Screening of Supports for Immobilization of Commercial Porcine Pancreatic Lipase

The aim of this work is to report the performance of different supports for the immobilization of commercial porcine pancreatic lipase. The immobilization tests were carried out in several types of Accurel, activated alumina, kaolin, montmorillonite, ion exchange resins and zeolites. The characterization of the supports showed differences in terms of specific area and morphology. The characteristics of the supports influenced the amount of enzyme adsorbed, yield of immobilization and esterification activity of the resulting immobilized catalyst. The clays KSF and natural and pillared montmorillonites presented potential for use as support for lipase immobilization in terms of yield and esterification activity. Yields of immobilization of 76.32 and 52.01% were achieved for clays KSF and natural montmorillonite, respectively. Esterification activities of 754.03, 595.51, 591.88 and 515.71 U.g-1 were obtained for lipases immobilized in Accurel MP-100, Amberlite XAD-2, mordenite and pillared montmorillonite, respectively.


Introduction
Lipases catalyzing lipid modifications have attracted considerable attention over the last years.The attractive aspects of this catalyst over chemical methods include the high specificity of some lipases, the mild conditions required for reactions to take place, thereby requiring minimal energy inputs, reduced levels of by-products generated during the reaction and more efficient conversion of thermo sensitive substrates [1][2][3] .These catalysts play an important role in biotechnology, not only in food and oil processing but also in the preparation of chiral intermediates.In fact, about 30% of all biotransformation reactions reported up to today have been performed with lipases.
Besides the potential of lipases as biocatalysts for reactions of interest, the high cost for application in industrial processes is related to their reduced stability under adverse conditions.The enzyme stabilization is a desirable process from an economical point of view [4][5][6] .The immobilization of biocatalysts in innert supports (without damage to the enzyme activity) can ensure their use for several batches, resulting in economy for industrial processes 7 .The main advantages of immobilized enzymes are related to their higher stability and easy separation from the reaction medium 8 .
The highest contribution for the good performance of immobilized catalyst is provided by the strategy employed for immobilization 9 and by the characteristics of the support.The screening of the most appropriate support can enhance the half-time of the enzyme and also the global performance of the process 10 .The immobilization of lipases is still a complex challenge, since the efficiency of the process depends on the structure of the enzyme, the method of immobilization and the type of support 11 .Some studies show that several organic, inorganic and natural materials with different characteristics have been used for lipases immobilization 4, 6,7 .Several works pointed out the use of porous inorganic supports of high cost due to their properties of mechanical resistance and specific surface area 10,12 .The use of low cost supports presenting high activated internal surface and hydrophobic characteristics can be recognized by lipases in molecular level as solid interfaces.The use of hydrophobic supports is preferable for lipases immobilization as they present low tendency of competing by the available water in the reaction system 4 .
In this sense, immobilization of lipases has been accomplished either by physical adsorption method or by chemical linkage using synthetic polymers or natural polymeric derivatives [13][14][15] as well as inorganic materials 6,16 .
Based on the above mentioned aspects and the fact that no systematic work was found in the open literature about the immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase, the aim of this work was to perform the screening of suitable supports for immobilization of this commercial lipase.The screening step was preceded by partial characterization studies that afforded fundamental information on the solid and surface properties of each support.The enzyme immobilization was carried out, determining the amount of protein adsorbed, the yield of immobilization and the esterification activity for the twenty one supports used.

Enzyme
Lipase (EC 3.1.1.3Type II, crude; from porcine pancreas) was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich and used for immobilization in different supports.The enzyme is a liophylized powder, color

Lipase esterification activity
The enzyme activity was determined as the initial rates in esterification reactions between oleic acid and ethanol at a molar ratio of 1:1 using 0.4 g of enzyme (immobilized in each support tested or in its free form).At the beginning of the reaction, samples containing the mixture of oleic acid and ethanol were collected, and the oleic acid content was determined by titration with 0.04 mol.L -1 NaOH.After the addition of the enzyme to the substrates, the mixture was kept at 40 °C and 150 rpm for 40 minutes.Then, the oleic acid consumption was determined 18 .One lipase activity unit (UE) was defined as the amount of enzyme necessary to consume 1µmol of oleic acid per minute at the established experimental conditions presented previously.All enzymatic activity determinations were replicated at least three times.Results presented here are in fact mean values of the measurements performed.Standard errors low than 5% were obtained in all determinations (data not shown).

Characterization of the supports
The class of supports evaluated here were: clays, zeolites, ion exchange resins, oxides and polymeric resins.The specific areas and X-ray diffraction were determined for each support used for lipase immobilization.

Specific areas
Table 1(a) presents the specific areas of the clays materials used in this work.These materials have lamellar structure, that if is ordenaded gives specific areas of 4-61 m 2 .g - .The K-10 clay has high specific area because of acid treatment that delaminated and destroyed partially the lamellar structure.One can also verify the efficiency of the process of pillarization, since the area of the natural montmorillonite was significantly increased (about 3 times) compared to the pillared one.Table 1(b) presents the specific area of zeolites Y, ZSM-22, ZSM-35, ZSM-5, NaX, and mordenite.Zeolite Y presented the highest specific area from all evaluated zeolites probably because its higher pore size.Table 1(c) shows that Amberlite XAD-2 presents a specific area about 6 times higher than Amberlyst 36 (wet).Table 1(d) presents the specific area for the aluminas which are similar, independent of acidity or basicidity.. From Table 1(e) one can observe that the different Accurel supports tested here presented specific area lower than all other evaluated supports.
Results regarding structural characterization of the solid catalysts presented in Table 1 showed that several materials can be considered microporous, since pore diameters (data not shown) smaller that 20 Å were obtained.All other tested supports are characterized as mesoporous (pore diameter in the range of 20 to 50 Å).The greatest value of specific specific area was observed for zeolites Y and NaX.
One should notice that some of the supports tested presented small average pore diameter (data not shown), which may be the reason for the low yield of immobilization, as will be presented later.Of course, small pore diameters may hinder or even avoid the access of enzyme to the internal structure of the support, making difficult the diffusion, thus limiting mass transfer process and accordingly reducing the yield of immobilization.In fact, it is interesting to note that though the zeolites exhibit high specific area, they possess, comparatively, one of the smallest pore diameters and as a consequence they afforded one of the worst results in terms of yield of immobilization.Thus, this structural parameter may be of relevance in the present context considering the chain length and molar mass of the material (enzyme) in use.
yellow, optima values of pH from 6.5 to 7.5 and moderately soluble in organic solvents.

Characterization of the supports
The supports were partially characterized in terms of specific area and X-ray difraction.The textural characterization of the supports was carried out using an Autosorb-1 (Quantachrome Nova-2200e).Before analysis, about 100 mg of each support was treated under vacuum, at 300 °C for 3 hours.Measurements were performed at the temperature of liquid N 2 .Average specific area was determined by the BET method.The X-ray analyses of the supports were carried out in a Diffraktometer model D5000 (Siemens) using filter of Ni and radiation Cu-kα (λ = 1.54 Å).

Experimental procedure for lipase immobilization
The lyophilized preparation was solubilized in phosphate buffer (0.05 mol.L -1 , pH 7.0) (2 g of commercial enzymatic extract and 60 mL of buffer) and submitted to preferential immobilization by physical adsorption on each support presented before.Enzyme immobilization was performed at a mass ratio enzyme to support of 2:1.Immobilization was carried out with magnetic stirring in an ice cooler and aliquots were sampled periodically until 120 minutes for protein content assay.The supernatant and carrier with enzyme were also assayed for measurement of esterification activity, following the methodology described in the next section.

Protein content
The protein content in the inlet and outled solutions was measured by the methodology proposed by Bradford 17 , using serum bovine albumine as standard.Samples were analyzed in spectrophotometer (Agilent Tecnologies 8453) at 595 nm and the protein content was determined by Equation 1.
where protein means the protein content (mg.mL -1 ), Abs is the absorbance at 595 nm, d denotes the dilution of the samples and f is the factor obtained in the calibration curve.The yield of immobilization was calculated by Equation 2, where = yield (%), Pa represents the amount of protein adsorbed, Po denotes the amount of protein used in the immobilization (inlet solution).
The diffractograms of natural and pillared montmorillonites showed that the natural clay presents the first peak (d 001 ) related to the basal spacing, corresponding to 15.12 Å.The peak observed at 2θ = 20° is characteristic of motmorillonite clays.The peak between 25° and 30° corresponds to the quartz.For pillared montmorillonite, the calculated value by Bragg Law for the distance d 001 corresponded to 18.62 Å.The basal distance for natural clays is 15 Å, but when water is present, the basal distance can be increased, as in this case.When the clay is calcinated, the dehydratation process occurs and the basal spacing decreases for approximately 9Å.In the pillarization process, the basal spacing increases 2 times its value (from 9.0 to 18.6 Å).Comparing the diffractograms of natural and pillared clays, one can note that the peak corresponding to the basal spacing (d 001 ) displaces to the left, indicating the occurrence of the pillarization of the material.
Alumina materials showed a typical diffratogram for this class of amorphous materials (Figure 1c).The resins are amorphous too, as showed in Figure 1d.Accurel materials have similar diffractogram patterns with an exception of XP-200.(Figura1e)

Clays
Figure 2a presents the kinetics of commercial lipase adsorption in clays, where one can see that in all supports the adsorption process of the enzyme occurred.Some works presented in the literature have already shown the use of clays as support for enzymes immobilization [19][20][21][22][23][24] .
Table 2 (a) presents the results in terms of adsorbed protein, yield of immobilization, amount of lipase immobilized and esterification activity for the free and immobilized enzymes using several clays as support.The immobilization process was more efficient for clays KSF, natural and pillared montmorillonites with yields of immobilization of about 50% (based on the amount of free enzyme used at the beginning of the process).This fact can be related to the higher chemical affinities of the enzyme by these supports, as already demonstrated by some works of the literature.The works by Li et al. [25][26] showed that the free hydroxil groups present in the surface of these supports can form hydrogen bounds with the functional groups of aminoacids chains of the enzyme, promoting higher efficiency to the immobilization process.The van der Waals forces can also help the adsorption of the enzyme to the surface of the support.Additionally, the hydrophobic interactions of enzyme-support molecules can contribute to the adsorption process 27 .
The Kaolins have a neutral 1:1 structure while the montmorillonites have a 2:1 structure and high capacity of cationic exchange (CCE), favoring the immobilization in this kind of support.Rahman et al. 21mmobilized the Candida rugosa lipase by adsorption method using natural Kaolin as support.Retention of about 77% was achieved.
Other authors have also used different clays as support for enzymes immobilization.Zamora et al. 28 immobilized lacase from Trametes versicolor in montmorillonite KSF natural and modified by 3-amino-propyl-triet-xisilane and glutarahaldeyde.The authors reached yields of immobilization of 16 and 55%, respectively.Gopinath and Sugunan 23 and Sanjay and Sugunan 22 immobilized α-amylase, glucoamylase and invertase in montmorillonite K-10 by adsorption and covalent bound techniques.High yields of immobilization were obtained by analysis of nitrogen adsorption isoterms (BET).The authors observed a reduction in the specific area from 201 to 45, 15 and 10 m 2 .g - after the immobilization process for each enzyme, respectively.Results corroborate the affirmation that different enzymes can present different behavior in the same support.

X-ray diffraction
Figure 1a presents the X-ray diffractograms of zeolite materials that confirm the structure of these materials when compared to standards diffractograms (IZA).
Figure 1b presents the X-ray diffractograms of the supports used for lipase immobilization.Figure 1b also shows the diffractograms for commercial and 1CR Kaolins.Both materials could be classified as caulinites.The natural Kaolin presents some impurities as mica, gibsite and quartz.Commercial Kaolin demonstrates high cristallinity presenting low amount of caulinite.Yesiloglu 20 used bentonite for immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase by adsorption process, presenting enzymatic activity of 30% after immobilization.Spagna et al. 29 immobilized a commercial pectinilyase in bentonite achieving a yield of immobilization of 16% and enzyme activity of 67 U.g -1 .Chang et al. 30 immobilized Candida rugosa lipase on Celite and obtained residual activities after immobilization of 34.1%.Zaidan et al. 31 used mica modified by acid treatment as support for the immobilization of Candida rugosa lipase, reaching a yield higher than 78% and specific enzyme activity of 83 U.mg -1 of protein.Meunier et al. 24 tested different types of Celite as support for immobilization of a commercial lipase (Novozym 435) and obtained yields of about 60%.Secundo et al. 32 immobilized Candida antarctica lipase in clays beidelite with different ratios of Si/Al.The yields of immobilization were 24 and 35% in pH values of 6 and 7, respectively.
The interlammelar region of pillared montmorillonite is constituted by pillars, which reduce the capacity of cationic exchange.This factor can explain the lowest yields of immobilization obtained in this support, in spite of the higher acessibility of the enzyme to the support.
The literature presents just a few works related to the esterification activities of lipases immobilized in clays.Dave et al. 33 immobilized Candida rugosa lipase in a polymer of polyvinilic alcohol (PVA), calcium alginate and boric acid.The immobilized lipase presented Candida rugosa lipase immobilized in natural Kaolin.Yields of immobilization of 77% and esterification activity of 90% compared to the free enzyme were achieved.
Concerning the data presented in Table 2(a) one can notice that higher esterification activities were achieved for enzyme immobilized in pillared montmorillonite and K-10.This result may probably be related to the highest specific areas of these supports, leading to high acessibility of the substrates to the active site of the Yesiloglu and Yesim 20 affirm that several clays, as bentonites, have a high potential to be used as adsorbents, due to their low cost and high surface area.residual esterification activity of 86%, using hexanoic acid and ethanol as substrates.Cabral et al. 34 evaluated the esterification activity and operational stability of Candida rugosa lipase in polyuretan foams and obtained 85.4 and 93.2% for each parameter, respectively.Oliveira et al. 35 carried out the kinetic study for esterification of oleic acid and ethanol using Rhizomucor miehei lipase immobilized in Accurel EP700, obtaining a conversion of 80.17%.Zaidan et al. 31 determined the esterification activity of Candida rugosa lipase immobilized in mica modified by acid treatment.Authors reported yield of immobilization of 40.6% and lipase activity of 292.2 U.g -1 of support.Rahman et al. 21evaluated the esterification activity of  43 used hydrotalcite for immobilization of lipase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and obtained a percentual of retention of 95%.

Ionic exchange resins
Figure 2c presents the kinetics of pancreatic lipase adsorption in the different resins tested in this work, where one can verify that enzyme was immobilized in an efficient way in all evaluated materials.The ionic exchange resin with acid characteristics led to better results of immobilization, in spite of its lower specific area compared to other tested materials.
Table 2(c) presents the amount of adsorbed protein, the yield of immobilization and the esterification activity of the enzyme immobilized in each resin.Results from this table show that the acid ion exchange resin (Amberlyst 36) demonstrated better ability for immobilization of lipase compared to Amberlite XAD-2, which presents base-characteristics.This resin can reduce the interactions between the enzyme and support matrix.Nevertheless, the adsorption may be predominantly occurred on the external surface of the support due to the high molecular dimensions of the enzyme or also due to the hydrophobic interactions of the enzyme and the matrix, causing a conformational change in the secondary and tertiary structures of the protein molecule, reducing the interactions among the aromatic groups of the support and enzyme, leading to a lower yield of immobilization compared to the acid resin Amberlyst 36.
Both resins tested here presented good efficiency for immobilization of pancreatic lipase in terms of esterification activity, as also verified in Table 2(c).A low enhancement on enzyme activity was observed for Amberlite XAD-2, probably due to the basecharacteristics of this matrix, providing higher accessibility of the enzyme to the substrates during the catalytic process.

Aluminas
Activated aluminas are produced from aluminum hydroxide by hydroxilation, resulting in a material constituted mainly by aluminum oxide.The result of this process is a highly porous material with high specific area, reaching 200 m 2 .g - , giving to this material a possibility of using in a large variety of applications in adsorption processes.Table 2(d) and Figure 2d present the results obtained in this step of the work.The analysis of these results permits us to notice a similar behavior during the adsorption process for all used materials.The comparison of materials showed higher amounts of adsorbed protein when neutral alumina was used as support for lipase immobilization.
Table 2(d) presents the results of amount of adsorbed protein, yield of immobilization and the amount of immobilized lipase in each support.Results show that neutral alumina can be considered the most promising support for immobilization, reaching yields of 68%.
Padmini et al. 46 immobilized Candida lipolytica lipase by adsorption in alumina, reaching a yield of immobilization of 69%, a similar result to those obtained in this work.

Zeolites
Figure 2b presents the adsorption kinetics of pancreatic lipase in the different zeolites tested in this work, where one can note that the enzyme was immobilized in an efficient way in all evaluated materials.Table 2(b) presents the amount of adsorbed protein, yield and amount of enzyme immobilized and esterification activity of lipase immobilized in zeolites.This table shows that the zeolites ZSM 35 and ZSM 5 can be considered the most appropriate supports for immobilization, with yields reaching 25% in relation to the amount of free enzyme used.
In a general way, one can conclude that several inorganic materials can be used as support for immobilization of lipases, among them the zeolites 36 .This class of compounds is of particular interest due to the high specific area (200 to 800 m 2 .g - ); hydrophylic and hydrophobic behaviors, giving the possibility of presenting eletrostatic interactions leading to different forms of ionic exchange; and the characteristic of chemical and mechanical resistance.Additional advantages as easy of dispersion and recuperation and high capacity of adsorption in water can also be considered for the use of this class of compounds as support for immobilization of biomolecules.In this sense, the structural composition of zeolites offers a powerful tool for optimizing the properties of the biocatalyst.The main disadvantage is related to the low dimensions of pores.This characteristic can make difficult the process of migration of the enzyme to the inlet of zeolitic matrix, hinding the total efficiency of immobilization process.
In spite of the potential of using zeolites as support for lipases immobilization, just a few works were found in the literature that permits comparison with the results obtained here.Vidinha et al. 37 used the sol-gel encapsulation technique for immobilization of cutinase in zeolites A and NaY, reaching yields of immobilization of 41 and 75%, for each support, respectively.Yagiz et al. 36 used hydrotalcite and zeolites 13-X, 5A, FM-8 and AW-300 for immobilization of a commercial lipase (Lipozyme-TL IM).Yields of immobilization of 95.8 and 56.1% were obtained for hydrotalcite and zeolites, respectively.Frontera et al. 38 tested silicalite-1 for immobilization of a commercial lipase from Rhizomucor miehei (Patalase), reaching a yield of immobilization of 59% and 228mg of lipase/g of support.
Calgaroto et al. 39 used the MCM 22 zeolite with different Si/Al ratios (15, 25 and 50) as support for immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase, assessing the effect of its structure on the immobilization yield and enzyme activity.Results showed that the material composition influenced significantly the immobilization process.Higher yields of immobilization and enzymatic activities were achieved when MCM 22 with Si/Al ratio of 25 was used as support.In general, results demonstrate the potential of MCM 22 as support for porcine pancreatic lipase immobilization.
The esterification activities of the pancreatic lipase immobilized in zeolites are also presented in Table 2(b), where it can be seen that higher activities were obtained when mordenite and zeolite ZSM 22 (591.88 and 263.86 U.g -1 , respectively) were used as supports for immobilization.From these results one can point out that the enzyme activities as well as the amount of enzyme immobilized are parameters directly influenced by the composition and porosity of the support.
Related to this specific result, one can cite the work by Abdullah et al. 42 that employed zeolites SBA-15 and amino-functional groups, act as sites of linkage for bioactive species.Therefore, the clays have the possibility of being sinthetized, affording a series of reprodutible solid inorganic materials with physical and/ or chemical properties which can be changed in a systematic way to produce a more adequate support for a determined application as support for immobilization of macromolecules.The bentonite (montmorillonite) is a cheap matrix, presents low toxicity and chemical reactivity, permitting, in this way, the of enzymes under its structure.

Conclusions
New experimental data on the performance of different supports for the immobilization of commercial porcine pancreatic lipase is reported in this work, showing a perspective of the technique to purpose low-costs supports for lipase immobilization.The partial characterization of the supports showed significant morphological differences among them.The characteristics of each support influenced the amount of adsorbed enzyme, the yields of immobilization and esterification activity of the enzyme.The clays KSF, natural and pillared montmorillonites presented high potential for use as supports for lipase immobilization.Yields of immobilization of 76.32 and 52.01%were obtained for lipase immobilized in KSF and natural montmorillonite clay, respectively.High esterification activities (754.03,595.51, 591.88 and 515.71U.g -1 ) were obtained for lipases immobilized in different class of supports tested here (Accurel MP-100, Amberlite XAD-2, mordenite and pillared montmorillonite respectively).

Accurel XP-100, MP-100, XP-200 and MP-1000
Table 2(e) presents the results in terms of adsorbed protein, yield and amount of lipase immobilized and esterification activity of porcine pancreatic lipase using different Accurel as support.Figure 2e shows the kinetic of adsorption of commercial lipase in Accurel.From this figure one can observe the similar behavior obtained for the different Accurel supports tested in this step of the work.Accurel XP200 and MP1000 presented higher amounts of adsorbed protein.From Table 2(e) it is possible to verify the good capacity of immobilization of lipase in these supports, reaching yields higher than 34%.The Accurel MP100 presented the lowest immobilization yield probably due to the low specific area of this support.
Menoncin et al. 48used Accurel EP100 and activated coal for immobilization of a crude enzymatic extract from Penicillium verrucosum.Percentages of retention of 368.1 and 382.5% and yields of immobilization of 11.7 and 30.4% were obtained for each tested support, respectively.Serralha et al. 49 used the polymeric resin Accurel PA6 and zeolite Y for immobilization of cutinase, obtaining higher specific activities of 15.2 U.mg -1 for resin and 25.1 U.mg -1 for zeolite.Gonçalves et al. 50also tested the supports used in this step of our work for immobilization of cutinase.The authors obtained yields of immobilization of 69 and 30%, respectively in zeolite and Accurel.The hydrolytic activity of the enzyme was 91.7 and 111 U.g -1 , respectively for each support.Yang et al. 51 immobilized lipase from Candida sp.99-125 in different macroporous polymeric resins (NKA9, AB8, H103, D4020 and NKA) by adsorption.Yields of immobilization of 16.84, 62.06, 84.13, 65.80 and 72.85% were obtained for each support, respectively.Enzyme activities of 10.5, 38.9, 16.9, 63.8 and 26 U.g -1 were obtained for each support tested.
From Table 2(e) one can also verify the esterification activities of pancreatic lipase after immobilization in different Accurel.The lipase immobilized in Accurel MP-100 presented high esterification activity (754.03U.g -1 ) compared to the use of other supports.This fact can be associated to the high chemical bond or eletrostatic atraction of the enzyme for this support, which make the active site of the enzyme accessible to the substrates, leading to high esterification activities, comparable to those from free lipase.
For better understanding of the results obtained in this work, Table 3 presents the compilation of all findings in terms of yield of immobilization and esterification activity of pancreatic lipase considering the most promising supports tested.Clay KSF led to the highest yield of immobilization (76.32%) compared to the other tested matrix of immobilization.Esterification activities next to those obtained for free lipase were achieved in each group of supports tested here: 754.03, 595.51, 591.88, 515.71 and 378.75 U.g -1 for lipases immobilized in Accurel MP-100, Amberlite XAD-2, mordenite and pillared montmorillonite, respectively.
The literature points out that from several supports used, clays and related materials present properties potentially interesting for application as supports agents for lipases immobilization.Hydrophobic and hydrophylic behavior; eletrostatic interactions and mechanical, chemical and microbial resistances are some of desirable characteristics present in this class of support.Another advantage of using clays as supports for enzyme immobilization is related to the presence of silanol groups which, after activation by different Figure1apresents the X-ray diffractograms of zeolite materials that confirm the structure of these materials when compared to standards diffractograms (IZA).Figure1bpresents the X-ray diffractograms of the supports used for lipase immobilization.The X-ray diffractogram of K-10 clay presents large reflection at 2θ = 6° (d = 14.7 Å), indicating an argilomineral of group of esmectite.Reflections at 2θ = 9° (d = 10.0 Å) and 2θ = 18° (d = 4.9 Å) are also observed, suggesting the presence of mica.The KSF clay presented reflection at 2θ = 6° (d = 14.7 Å), equivalent to the group of esmectite.Both clays presented strong reflection at 2θ = 27.4°(d = 3.25 Å), indicating the presence of quartz.The diffractograms of the supports KSF and K-10 have reflections related to the esmectite group; low evidenced compared to the natural clays.Figure1balso shows the diffractograms for commercial and 1CR Kaolins.Both materials could be classified as caulinites.The natural Kaolin presents some impurities as mica, gibsite and quartz.Commercial Kaolin demonstrates high cristallinity presenting low amount of caulinite.

Table 1 .
Specific areas of supports employed for immobilization of porcine pancreatic lipase.

Table 2 .
Protein adsorbed in the surface of each support, yield of immobilization, amount of lipase immobilized and esterification activity.Candida rugosa lipase, obtaining yields of 76 and 86.6%, respectively.Zeng et al.

Table 3 .
Compilation of the results for yield of immobilization and esterification activity of pancreatic lipase considering the most promising supports used in this work.