Structural Characterization of Two New Quaternary Chalcogenides: CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄

Abstract

The crystal structure of the chalcogenide compounds CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄, two new members of the I-II₂-III-VI₄ family, were characterized by Rietveld refinement using X-ray powder diffraction data. Both materials crystallize in the tetragonal space group I₄ 2m (No. 121), Z = 2, with a stannite-type structure, with the binaries CoTe and NiTe as secondary phases.

Keywords
alloys; semiconductors; chemical synthesis; structural characterization; X-ray powder diffraction

1. Introduction

Diluted magnetic semiconductors (DMS) are of great interest because of their peculiar magnetic and magnetooptical properties arising from the presence of magnetic ions in the lattice¹. The DMS materials more frequently studied are alloys obtained from the tetrahedrally coordinated derivatives of the II-VI semiconductor family². One of these derivative families are the quaternary semiconductors with formula I-II₂-III-VI₄ and I₂-II-IV-VI₄ which belong to the normal compound of fourth derivatives of the II-VI binary semiconductors with three types of cations³, and fulfil the rules of adamantane compound formation^2,3. According to these rules, the cation substitution is performed in such a way that an average number of four valence electrons per atomic site and a value eight for the ratio valence electrons to anions is maintained².

Due to the great variety of possible compositions (I= Cu, Ag, II= Zn, Cd, Mn, Fe, III= Al, Ga, In, IV= Si, Ge, Sn, VI= S, Se, Te), these quaternary diamond-like materials can be useful for applications such as tunable semiconductors⁴, photovoltaics⁵, spintronics⁶, non-linear optics⁷ and thermoelectrics⁸. In general, the quaternary compounds I-II₂-III-VI₄ can be formed by the addition of a II-VI binary compound to ternary chalcopyrite structures I-III-VI₂^9,10. Structural studies carried out on some members of this family indicate that they crystallize in a sphalerite derivative structure (stannite) with tetragonal space group I₄ 2m (No. 121)¹¹, or in a wurtzite derivative structure (wurtzite-stannite) with orthorhombic space group Pmn2₁ (No. 31)¹². This last structure can be considered as a superstructure to wurtzite, where a~2a_w, b~√3b_w, and c~c_w¹².

The quaternaries CuFe₂(Al,Ga,In)Se₄^13,14, CuTa₂InTe₄¹⁵, AgFe₂GaTe₄¹⁶ and the stable forms at higher temperatures of CuZn₂(Al,Ga,In)S₄¹⁷, crystalizes in stannite-type structure while AgCd₂GaS₄¹⁸, AgCd₂GaSe₄¹⁹, Ag_1-XCu_XCd₂GaS₄²⁰, AgCd₂Ga_1-XIn_XS₄²¹ and AgCd_2-XMn_XGaS₄²² have been reported with a wurtz-stannite structure.

In recent years, it has been of interest to carry out a systematic study of the crystal structure of quaternary diamond-like families^13-16,23-26. Hence, in this work we report the X-ray powder diffraction analysis and crystal structure of the quaternary compounds CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄, two new members of the I-II₂-III-VI₄ family, which crystallize with a stannite structure.

2. Experimental procedures

2.1. Synthesis

Nominally CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ samples were synthesized using the melt-anneal method. Stoichiometric quantities of Cu, Co, Ni, In, Te elements with purity of at least 99.99% (GoodFellow) were charged in an evacuated synthetic silica glass ampoule, which was previously subjected to pyrolysis in order to avoid reaction of the starting materials with silica glass. Then, the ampoule was sealed under vacuum (~10^-4 Torr) and the fusion process was carried out inside a furnace (vertical position) heated up to 1500 K at a rate of 20 K/h, with a stop of 48 h at 722.5 K (melting temperature of Te) in order to maximize the formation of binary species at low temperature and minimize the presence of unreacted Te at high temperatures. The ampoule was shaken using a mechanical system during the entire heating process in order to aid the complete mixing of all the elements. The maximum temperature (1500 K) was held for an additional 48 hours with the mechanical shaking system on. Then, the mechanical shaking system was turning off and the temperature was gradually lowered, at the same rate of 20 K/h, until 873 K. The ampoule was held at this temperature for a period of 30 days. Finally, the sample was cooled to room temperature at a rate of 10 K/h. The obtained ingots were bright gray in color and homogeneous to the eye.

2.2. X-ray powder diffraction

X-ray powder diffraction patterns were recorded using a PANalytical X'Pert Pro MPD powder X-ray diffractometer operating in Bragg-Brentano geometry using CuK_α radiation with an average wavelength of 1.5418 Å. A tube power of 45 kV and 40 mA was employed. A nickel filter was used in the diffracted beam optics and the data were collected with the X'Celerator one-dimensional silicon strip detector. A ¼º divergent slit, a 1/2º antiscatter slit, and a 0.02 rad soller slit were set at both the incident and diffracted beams. The scan range was from 5 to 145º 2θ with a step size of 0.008º and a scan speed of 0.0106º/s.

3. Results and Discussion

Figure 1 and 2 shows the resulting X-ray powder diffractogram for the quaternary compounds CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄. An automatic search in the PDF-ICDD database²⁷, using the software available with the diffractometer, indicated that the powder patterns contained important amounts of the binaries CoTe (PDF Nº 70-2887) and NiTe (PDF Nº 89-2019), respectively.

Figure 1
Final Rietveld plot showing the observed, calculated and difference pattern for the CuCo₂InTe₄ compound. The Bragg reflections for both phases are indicated by vertical bars.

Figure 2
Final Rietveld plot showing the observed, calculated and difference pattern for the CuNi₂InTe₄ compound. The Bragg reflections for both phases are indicated by vertical bars.

Bragg positions of the diffraction lines from these binaries are also indicated in Figure 1 and Figure 2. The 20 first peak positions of the main phase, en each case, was indexed using the program Dicvol04²⁸, which gave a unique solution in tetragonal cells with a = 6.195(2) Å, c = 12.400(4) Å for CuCo₂InTe₄, and a = 6.160(2) Å, c = 12.365(4) Å for CuCo₂InTe₄.

The systematic absences study (hkl: h + k + l = 2n) indicated an I-type cell. A revision of the diffraction lines of the main phase taking into account the sample composition, unit cell parameters as well as the body center cell suggested that this material is isostructural with CuFe₂InSe₄¹³ and AgFe₂GaTe₄¹⁶; the firsts of the I-II₂-III-VI₄ family with a stannite structure¹¹, which crystallize in the tetragonal space group I₄2m (No. 121). It should be mentioned that Rietveld refinement were performed in the I₄ (No. 82) space group but did not produce a chemically sound structure, ruled out a kesterite structure.

The Rietveld refinement²⁹ of the whole diffraction patterns was carried out using the Fullprof program³⁰, with the unit cell parameters mentioned above. The atomic coordinates of the compound CuFe₂InSe₄¹³ were used as initial model. Atomic positions of the CoTe³¹ and NiTe³² binaries were included as secondary phases in the refinements of CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄, respectively.

The angular dependence of the peak full width at half maximum (FWHM) was described by the Caglioti's formula³³. Peak shapes were described by the parameterized Thompson-Cox-Hastings pseudo-Voigt profile function³⁴. The background variation was described by a polynomial with six coefficients. The thermal motion of the atoms was described by one overall isotropic temperature factor. The results of the Rietveld refinement are summarized in Tables 1 and 2. Figures 1 and 2 shows the observed calculated and difference profile for the final cycle of Rietveld refinement in both materials. Atomic coordinates, isotropic temperature factor, bond distances and angles are shown in Tables 3 and 4. The final Rietveld refinement converged to the weight fraction percentages³⁵ shows in Tables 1 and 2. Figure 3 shows the unit cell diagram for the CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ phases.

Table 1
Rietveld refinement results for CuCo₂InTe₄ and CoTe.

Molecular formula	CuCo2InTe4	CoTe
Molecular weight (g/mol)	806.63	186.53
a (Å)	6.1997(1)	3.8939(1)
c (Å)	12.380(1)	5.3728(2)
V (Å3)	475.84(4)	70.55(1)
System	tetragonal	hexagonal
Space group	I-42m (No. 121)	P63/mmm (No. 194)
Z	2	2	Rexp (%) = 6.7
Dcalc (g/cm-3)	5.63		Rp (%) = 7.2
Weight fraction (%)	65.2	34.6	Rwp (%) = 9.5
RB (%)	8.5	7.9	S = 1.4

• R_exp = 100 [(N-P+C) / ∑_w(y_obs²)]^1/2 N-P+C is the number of degrees of freedom
• R_wp = 100 [∑_w|y_obs - y_calc|² / ∑_w|y_obs|²]^1/2 R_p = 100 ∑|y_obs - y_calc| / ∑|y_obs|
• R_B = 100 ∑_k|I_k-Ic _k| / ∑_k |I_k| S = [R_wp / R_exp]

Table 2
Rietveld refinement results for CuNi₂InTe₄ and NiTe.

Molecular formula	CuNi2InTe4	NiTe
Molecular weight (g/mol)	806.15	186.29
a (Å)	6.1669(1)	3.9411(2)
c (Å)	12.370(1)	5.3177(3)
V (Å3)	470.44(4)	71.53(1)
System	tetragonal	hexagonal
Space group	I-42m (No. 121)	P63/mmm (No. 194)
Z	2	2	Rexp (%) = 6.5
Dcalc (g/cm-3)	5.69		Rp (%) = 7.2
Weight fraction (%)	58.3	41.7	Rwp (%) = 9.6
RB (%)	8.7	8.0	S = 1.5

• R_exp = 100 [(N-P+C) / ∑_w(y_obs²)]^1/2 N-P+C is the number of degrees of freedom
• R_wp = 100 [∑_w|y_obs - y_calc|² / ∑_w|y_obs|²]^1/2 R_p = 100 ∑|y_obs - y_calc| / ∑|y_obs|
• R_B = 100 ∑_k|I_k -Ic _k| / ∑_k |I_k| S = [R_wp / R_exp]

Table 3
Atomic coordinates, isotropic temperature factor, bond distances (Å) and angles (°) for CuCo₂InTe₄.

Atom	Ox.	Wyck.	x	y	z	Foc	B (Å2)
Cu	+1	2a	0	0	0	1	0.31(5)
Co	+2	4d	0	½	¼	1	0.31(5)
In	+3	2b	0	0	½	1	0.31(5)
Te	-2	8i	0.264(1)	0.264(1)	0.124(1)	1	0.31(5)
Cu - Tei	2.576(9)		Co - Te	2.693(9)		In - Te	2.777(9)
Te - Cu - Teii	106.9(2)	x4	Te - Co - Teiv	109.6(2)	x4	Tei - In - Teiv	107.8(2) x4
Te - Cu - Teiii	110.6(2)	x2	Te - Co - Tev	109.2(2)	x2	Teiv - In - Tevi	112.7(2) x2

• Symmetry codes: (i) -0.5+x, -0.5+y, 0.5+z; (ii) -y, x, -z; (iii) -x, -y, z; (iv) -0.5+y, 0.5-x, 0.5-z; (v) -x, 1-y, z; (vi) 0.5-y, -0.5+x, 0.5-z.

Table 4
Atomic coordinates, isotropic temperature factor, bond distances (Å) and angles (°) for CuNi₂InTe₄.

Atom	Ox.	Wyck.	x	Y	z	Foc	B (Å2)
Cu	+1	2a	0	0	0	1	0.23(5)
Ni	+2	4d	0	½	¼	1	0.23(5)
In	+3	2b	0	0	½	1	0.23(5)
Te	-2	8i	0.264(1)	0.264(1)	0.125(1)	1	0.23(5)
Cu - Tei	2.574(9)		Ni - Te	2.676(9)		In - Te	2.773(9)
Te - Cu - Teii	106.2(2) x4		Te - Ni - Teiv	109.5(2) x4		Tei - In - Teiv	108.1(2) x4
Te - Cu - Teiii	111.2(2) x2		Te - Ni - Tev	109.4(2) x2		Teiv - In - Tevi	112.2(2) x2

• Symmetry codes: (i) -0.5+x, -0.5+y, 0.5+z; (ii) -y, x, -z; (iii) -x, -y, z; (iv) -0.5+y, 0.5-x, 0.5-z; (v) -x, 1-y, z; (vi) 0.5-y, -0.5+x, 0.5-z.

Figure 3
Unit cell diagram for the CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ phases.

Quaternary CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ are normal adamantane-structure compound and can be described as derivative of the sphalerite with a stannite-type structure². As expected for adamantane structure compounds, each anion is coordinated by four cations (two Co or Ni, one Cu and one In) located at the corners of a slightly distorted tetrahedron. Cu, Co (Ni) and In cations are similarly coordinated by four anions. The interatomic distances are shorter than the sum of the respective ionic radii for structures tetrahedrally bonded³⁶. The Cu-Te, Co-Te, Ni-Te and In-Te bond distances are in good agreement with those observed in other adamantane structure compounds found in the ICSD database³⁷; such as CuTa₂InTe₄¹⁵, CuInTe₂³⁸, AgIn₅Te₈³⁹, Cu₃NbTe₄⁴⁰ and AgInTe₂⁴¹.

4. Conclusions

The crystal structure of the quaternary compounds CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ was determined using X-ray powder diffraction. CuCo₂InTe₄ and CuNi₂InTe₄ crystallize in the tetragonal space group I2m with a stannite-type structure.

5. Acknowledgments

Authors wants to thank to CDCHTA-ULA (grant C-1885-14-05-B) and FONACIT (grants 2011001341 and LAB-97000821).

6. References

• ¹ Nikiforov KG. Magnetically ordered multinary semiconductors. Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials 1999;39(1-4):1-104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(99)00016-9
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8974(99)00016-9
• ² Parthé E. Wurtzite and Zinc-Blend Structures. In: Westbrook JH, Fleischer RL, Eds. Intermetallic compounds, principles and applications Vol 1, Chap. 14. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons; 1995.
• ³ Delgado JM. Crystal chemistry of diamond-like and other derivative semiconducting compounds. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1998;152:45-50.
• ⁴ Ford GM, Guo Q, Agrawal R, Hillhouse HW, Hugh W. Earth abundant element Cu₂Zn(Sn_1-XGe_x)S₄ nanocrystals for tunable band gap solar cells: 6.8% efficient device fabrication. Chemistry of Materials 2011;23(10):2626-2629. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm2002836
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm2002836
• ⁵ Guo Q, Ford GM, Yang WC, Walker BC, Stach EA, Hillhouse HW, et al. Fabrication of 7.2% efficient CZTSSe solar cells using CZTS nanocrystals. Journal of American Chemical Society 2010;132(49):17384-17386. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja108427b
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja108427b
• ⁶ Chambers SA, Yoo YK. New materials for spintronics. MRS Bulletin 2003;28:706-710. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.210
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/mrs2003.210
• ⁷ Li Y, Fan W, Sun H, Cheng X, Li P, Zhao X. Electronic, optical and lattice dynamic properties of the novel diamond-like semiconductors Li₂CdGeS₄ and Li₂CdSnS₄ Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 2011;23(22):225401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/23/22/225401
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/23/22/225401
• ⁸ Sevik C, Çaǧın T. Ab initio study of thermoelectric transport properties of pure and doped quaternary compounds. Physical Review B 2010;82(4):045202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.82.045202
• ⁹ Grima-Gallardo P, Cárdenas K, Molina L, Quintero M, Ruiz J, Delgado GE, et al. A comparative study of (Cu-III-Se₂)_X-(FeSe)_1-X alloys (III : Al, Ga, In) (0 ≤ x ≤ 1) by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differencial thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Physica Status Solidi (a) 2001;187(2):395-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-396X(200110)187:2<395::AID-PSSA395>3.0.CO;2-2
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-396X(200110)187:2<395::AID-PSSA395>3.0.CO;2-2
• ¹⁰ Grima-Gallardo P, Cárdenas K, Quintero M, Ruiz J, Delgado G. X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies on (CuAlSe₂)_X(FeSe)_1-X alloys. Materials Research Bulletin 2001;36(5-6):861-866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(01)00546-3
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-5408(01)00546-3
• ¹¹ Hall SR, Szymanski JT, Stewart JM. Kesterite, Cu₂(Zn,Fe)SnS₄, and stannite, Cu₂(Fe,Zn)SnS₄, structurally similar but distinct minerals. Canadian Mineralogist 1978;16:131-137. http://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/content/16/2/131.extract
  » http://canmin.geoscienceworld.org/content/16/2/131.extract
• ¹² Parthé E, Yvon K, Deitch RH. The crystal structure of Cu₂CdGeS₄ and other quaternary normal tetrahedral structure compounds. Acta Crystallographica B 1969;25:1164-1174. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740869003670
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567740869003670
• ¹³ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Quintero M. Crystal structure of CuFe₂InSe₄ from X-ray powder diffraction. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2008;454(1-2):306-309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.12.057
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2006.12.057
• ¹⁴ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Muñoz M, Durán S, Quintero M, et al. Crystal structure of the quaternary compounds CuFe₂AlSe₄ and CuFe₂GaSe₄ from X-ray powder diffraction. Bulletin of Materials Science 2015;38(4):1061-1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-015-0933-9
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-015-0933-9
• ¹⁵ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Muñoz M, Durán S, Quintero M. Crystal structure of the quaternary compound CuTa₂InTe₄ from X-ray powder diffraction. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2008;403(18):3228-3230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.04.022
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2008.04.022
• ¹⁶ Delgado GE, Quintero E, Tovar R, Grima-Gallardo P, Quintero M. Synthesis and crystal structure of the quaternary compound AgFe₂GaTe₄ Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2014;613:143-145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.06.004
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2014.06.004
• ¹⁷ Ghosh A, Palchoudhury S, Thangavel R, Zhou Z, Naghibolashrafi N, Ramasamy K, et al. A new family of wurtzite-phase Cu₂ZnAS_4−X and CuZn₂AS₄ (A= Al, Ga, In) nanocrystals for solar energy conversion applications. Chemical Communications 2016;52:264-267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CC07743E
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/C5CC07743E
• ¹⁸ Chykhrij SI, Parasyuk OV, Halka OV. Crystal structure of the new quaternary phase AgCd₂GaS₄ and phase diagram of the quasi-binary system AgGaS₂-CdS. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2000;312(1-2):189-195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388 (00)01145-2
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388 (00)01145-2
• ¹⁹ Olekseyuk ID, Gulay LD, Parasyuk OV, Husak OA, Kadykalo EM. Phase diagram of the AgGaSe₂-CdSe system and crystal structure of the AgCd₂GaSe₄ compound. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2002;343(1-2):125-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00143-3
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0925-8388(02)00143-3
• ²⁰ Zmiy OF, Mishchenko IA, Olekseyuk ID. Phase equilibria in the quasi-ternary system Cu₂Se-CdSe-In₂Se₃ Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2004;367(1-2):49-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.011
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2003.08.011
• ²¹ Olekseyuk ID, Parasyuk OV, Husak OA, Piskach LV, Volkov SV, Pekhnyo VI. X-ray powder diffraction study of semiconducting alloys Ag_1−XCu_XCd₂GaS₄ and AgCd₂Ga_1−XIn_XS₄ Journal of Alloys and Compounds 2005;402(1-2):186-193. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.147
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2005.04.147
• ²² Davydyuk GY, Sachanyuk VP, Voronyuk SV, Olekseyuk ID, Romanyuk YE, Parasyuk OV. X-ray diffraction study of the AgCd_2−XMn_XGaS₄ semiconductor alloys and their electrical, optical, and photoelectrical properties. Physica B: Condensed Matter 2006;373(2):355-359. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.12.249
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2005.12.249
• ²³ Mora AJ, Delgado GE, Grima-Gallardo P. Crystal structure of CuFeInSe₃ from X-ray powder diffraction data. Physica Status Solidi (a) 2007;204(2):547-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200622395
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200622395
• ²⁴ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Durán S, Muñoz M, Quintero M. Crystal structure of the quaternary alloy CuTaInSe₃ Crystal Research & Technology 2008;43(7):783-785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711154
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200711154
• ²⁵ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Contreras JE, Grima-Gallardo P, Durán S, Muñoz M, et al. Crystal structure characterization of the quaternary compounds CuFeAlSe₃ and CuFeGaSe₃ Crystal Research and Technology 2009;44(5):548-552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200800596
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/crat.200800596
• ²⁶ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Durán S, Muñoz M, Quintero M. Preparation and crystal structure characterization of CuNiGaSe₃ and CuNiInSe₃ quaternary compounds. Bulletin of Materials Science 2010;33(5):637-640. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-010-0097-6
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-010-0097-6
• ²⁷ International Centre for Diffraction Data. PDF-ICDD-Powder Diffraction File (Set 1-65) Newtown Square: International Centre for Diffraction Data; 2013.
• ²⁸ Boultif A, Löuer D. Powder pattern indexing with the dichotomy method. Journal of Applied Crystallography 2004;37:724-731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889804014876
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889804014876
• ²⁹ Rietveld HM. A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography 1969;2:65-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006558
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889869006558
• ³⁰ Rodríguez-Carvajal J. Recent advances in magnetic structure determination by neutron powder diffraction. Physica B: Condensed Matter 1993;192(1-2):55-69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90108-I
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(93)90108-I
• ³¹ de Meester de Betzembroeck P, Naud J. Étude par diffraction-X de quelques composés du systeme Ni-Co-Te obtenus par synthèse thermique. Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 1971;80(1-2):107-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19710800112
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19710800112
• ³² Røst E, Vestersjø E. On the system Ni-Se-Te. Acta Chemica Scandinavica 1968;22:2118-2134.
• ³³ Cagliotti G, Paoletti A, Ricci FP. Choice of collimators for a crystal spectrometer for neutron diffraction. Nuclear Instruments 1958;3(4):223-228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0369-643X(58)90029-X
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0369-643X(58)90029-X
• ³⁴ Thompson P, Cox DE, Hastings JB. Rietveld refinement of Debye-Scherrer synchrotron X-ray data from Al₂O₃ Journal of Applied Crystallography 1987;20:79-83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887087090
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887087090
• ³⁵ Hill RJ, Howard CJ. Quantitative phase analysis from neutron powder diffraction data using the Rietveld method. Journal of Applied Crystallography 1987;20:467-474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887086199
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0021889887086199
• ³⁶ Shannon RD. Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides. Acta Crystallographyca A 1976;32:751-767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476001551
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/S0567739476001551
• ³⁷ Gemlin Institute. ICSD - Inorganic Crystal Structure Database. Scientific Manual. Kalrsruhe: Gemlin Institute; 2008. Available from: <https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/srd/09-0303-sci_man_ICSD_v1.pdf>. Access in: 10/10/2016.
  » https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/documents/srd/09-0303-sci_man_ICSD_v1.pdf
• ³⁸ Knight KS. The crystal structures of CuInSe₂ and CuInTe₂ Materials Research Bulletin 1992;27(2):161-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(92)90209-I
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0025-5408(92)90209-I
• ³⁹ Mora AJ, Delgado GE, Pineda C, Tinoco T. Synthesis and structural study of the AgIn₅Te₈ compound by X-ray powder diffraction. Physica Status Solidi (a) 2004;201(7):1477-1483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200406805
  » http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.200406805
• ⁴⁰ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Grima-Gallardo P, Durán S, Muñoz M, Quintero M. Synthesis and characterization of the ternary chalcogenide compound Cu₃NbTe₄ Chalcogenide Letters 2009;6(8):335-338. http://www.chalcogen.ro/335_Delgado.pdf
  » http://www.chalcogen.ro/335_Delgado.pdf
• ⁴¹ Delgado GE, Mora AJ, Pineda, Ávila-Godoy R, Paredes-Dugarte S. X-ray powder diffraction data and rietveld refinement of the ternary semiconductor chalcogenides AgInSe₂ and AgInTe₂ Revista Latinoamericana de Metalurgia y Materiales 2015;35(1):110-117. http://www.rlmm.org/ojs/index.php/rlmm/article/view/546
  » http://www.rlmm.org/ojs/index.php/rlmm/article/view/546

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  24 Oct 2016
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2016

History

• Received
  04 Feb 2016
• Reviewed
  11 Aug 2016
• Accepted
  02 Oct 2016