Reliable, continuous spatial representation of coastal morphology. |
Increased computational costs, that is, a higher spatial resolution requires a much greater processing capacity (hardware) |
Hengl & Evans (2009)HENGL, T.; EVANS, I.S. Mathematical and Digital Models of the Land Surface. In: Hengl T, Reuter HI (Eds). Geomorphometry: Concepts, Software, Applications. Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2009. p. 31-64.; Longley et al. (2010)LONGLEY, P.A.; GOODCHILD, M.F.; MAGUIRE, D.J.; RHIND, D.W. Geographic Information Systems and Science. 3rd edn. Wiley, Danvers, 2010. p. 351-423.. |
High spatial resolution permits the detailed detection of secondary variables (e.g., slope), even within small topographic areas, which is not feasible with low-resolution DEMs, which homogenize the features. |
A high resolution can generate complex surfaces, especially in urban surveys. This may require additional post-processing (classification, filtering and mosaicking) to avoid false obstructions to the hydrological flow. |
Webster et al. (2004)WEBSTER, T.L.; FORBES, D.L.; DICKIE, S.; SHREENAN, R. Using topographic lidar to map flood risk from storm-surge events for Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island, Canada. Canadian Journal Remote Sensing 30 (1), 2004. p. 64-76. http://doi.org/10.5589/m03-053 http://doi.org/10.5589/m03-053...
; Wadey et al. (2015)WADEY, M.P.; COPE, S.N.; NICHOLLS, R.J.; MCHUGH, K.; GREWCOCK, G.; MASON, T. Coastal flood analysis and visualisation for a small town. Ocean and Coastal Management 116, 2015. p. 237-247. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.07.028 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015....
; Poppenga & Worstell (2015)POPPENGA, S.; WORSTELL, B. Evaluation of airborne Lidar elevation surfaces for propaga-tion of coastal inundation: the importance of hydrologic connectivity. Remote Sensing 7 (9), 2015. p. 11695-11711. doi.org/10.3390/rs70911695 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs70911695...
; Yunus et al. (2016)YUNUS, A.P.; AVTAR, R.; KRAINES, S.; YAMAMURO, M.; LINDBERG, F.; GRIMMOND, C.S.B. Uncertainties in Tidally Adjusted Estimates of Sea Level Rise Flooding (Bathtub Model) for the Greater London. Remote Sensing 8 (5), 366, 2016. p. 1-23. doi.org/10.3390/rs8050366 https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8050366...
; Paprotny & Terefenko (2017)PAPROTNY, D.; TEREFENKO, P. New estimates of potential impacts of sea level rise and coastal floods in Poland. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 85 (2), 2017. p. 1249-1277. doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2619-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-016-2619-...
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Possibility of associating the Digital Elevation Model with external vertical references, such as a tidal datum or orthometric height. |
This requires a tidal station and appropriate series of data, in the case of a tidal datum, and very precise GNSS instrumentation for accurate georeferencing (to ensure adequate orthometric adjustments). |
Gesch (2009)GESCH, D.B. Analysis of Lidar elevation data for improved identification and delineation of lands vulnerable to Sea-Level Rise. Journal of Coastal Research SI 53, 2009. p. 49-58. doi.org/10.2112/SI53-006.1 https://doi.org/10.2112/SI53-006.1...
; Leon et al. (2014)LEON, J.X.; HEUVELINK, G.B.M; PHINN, S.R. Incorporating DEM Uncertainty in Coastal Inundation Mapping. PLoS ONE 9 (9), 2014. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0108727 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.010...
; Schimid et al. (2014)SCHIMID, K.; HADLEY, B.; WATERS, K. Mapping and Portraying Inundation Uncertainty of Bathtub-Type Models. Journal of Coastal Research 30 (3), 2014. p. 548-561. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-00118.1 https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-13-0...
; Kruel, 2016KRUEL, S. The Impacts of Sea-Level Rise on Tidal Flooding in Boston Massachusetts. Journal of Coastal Research 32 (6), 2016. p. 1302-1309. doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-00100.1 https://doi.org/10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-15-0...
; Martínez-Graña et al. (2016)MARTÍNEZ-GRAÑA, A.; BOSKIB, T.; GOYA, J.L.; ZAZOC, C.; DABRIO, C.J. Coastal-flood risk management in central Algarve: Vulnerability and flood risk indices (South Portugal). Eco-logical Indicators 71, 2016. p. 302-316. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07. 021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.0...
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Continuous improvement of remote sensing platforms (in particular, LiDAR and UAV systems) for the acquisition of DSM data. |
The high cost of high-resolution orbital DEMs, while the use of UAVs is limited to low altitudes and the imaging of small areas. |
Casella et al (2014)CASELLA, E.; ROVERE, A.; PEDRONCINI, A.; MUCERINO, L.; CASELA, M.; CUSATI, L.A.; VACCHI, M.; FERRARI, N. & FIRPO, M. Study of wave runup using numerical models and low-altitude aerial photogrammetry: A tool for coastal management. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 149, 2014. p. 160-167.; Vianna & Calliari (2015)VIANNA, H. D.; CALLIARI, L. J. Variabilidade do sistema praia-dunas frontais para o litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul (Palmares do Sul a Torres, Brasil) com o auxílio do Light Detection and Ranging - Lidar. Pesquisas em Geociências, 42 (2), 2015. p. 141-158.; Simões et al. (2019)SIMÕES, R. S.; OLIVEIRA, U. R.; ESPINOZA, J. M.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. G.; LEAL-ALVES, D. C. Uso de drone de pequeno porte para análise costeira: enfoque metodológico. Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física v.12, n.02, 2019. p. 622-640.; Leal-Alves et al. (2020)LEAL-ALVES, D.C.; WESCHENFELDER, J.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. G.; ESPINOZA, J. M. A.; FERREIRA_CRAVO, M.; ALMEIDA, L. P. M. Digital elevation model generation using UAV-SfM photogrammetry techniques to map sea-level rise scenarios at Cassino Beach, Brazil. SN Appl. Sci. 2, 2181, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03936-z https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-03936...
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