Post-training	62.8 ± 5.3	154.22 ± 7.05	52.20 ± 8.08	126.3 ± 14.8^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	76.5 ± 8.4^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	27.84 ± 5.97^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	37.33 ± 3.51	21.9 ± 2.3
Control group
Initial values	61.2 ± 0.8	160.22 ± 3.31	52.32 ± 3.01	111.3 ± 14.0	69.2 ± 6.7	23.95 ± 4.27	39.73 ± 1.45	20.4 ± 1.5
Final Values	61.2 ± 0.8	160.22 ± 3.31	53.36 ± 5.10	115.8 ± 11.0	73.1 ± 10.9	25.91 ± 5.62	39.32 ± 3.24	21.3 ± 1.8

	Chest press (kg)	Shoulder press (kg)	Lat-pull Down (kg)	Leg Extension (kg)	Leg Curl (kg)	Leg Press (kg)
MALE:
Training group
Pre-training	31.3 ± 9.6	36.0 ± 7.4	30.0 ± 4.8	32.3 ± 6.1	26.1 ± 5.1	41.7 ± 11.6
Post-training	38.8 ± 10.4^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	40.4 ± 9.0^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	35.4 ± 9.2^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	44.4 ± 13.7^ :p < 0.01 ^aa aa : p < 0.01	37.5 ± 9.9^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	56.6 ± 19.9^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05
Control group
Initial values	31.7 ± 6.8	30.7 ± 6.1	28.7 ± 3.5	28.7 ± 6.6	23.9 ± 4.7	39.4 ± 9.8
Final Values	32.7 ± 8.2	31.2 ± 6.9	29.2 ± 4.1	30.0 ± 6.5	24.7 ± 4.6	41.1 ± 10.9
FEMALE:
Training group
Pre-training	21.0 ± 6.0	20.9 ± 2.9	22.2 ± 4.2	25.8 ± 3.8	17.7 ± 4.6	24.9 ± 9.8
Post-training	24.6 ± 7.5^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	25.7 ± 3.9^ :p < 0.01 ^aa aa : p < 0.01	25.5 ± 4.6^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	33.0 ± 3.6^* ***** :p < 0.001 ^aa aa : p < 0.01	22.9 ± 4.7^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	36.4 ± 9.5^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05
Control group
Initial values	19.2 ± 2.9	20.3 ± 3.6	20.5 ± 4.5	23.8 ± 2.9	14.3 ± 6.5	19.1 ± 11.0
Final Values	20.7 ± 4.2	21.5 ± 3.8	21.4 ± 5.6	26.6 ± 2.7	16.9 ± 4.7	21.4 ± 10.3

	Grip Strength (kg)	Sit-ups (time)	Sit and Reach (cm)	Open-eyes Foot-Balance (second)	6 min walking (m)	Up&Go test (second)
MALE:
Training group
Pre-training	35.78 ± 6.67	8.5 ± 6.4	26.89 ± 6.78	61.38 ± 40.68	561.6 ± 81.4	6.619 ± 1.625^a a : p < 0.05
Post-training	37.57 ± 7.55	15.0 ± 6.7^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	32.45 ± 6.59^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	80.86 ± 39.71^a a : p < 0.05	621.0 ± 65.0^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	5.953 ± 1.288^ :p < 0.01
Control group
Initial values	36.96 ± 6.24	9.7 ± 5.8	27.80 ± 6.77	67.36 ± 39.96	584.1 ± 54.7	6.143 ± 0.980
Final Values	37.63 ± 6.64	9.1 ± 2.7^ :p < 0.01	29.23 ± 6.88	73.00 ± 35.94	596.0 ± 48.3	5.962 ± 1.032
FEMALE:
Training group
Pre-training	5.962 ± 1.032	6.9 ± 2.4	38.81 ± 4.87	97.25 ± 27.86	457.6 ± 75.5	5.953 ± 0.601
Post-training	27.05 ± 3.64^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	10.6 ± 2.7^* ***** :p < 0.001 ^a a : p < 0.05	42.5 ± 4.61^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	120.00 ± 0.00^* * :p < 0.05 ^a a : p < 0.05	560.0 ± 24.3^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05	5.093 ± 0.524^ :p < 0.01 ^a a : p < 0.05
Control group
Initial values	26.38 ± 3.04	6.5 ± 2.6	38.42 ± 5.25	89.67 ± 28.47	456.3 ± 73.4	5.792 ± 0.610
Final Values	26,73 ± 2.34	6.7 ± 2.3	39.17 ± 5.42	89.17 ± 30.73	465.5 ± 69.4	5.202 ± 0.573

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