ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY TO LINEAR EROSIVE PROCESSES IN AN URBAN PERIMETER

Santos, Caio Augusto Marques dos; Guirra, Alesson Pires Maciel; Santos, Jeater Waldemar Maciel Correa

doi:10.4215/rm2022.e21010

Caio Augusto Marques dos Santos ^*(*)CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Address: UFMT, Sagrada Família, CEP:78060900, Rondonópolis (MT), Brasil. Phone: (66) 99443135. E-mail: kiomarques@hotmail.com

PhD in Geography. Professor at the Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis (MT), Brazil.

Alesson Pires Maciel Guirra

PhD in Environmental Technologies. Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande (MS), Brazil.

Jeater Waldemar Maciel Correa Santos

PhD in Geography. Professor at the Federal University of Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis (MT), Brazil.

(*)CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Address: UFMT, Sagrada Família, CEP:78060900, Rondonópolis (MT), Brasil. Phone: (66) 99443135. E-mail: kiomarques@hotmail.com

Figures (17)
Tables (10)

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Figure 1
Location of the study area. Source: Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Figure 2
Methodological scheme for obtaining, qualifying and quantifying the fragility associated with erosivity. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Figure 3
Radar image treatment for semi-automatic extraction of geological-structural discontinuities evidenced in the subsurface (PART 01).

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Figure 4
Algorithm used to filter geological-structural discontinuities extracted from the shaded surface of the terrain. (PART 02).

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Figure 5
Dividing the intervals in the rosette diagram by the line direction histogram (PART 03).

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Figure 6
Methodological scheme for obtaining, qualifying and quantifying the geological-structural environmental fragility (PART 04).

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Figure 7
Methodological scheme for obtaining, qualifying and quantifying the geological-structural environmental fragility (PART 05).

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Figure 8
Chart of environmental fragility associated with the relief considering the slope and the shapes of the terrain.

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Figure 9
Chart of environmental fragility associated with soil types in terms of urbanization level.

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Figure 10
Chart of the rainfall intensity of the PUR, with average fragility for this geoenvironmental variable.

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Figure 11
Erosivity chart, with a predominance of medium fragility, and low restricted to the northwest end of the PUR.

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Figure 12
Chart of environmental fragility associated with mechanical resistance to erosion of rock groups.

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Figure 13
Chart of environmental fragility associated with the density of geological-structural discontinuities.

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Figure 14
Chart of environmental fragility associated with the density of geological-structural intersections.

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Figure 15
Chart of environmental fragility associated with the level of urbanization and degree of protection and land cover.

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Figure 16
Map of potential environmental fragility to linear erosive processes.

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Figure 17
Map of emerging environmental fragility to linear erosive processes.

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Table 1
Color palette consecrated in the representation of the fragilities of the environments. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 2
Hierarchical slope categories (%), best suited to the specificities of the PUR, with class assignments and degrees of fragility to erosive processes. Based on Santos and Ross (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012. and adjusted to the study area. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 3
Association between terrain forms with classes and degrees of fragility, parameterized according to the flow resulting from surface runoff. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 4
Relationship between classes and degrees of environmental fragility of soils considering the effects of urbanization. Based on SEPLAN-MT (2011) and Santos and Ross (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012.. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 5
Environmental fragilities associated with intervals of rainfall intensity. Adapted from Crepani et al. (2001)CREPANI, E., MEDEIROS, J. S., FILHO, P. H., FLORENZANO, T. G., DUARTE, V., BARBOSA, C. C. F. Sensoriamento remoto e Geoprocessamento aplicados ao zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico e ao Ordenamento Territorial. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, 103 p. 2001.. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 6
Relationship between erosivity values and degrees of environmental fragility. Compiled from Ross (1994)ROSS, J. L. S. Análise empírica da fragilidade dos ambientes naturais e antropizados. In: Revista do Departamento de Geografia FFLCH – USP, nº 8, São Paulo, 1994.; Crepani et. al. (2001)CREPANI, E., MEDEIROS, J. S., FILHO, P. H., FLORENZANO, T. G., DUARTE, V., BARBOSA, C. C. F. Sensoriamento remoto e Geoprocessamento aplicados ao zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico e ao Ordenamento Territorial. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, 103 p. 2001.; Salton, Comunello and Fietz (2013). Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 7
Environmental fragilities associated with the types of rocks and other geological materials. Compiled and adapted by Crepani et. al. (2001)CREPANI, E., MEDEIROS, J. S., FILHO, P. H., FLORENZANO, T. G., DUARTE, V., BARBOSA, C. C. F. Sensoriamento remoto e Geoprocessamento aplicados ao zoneamento Ecológico-Econômico e ao Ordenamento Territorial. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), São José dos Campos, SP, 103 p. 2001.. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 8.1
Degrees of environmental fragility and level of urbanization and type of vegetation cover in the urban perimeter of Rondonópolis. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 8.2
Degrees of environmental fragility and level of urbanization and type of vegetation cover in the urban perimeter of Rondonópolis. Source. Guirra (2017)GUIRRA, A. P. M. Novas contribuições ao modelo de fragilidade ambiental a processos erosivos: estudo de caso aplicado ao perímetro urbano de Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. Dissertação de mestrado em Geografia. Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – campus universitário de Rondonópolis, Rondonópolis, 2017..

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Table 9
Summary of the biggest occurrences for each of the environmental factors adopted and respective degrees of fragility.

CLASS	DEGREE OF FRAGILITY OF COLOR PALETTE SATURATION
CLASS	RED	GREEN	BLUE	COLORS
VERY HIGH/VERY STRONG	255	0	0
HIGH/STRONG	255	192	0
MEDIUM	255	255	0
LOW/WEAK	146	208	80
VERY LOW/VERY WEAK	84	130	53

DECLRTTY (%)	CLASS	DEGREE
0.0 to 3.0	VERY WEAK	1
3.0 to 8.0	WEAK	2
8.0 to 16.0	MEDIUM	3
16.0 to 30.0	STRONG	4
> 30.0	VERY STRONG	5

LAND CURVATURE		HYDROLOGICAL BEHAVIOR ON THE LAND SURFACE		FRAGILITY
HORIZONTAL	VERTICAL	DOMINANT FLOW	RESULTING FLOW	DEGREE	CLASS
CONVERGENT	Concave	CONCENTRATION	Hyperconcentrator	5	Very High
	Retilinear		Mesoconcentrator	5	Very High
	Convex		Hyperconcentrator	4	High
PLANAR	Concave	TRANSITION	Mesoconcentrator	4	High
	Retilinear		Transition	3	Medium
	Convex		Mesodispersor	2	Low
DIVERGENT	Concave	DISPERSION	Hyperdispersor	2	Low
	Retilinear		Mesodispersor	1	Very Low
	Convex		Hyperdispersor	1	Very Low

TYPE OF SOIL AND URBANIZATION LEVEL	CLASS	DEGREE
LEd1 \| LEd7 - RED LATOSOLS Argisolic eutrophic, Typical Eutrophic RED LATOSOLS and RED-YELLOW LATOSOLS Argisolic dystrophic. Soils located preferably in sectors with a low degree of urbanization contained in areas of low to medium declivity.	Very Low	1
LEa2 - Typical Eutrophic RED LATOSOLS. Soils located in sectors of effectively consolidated urbanization and places for industrial activity, with moderately efficient drainage, with predominance of waterproofing by asphalting and concreting, presenting low to medium declivity, with low to medium presence of equipment for flood control, infiltration and reduction flow in circulation routes, subdivisions and establishments.	Low	2
PVe2 \| PVe7 - RED-YELLOW ARGISOLS Latosolic eutrophic and RED-YELLOW ARGISOLS Abrupt abruptic plmtosolic. Very low to very high slope locations. Existence of drainage heads in the upper third of dissected hills with converging concave slopes. Low efficiency in urban drainage and high rate of unpaved roads with compacted soils. Cattle grazing / trampling can occur, with siltation and mass movement of the crawling and repression of soils on the banks of water courses being common.	Medium	3
THE URBAN REALITY OF PUR DOES NOT APPLY / IS NOT COMPATIBLE	High	4
Ra1 \| AQa2 \| AQa5 - Fragmentary dystrophic LITHOLIC NEOSOLS. Typical dystrophic NEOSOLS, QUARTZARENIC NEOSOLS Ornes and RED-YELLOW LATOSOLS Humic hybrids superimposed on sandstone and siltstone substrates, with rocky outcrops, in addition to alluvial deposits, confined in the river valleys of the Red and Arareau rivers. Unconsolidated urban network with exposed soil in an industrial area with a high flow of large vehicles. Cultivation of short cycle crops, predominantly soy or com in addition to eucalyptus. Soils remobilized by human activity and or mass movements on the banks of the Red River. Water-saturated (hydromorphic) and / or triable / powdery soils occur when dry. Low to very high slope locations.	Very Strong	5

PLUVTOMETRIC INTENSITY (MM/MTH)	DEGREE OF FRAGILITY	CLASSES OF FRAGILITY
>525	5	Very Strong
500–525	5
475–500	5
450–475	5
425–450	4	Strong
400–425	4
375–400	4
350–375	4
325–350	3	Medium
300–325	3
275–300	3
250–275	3
225–250	3
200–225	2	Weak
175–200	2
150–175	2
125–150	2
100–125	1	Very Weak
75–100	1
50–75	1
<50	1

CLASS OF EROSIVITY	INTERVAL VALUES OF EROSRTTY (MJ mm ha-1 h-1 ano-1)	CLASS OF FRAGILITY	DEGREE OF FRAGILITY
Moderate	0–4000	Very weak	1
Strong	4000–8000	Weak	2
Very strong	8000–12000	Medium	3
High	12000–16000	Strong	4
Very high	16000–20000	Very strong	5

LITOLOGICAL GROUPS	CLASS	DEGREE
Unconsolidated sediments, colluvial and alluvial deposits	Very High	5
Unconsolidated detritus-lateritic covers and regoliths	High	4
Sedimentary Rocks	Medium	3
Metamorphic Rocks	Low	2
Igneous Rocks	Very Low	1

DEGREE OF FRAGILITY	URBANIZATION LEVEL Based on Santos and Ross (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012.	DEGREE OF PROTECTION	TYPE OF VEGETABLE COURAGE Based on Ross (1994)ROSS, J. L. S. Análise empírica da fragilidade dos ambientes naturais e antropizados. In: Revista do Departamento de Geografia FFLCH – USP, nº 8, São Paulo, 1994.	DEGREES OF INTEGRATED FRAGILITY	URBANIZATION LEVEL AND TYPE OF PLANT COURAGE OF THE URBAN PERIMETER OF RONDONÓPOLIS Adapted by ROSS (1994)ROSS, J. L. S. Análise empírica da fragilidade dos ambientes naturais e antropizados. In: Revista do Departamento de Geografia FFLCH – USP, nº 8, São Paulo, 1994., SANTOS and ROSS (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012. WITH SUPERVISION
1 - Very low	Pre domiiianc e o f natural conditions with a well-developed plant layer and/ or in an advanced stage of regeneration that favors infiltration minimizing runoff. Medium urbanization sectors located in higher areas that present low slope and have structural and nonstructural measures for flood control, such as sink boxes. permeable beds, obstacles to íeduce runoff speed. reservoirs for collecting and reusing rainwater	1 - Very high	Forests / Natural Woods, forests cultivated with biodiversity.	1 - Very low	Shrub and tree formations with dense herbaceous layer close to sectors of low to medium urbanization contained in areas of low slope. Reforestation and / or afforestation areas Presenting efficient drainage favored by the well-developed plant layer, infiltration predominating and minimizing runoff.
2 - Low	Urbanized area with efficient drainage. Low declivity, presence of actions to control floods, infiltration and reduction of runoff in the circulation routes, in lots and buildings.	2-High	Natural shrub formations with dense herbaceous layer, dense shrub fonnations (secondary forest Ceirado Denso, Capoeira Densa). Homogeneous forest and Pinus densa. Pastures cultivated with low cattle trampling, long-cycle cultivation like cocoa.	2- Low	Permeable to semipermeable unconsolidated urban network Environments with very low slope for very high. Presence of glasses and shrubs. Pastures with cattle trampling. Short-cycle crops, predominantly soy or com in the offseason along contour / terracing curves.
3 - Medium	Urbanized area predominantly impenneable with drainage problems and constant flooding and flooding. Environments with practically no slope precariously incorporated into the drainage, susceptible to seasonal floods, which may have built old floodplains of water and lake bodies affected or not by anthropogenic activities.	3 - Medium	Long cycle cultivation on contour / teiracing curves such as coffee, orange with forage between streets, low trampling pastures, eucalyptus forestry with native understory.	3 - Medium	Urban network effectively consolidated, with low to medium drainage efficiency, with the presence of asphalt and totally impermeable soil, where flooding episodes recur more than once a year. Low slope, medium presence of equipment for flood control, infiltration and reduction of flow in the circulation routes, in the lots and in the constructions.

DEGREE OF FRAGILITY	URBANIZATION LEVEL Based on Santos and Ross (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012.	DEGREE OF PROTECTION	TYPE OF VEGETABLE COURAGE Based on Ross (1994)ROSS, J. L. S. Análise empírica da fragilidade dos ambientes naturais e antropizados. In: Revista do Departamento de Geografia FFLCH – USP, nº 8, São Paulo, 1994.	DEGREES OF INTEGRATED FRAGILITY	URBANIZATION LEVEL AND TYPE OF PLANT COURAGE OF THE URBAN PERIMETER OF RONDONÓPOLIS Adapted by ROSS (1994)ROSS, J. L. S. Análise empírica da fragilidade dos ambientes naturais e antropizados. In: Revista do Departamento de Geografia FFLCH – USP, nº 8, São Paulo, 1994., SANTOS and ROSS (2012)SANTOS, J. O., ROSS, J. L. S. Fragilidade ambiental urbana. Revista da ANPEGE, v.8, n. 10, p. 127-144, ago/dez. 2012. WITH SUPERVISION
4 - High	Urbanized and / or semiurbamzed places with precarious construction and infrastructure for medium/ low intensity rainfall events. Areas of natural flooding. such as lake plains, and more sheltered sectors of the river and marine fluvial plains.	4 - Low	Cultures of low density long cycle (coffee, black pepper, orange with exposed soil between streets), cultures of short cycle rice, wheat, beans, soybeans. com. cotton with cultivation in contour / terracing curves.	4 - High	Consolidated urban network associated with exposed soil where there is a recurrence, more than once a year, of concentrated flows of mnoff in the form of mud and debris, during periods of intense rain, which can sometimes prevent and/or hinder the flow vehicles and people.
5 - Very High	Critical areas that should be aimed at maintaining their original systemic functionality. Absence of infrastructure and total precariousness of human constructs.the result of disordered use and occupation of the soil. Environments naturally favorable to flooding, such as water bodies and flood plains. Sectors with a large slope susceptible to mass movements.	5 - Very Low	Areas recently deforested and burned, soil exposed by plowing / grading. soil exposed along paths and roads. earthworks, short cycle crops without conservationist practices.	5 - Very High	Bodies of water, urbanized areas susceptible to flooding and/or seasonal flooding. with medium to very high declivity incorporated into the drainage. Situated in a fluvial plain environment with the presence of sandy, powdery or collapsible banks on its drainage margins. Cattle grazing / trampling. River waters with high turbidity and recurrence of solid waste discharges in its tributaries.

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS	DEGREES OF FRAGILITY	OCCURRENCE (%)
Relief	Medium	36.9
Soils	Low	43
Pluviometric intensity	Medium	100
Rain erosion	Medium	99.7
Lithostratigraphic Units	High	42
Density of geological-structural discontinuities	Low	35
Density of geological-structural intersections	Very low	52
Urbanization and degree of protection and land cover	Low	62

[1] (*)CORRESPONDING AUTHOR Address: UFMT, Sagrada Família, CEP:78060900, Rondonópolis (MT), Brasil. Phone: (66) 99443135. E-mail: kiomarques@hotmail.com

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ENVIRONMENTAL FRAGILITY TO LINEAR EROSIVE PROCESSES IN AN URBAN PERIMETER

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Abstract