Novel Colloidal Silica Technology For In Situ Spinelization in MgO-Containing Refractories

Abstract

This study used an aqueous dispersion of silanized colloidal silica (SCS), whose particles’ surfaces were modified with an epoxysilane-based coupling agent, as the liquid medium and binder for MgO-Al₂O₃-containing suspensions. Fine calcined alumina and magnesia sinter particles were dispersed in SCS to form a 65 vol% solids suspension. Equivalent silica-free compositions containing calcium aluminate cement or unsilanized colloidal silica were tested as references. After mixing, the SCS-suspension showed low viscosity and suitable workability and, after curing, a thin protective coating of magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) was formed, thus preventing MgO hydroxylation and improving bonding strength, generating green-dried structures of significant flexural strength (8 MPa). During initial heating, the decomposition of MSH and the softening of amorphous silica particles reduced the overall expansion of spinel (MgAl₂O₄) formation. After sintering at 1600ºC, the structure showed intense densification (total porosity of 8%) high flexural strength (73 MPa) and large spinel crystals surrounded by a thin layer of amorphous silica and magnesium silicates.

Keywords:
Magnesia sinter; in situ spinel; silanized colloidal silica

1. Introduction

Magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄) is a chief raw material for steelmaking due to its high refractoriness, corrosion resistance, and tolerance to thermal shock damages¹-⁴. In monolithic refractories, it comprises pre-formed coarse aggregates, or can be formed in situ from fine sources of MgO and Al₂O₃ for their matrix⁵-⁸. Despite such a energy-saving technological advantage, in situ spinel-containing monolithic refractories face two major drawbacks related to reactions that occur during their processing, namely a) hydroxylation of MgO during mixing, curing, and drying steps (Equation 1⁹-¹⁶), and b) in situ formation of spinel during sintering (Equation 2⁸,¹⁷-²⁴).

$MgO\left(\rho =3.5g.c{m}^{-3}\right)+H_{2}O\to Mg{\left(OH\right)}_2\left(\rho =2.4g.c{m}^{-3}\right)$ (1)

$$\begin{array}{c}MgO\left(\rho =3.5g.c{m}^{-3}\right)+A{l}_2{O}_3\left(\rho =4g.c{m}^{-3}\right)\to \\ MgA{l}_2{O}_4\left(\rho =3.2g.c{m}^{-3}\right)\end{array}$$ (2)

In both cases, the density mismatch between initial reactants and the products formed results in highly expansive reactions capable of producing mechanical damages that vary from warping and microcracks up to the total crumbling of the structure and hindering densification⁸,¹⁹,²⁰,²⁵-³⁰.

Over the past three decades, several solutions have been proposed towards hindering or at least minimizing the impact of such drawbacks. Regarding MgO hydroxylation, they have aimed at determining the most relevant variables that affect the reaction⁹,¹²,¹⁴,³¹-³⁸ and developing hydroxylation-resistant raw materials¹⁰,¹¹,¹³,¹⁵, anti-hydroxylation additives³⁹-⁴⁶, and strategies for using the volumetric expansion in a controlled binding effect⁴⁷,⁴⁸. Regarding in situ spinel, studies have investigated the role of particles’ diameter distribution⁶,²⁵,²⁶,⁴⁹, binders⁷,²⁸, and other raw materials⁴,²⁰,²²,²⁹, mineralizing agents³,²⁷,⁵⁰, and formation conditions⁴,²¹,²⁴,⁵¹-⁶³. Based on such findings, this study proposes a simultaneous solution for both drawbacks.

A recent paper from the authors’ research group addressed the use of a novel grade of anionic silanized colloidal silica (SCS) dispersion as a liquid medium and binding agent for the production of concentrate suspensions of fine MgO sinter with excellent workability and hydroxylation resistance⁴⁶. The surfaces of the colloidal silica particles were previously modified by an epoxysilane-based coupling agent for improving their stability and preventing instantaneous gelling (Figure 1a)⁶⁴-⁶⁶. During mixing, the negatively charged particles of SCS heterocoagulated over MgO surfaces containing positive charges to form a magnesium silicate hydroxide hydrate protective coating (Mg₅Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂.8H₂O, Figure 1b)⁴⁶. Its high stability halted the hydroxylation reaction and prevented the damage of volumetric expansion even under harsh hydroxylation tests, such as one-week-long curing steps and hydrothermal reactors (Figure 1c). After drying and as the initial heating proceeded, the protective coating favored early densification generating a small quantity of forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄, 2 wt%) and non-crystalline silica surrounding MgO grains (Figure 1d) after sintering.

Figure 1
Schematic representation of the protective anti-hydroxylation-binding mechanism proposed in Salomão et al.⁴⁶ observed in MgO-silanized colloidal silica-containing dispersions: a-b) during mixing, c) curing, and d) after sintering.

Such promising results suggest the same strategy could be employed in a MgO-Al₂O₃ system for preventing hydroxylation damages. Moreover, the remaining amorphous silica content would help to reduce the effects of in situ spinel formation³,²⁷,⁶⁷, maintaining the benefits of the straightforward processing of colloidal silica-bonded castables²,⁵,⁶⁸-⁷⁴. This hypothesis was investigated in the present study in a composition prepared with calcined alumina, fine magnesia sinter, and silanized colloidal silica through flowability, drying and hydroxylation tests, and physical properties (total porosity, flexural strength, and thermal dimensional variations) and microstructure evolution (SEM and XDR) during the initial heating towards sintering. Equivalent compositions prepared with calcium aluminate cement and water or unsilanized anionic colloidal silica were also tested under the same parameters as references.

2. Experimental

2.1. Raw material characterization, mixing, and flowability tests

Raw materials: Calcined alumina (CA, α-Al₂O₃, E-sy 1000, Almatis, USA), magnesia sinter (MS, α-MgO, High-Purity M30, Magnesita-RHI, Brazil), calcium aluminate cement (CAC, 67 wt% Al₂O₃, EL70, ELFUSA Geral de Eletrofusão, Brazil), unsilanized colloidal silica (UCS, Levasil CS40-222), silanized colloidal silica (SCS, FX401, Nouryon AB, Sweden), water (H₂O, double distilled), dispersant (poly(ethylene glycol)-based, Castment FS-20, BASF, Germany). Particles’ characterization: chemical composition (X-ray dispersive spectroscopy, Shimadzu, EDX 720, Japan, after calcination at 1000ºC for 5 h); crystalline phases’ composition (X-ray diffraction, Rotaflex RV 200B, Rigaku-Denki Corp., Japan, λ = 0.14506 nm, in the 2θ range from 10 to 70° at a 0.5°.min^-1 scan rate, against standard JCPDS files); particles’ diameter distribution (acoustic emission method, DT-1202, Dispersion Technology Inc., USA), solid density (Helium pycnometry, Ultrapyc 1200e, Quantachrome Instruments, USA); specific surface area (high-purity N₂ adsorption, BET method, Nova 1200e, Quantachrome Instruments, USA, ASTM C 1069-09 “Standard Test Method for Specific Surface Area of Alumina or Quartz by Nitrogen Adsorption”); moisture and water content (Thermogravimetric analysis, TGA-Q50, TA Instruments, 25-1000ºC, synthetic air atmosphere) (Table 1).

Table 1
Characteristics of the raw materials employed and formulations tested.

Raw materials’ characteristics		Calcined alumina (CA)	MgO sinter (MS)	Calcium aluminate cement (CAC)	Unsilanized colloidal silica (UCS)	Silanized colloidal silica (SCS)
a Composition (wt%)	Al2O3	99.4	0.09	67.4	-	-
	MgO	0.03	99.1	0.34	-	-
	SiO2	0.31	0.18	3.60	99.95	99.95
	Na2O	0.20	0.16	0.13	< 0.05	< 0.05
	Fe2O3	0.03	0.15	0.43	-	-
	CaO	0.03	0.32	28.1	-	-
b Crystalline phases (PDF file)		α-Al2O3 (1-1243)	α-MgO (1-1235)	68% CaAl2O4 (1-888), 27% CaAl4O7 (23-1037), 3% Ca12Al14O33 (48-1882), 2% α-Al2O3 (1-1243)	Amorphous SiO2	Amorphous SiO2
Particle size (μm, D50/D90)		1.5/9.6	8.0/29	2.0/6.0	9 nm/16 nm	11 nm/18 nm
c Solid density (g.cm-3)		3.97	3.47	3.23	2.10	2.10
c Surface area (m2.g-1)		1.3	1.5	0.6	220	210
c Solids content (wt%)		-	-	-	41.2	39.8
a Loss of ignition (wt%)		< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1	< 0.1
Compositions tested	CA-MS-CAC		CA-MS-UCS		CA-MS-SCS
	(wt%)	(vol%)	(wt%)	(vol%)	(wt%)	(vol%)
CA	53.50	37.32	56.66	38.44	56.66	38.29
MS	22.00	17.26	22.31	17.02	22.31	16.95
CAC	11.79	10.14	-	-	-	-
SiO2 (from SCS)	-	-	8.67	11.14	8.37	10.72
H2O (from SCS)	-	-	12.37	33.40	12.66	34.05
H2O	12.71	35.29	-	-	-	-
Dispersant (wt%)	0.1	-	0.1	-	0.1	-
Total composition (%)	Mass	Molar	Mass	Molar	Mass	Molar
Al2O3	70.05	49.30	64.29	44.08	64.51	44.25
MgO	25.04	44.59	25.25	43.79	25.33	43.96
SiO2	0.72	0.86	10.13	11.79	9.83	11.44
Na2O	0.18	0.21	0.17	0.20	0.18	0.20
Fe2O3	0.11	0.05	0.06	0.03	0.06	0.03
CaO	3.89	4.98	0.10	0.13	0.10	0.13

• ^a
  After 5 h at 1000ºC;
• ^b
  As-received raw materials; composition in wt% determined by Rietveld method⁷⁵;
• ^c
  After 24 h at 200ºC

The dried raw materials were previously dry-mixed and then mixed with water (CA-MS-CAC formulation), unsilanized colloidal silica dispersion (CA-MS-UCS formulation), or silanized colloidal silica dispersion (CA-MS-SCS formulation) (Table 1), and homogenized as suspensions in a paddle mixer (PowerVisc, IKA, Germany, 1000 rpm, 3 min). The CAC-containing composition was tested as reference because it is the most used and studied binder in MgO-containing monolithic refractories²,⁴²; the UCS-containing one, on the other hand, demonstrates the deleterious effects of the instantaneous gelling of colloidal silica in presence of large quantity of Mg²⁺ ions⁶⁹-⁷¹. It is also important to highlight two aspects. Firslty, no coarse aggregates were added to the compositions to allow a more accurate study of the reactions involved and the products formed. Secondly, the amounts of CaO and SiO₂ from calcium aluminate cement and colloidal silica, respectively, at the compositions during sintering is similar or lower than the levels typically attained in the matrixes of refractory castables employed in steelmaking³,⁶-⁸,¹⁴,²⁵-²⁸,⁴¹,⁴²,⁴⁹,⁶⁶,⁶⁷.

The initial flowability and setting time were evaluated according to the cone-flow method (adapted from standard ASTM C1437-20, “Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar”). Non-adherent molds (40 mm diameter × 60 mm height; 15 molds per composition) were pressed against a flat smooth surface, filled with the suspension, and kept at 60ºC (thermal bath, Brookfield TC-550, USA), remaining still. After 5-min intervals, the mold was rapidly lifted so that its content was free to flow, forming a circle. When the free flow stopped, the average diameter of the cycle formed by the suspension (D_i, mm) was measured and compared with the initial value (D = 40 mm). The process was repeated until there was no significant flow and the free-flowability index (FI, %) was calculated by Equation 3:

$FFI\left(\%\right)=100\%\left(Di–40\right)/40$ (3)

The workability of the system was evaluated through the time after the end of mixing (t_Work, min) required for the FFI to be reduced to the empirical threshold of 100%. Such time-temperature testing conditions were employed to highlight the extended workability of SCS-containing compositions and because they were employed in previous works for studing the MgO hydroxylation reaction steps¹⁴,¹⁵,³⁷,³⁸.

2.2. Samples’ preparation and testing

After mixing, equivalent suspensions for each system were cast, respectively, as cylinders of 40 mm length × 40 mm diameter, for drying and hydroxylation tests; 60 mm length × 16 mm diameter for total porosity and flexural strength, and measurements; and 8 mm length × 6 mm diameter for dilatometric analysis. They remained at 60ºC ± 1ºC for 24 h in sealed flasks in an environment of close to 100% relative humidity.

2.2.1. Drying and hydroxylation tests

The drying behavior of green humid freshly demolded samples of approximately 100 g was evaluated in tailor-made thermogravimetric equipment capable of supporting cylinders of 40 mm diameter × 40 mm length⁷⁶-⁷⁸. It monitors the temperature and mass changes of samples placed in an electric furnace every 10 s. The samples were heated up to 700ºC (2ºC.min^-1 heating rate) and the instantaneous percent mass loss (W, wt%) and mass loss rate (dW/dT, wt%.ºC^-1) were calculated by Equations 4 and 5, respectively:

$W=100\%\times \left[\left(M_{Inicial}–M_{Inst}\right)/\left(M_{Inicial}–M_{Final}\right)\right]$ (4)

${\left(dW/dT\right)}_T=\left(W_{T+10}–W_{T-10}\right)/\left(T_{T+10}–T_{T-10}\right)$ (5)

where M_Inicial is the sample’s mass after casting and before the curing period, M_Inst is the instantaneous mass for a certain temperature (T), and M_Final is the mass at the end of heating.

Samples for hydroxylation tests remained in sealed flasks in an environment of relative humidity close to 100% at 60ºC for up to 7 days. During the curing period, samples’ external dimensions (height, Hi, and diameter, Di, in mm) were continuously measured every 24 h. Equations 6 and 7 provided the external volume (Vi) and apparent volumetric expansion (AVE, %). The AVE parameter evaluates the extent of damage inflicted by the hydroxylation expansion upon a ceramic structure and can be continuously measured for a given sample; exponents 0 and E indicate, respectively, the initial stage and condition after a certain hydroxylation period and t is the thickness of each mold (in mm). A detailed explanation of such techniques and their uses can be found elsewhere¹⁴,³⁷,³⁸,⁴¹,⁴².

$V_i=(Hi\times \pi \times {\left(D_i–2\times t\right)}^2/4$ (6)

$AVE=100\%\times \left(V_E–V_0\right)/V_0$ (7)

2.2.2. Evaluation of physical properties during initial heating towards sintering

For the evaluation of physical properties during initial heating, after the initial period of 24 h at 60ºC, samples were demolded and kept in a ventilated environment at 60ºC ± 1ºC for 24 h and under vacuum at 120ºC ± 1ºC for 24 h. Such curing and drying conditions maximize the binding action of colloidal silica and reduce the risks of damage by MgO excessive hydroxylation and explosive spalling during the first heat-up³⁷,³⁸,⁴²,⁷⁹-⁸¹. After drying, samples were thermally treated at 300-1600°C for 3 h (1°C.min^-1 up to 400°C, 1 h; 2°C.min^-1 up to maximum temperature, 3 h hold; cooling rate of 5°C.min^-1 up to 800°C and 10°C.min^-1 down to room temperature). Those specific temperatures represent important events that can occur during initial heating towards sintering, such as hydrates decomposition, calcium aluminates, and spinel formation¹⁵,⁸¹.

Dried green (G) and sintered (St) samples were measured (length, L, diameter, D, in cm) and weighted (M, g). Their total porosity (TP, %) was calculated by Equations 8, and the solid density (ρ) values were determined by Helium pycnometry in equivalent compositions after grinding (D_Particle ≤ 100 μm).

$TP\left(\%\right)=100\%\times \left\{1–\left[\left(4\times M\right)/\left(\pi \times D^2\times L\times \rho \right)\right]\right\}$ (8)

Samples’ permanent dimensional thermal linear variation (PV, %) was calculated by Equation 9, whereas dilatometric analyses for dynamic dimensional thermal linear variation (DV, %) were conducted in green dried samples (8 mm length × 6 mm diameter cylinders; DIL402C, Netzsch, Germany) at a 5ºC.min^-1 heating rate, up to 1600ºC.

$PVorDV\left(\%\right)=100\times \left[\left(L_{St}–L_G\right)/L_G\right]$ (9)

The maximum expansion observed (Maximum dynamic expansion, MDE, and maximum permanent expansion, MPE) and the final dimensional variation after thermal treatment (Final dynamic variation, FDV, and final permanent variation, FPV) were recorded for each dynamic or isothermal treatment test. Such parameters relate the role of colloidal silica and calcium aluminates in the expansive formation of in situ spinel and its further sintering behavior, respectively.

Their flexural strength (FS, MPa, Equation 10) was calculated after a three-point bending test in an MTS 810 TestStar II tensile tester, at a 2 N.s^-1 loading rate:

$$FS\left(MPa\right)=\left(8\times F\times W\right)/\left(\pi \times D^3\right)$$ (10)

where F (in N) is the maximum load before rupture and W is the support span (40 mm). Each value of total porosity, flexural strength, and apparent volumetric expansion is the average result of the testing of 5 samples and the error bars represent their standard deviation.

The products of hydroxylation tests and sintering thermal treatments were evaluated in equivalent samples regarding crystalline phases’ composition (X-ray diffraction, crushed samples, D_Part < 100 μm, Rotaflex RV 200B, Rigaku-Denki Corp., Japan, λ = 0.14506 nm, in the 2θ range from 10 to 70° at a 0.5°.min^-1 scan rate, against standard JCPDS files; Rietveld method with MATCH! Software, 3.8 version, Germany⁷⁵) and microstructure (scanning electron microscopy, fractured surfaces, FEI 7500F, Netherlands, equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, Apollo, EDAX, USA, for elemental composition mapping).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1. Flowability and workability after mixing

The CAC-bonded suspension (CA-MS-CAC) showed 23 min workability time at 60ºC, which is a consistent result in comparison to reference studies that tested similar grade (Figure 2a)¹,²,⁵,⁶⁷,⁸²-⁸⁵. Such long time setting relates to the high amount of water present in the suspension in comparison to a full castable composition containing coarse aggregates⁸²-⁸⁵. As expected, the composition prepared with conventional unsilanized anionic colloidal silica (CA-MS-UCS) showed instantaneous gelling inside the mixing chamber due to the higth concentration of Mg²⁺ ions (Figure 2b)⁸⁶-⁹¹. Conversely, the flowability index levels and workability of the composition containing silanized colloidal silica (CA-MS-SCS) were similar to or higher than those for the CAC-bonded one. A recent publication explored such unexpected behavior for adding fine MgO sinter particles into aqueous dispersion of silanized colloidal silica⁴⁶. Because of their epoxysilane-modified surfaces, SCS particles are less sensitive to the presence of Mg²⁺ ions in the suspension and did not gel instantaneously⁶⁴-⁶⁶. Therefore, during mixing, the cationic surfaces of MgO attracted the anionic SCS particles resulting in a highly negative potential Zeta for over 20 min at 60ºC⁹²,⁹³. In the present system, since calcined alumina particles are compatible with most anionic grades of colloidal silica (silanized or not)⁶⁶,⁶⁹-⁷¹,⁸⁷,⁹⁴, such a favorable combination of effects produced a Al₂O₃-MgO-SCS-containing suspension that remained fluid for periods longer than 30 min. (Figure 2c).

Figure 2
a) Free-flow index (FFI) and workability time (t_Work) as a function of time after mixing for compositions containing calcium aluminate cement (CA-MS-CAC), unsilanized colloidal silica (CA-MS-UCS) or silanized colloidal silica (CA-MS-SCS) kept at 60ºC for up to 80 min and b) their aspect after mixing (CA-MS-UCS) and c) after up to 32 min after mixing (CA-MS-SCS).

Because tests conducted with unsilanized anionic colloidal silica dispersion resulted in instantaneous gelling inside the mixing chamber, no reproducible sample of suitable physical integrity could be attained. Consequently, no further tests were carried out with such a composition, and the CAC-containing composition was defined as a reference for the following tests.

3.2. Curing and drying behavior

After casting and curing, CAC typically dissolves and reacts with water, precipitating nanometric crystals of calcium aluminate hydrates at the spaces amongst particles¹⁴,⁴²,⁸³,⁸⁵, clogging the pores and strengthening the structure⁷⁶-⁷⁸,⁸²,⁸³. Despite their higher flexural strength (Figure 3), those materials usually show significantly lower permeability and less favorable water withdrawal step in comparison to those bonded with colloidal silica⁶⁹-⁷¹,⁷⁴,⁸³,⁸⁵,⁹⁴. In the present study, on the other hand, the opposite drying behavior was observed, i.e., the CAC-bonded sample showed early drying during the curing step (Figure 4a) and its maximum drying rate peak occurred at a temperature lower than the one for the SCS-bonded one (Figure 4b). Such unusual results can be explained through the apparent volumetric expansion measurements (Figure 5) and the crystalline phases identified by XRD (Figures 6a and 7a).

Figure 3
Total porosity (TP) and flexural strength (FS) for samples containing calcium aluminate cement (CA-MS-CAC) or silanized colloidal silica after isothermal treatments in the 300-1600ºC temperature range for 3 h.

Figure 4
Drying behavior (a) mass loss and b) mass loss rate) for freshly demolded samples containing calcium aluminate cement (CA-MS-CAC) or silanized colloidal silica (CA-MS-SCS).

Figure 5
Apparent volumetric expansion (AVE) as a function of curing time for samples containing calcium aluminate cement (CA-MS-CAC) or silanized colloidal silica (CA-MS-SCS), for up to 7 days at 60ºC. The aspect of the samples after 7 days of testing is also shown.

Figure 6
X-ray diffraction patterns for CA-MS-CAC composition after a) drying at 120ºC overnight and sintering at b) 1100ºC, c) 1300ºC, and d) 1500ºC for 3 h. Graphs on the right represent those on the left at higher magnification. List of symbols: C = Corindon (α-Al₂O₃, PDF = 1-1243), P = Periclase (α-MgO, PDF = 1-1235), B = Brucite (Mg(OH)₂, PDF = 1-1169), K = Katoite (Ca₃Al₂(OH)₁₂ or C₃AH₆, PDF = 24-217), S = Spinel (MgAl₂O₄, PDF = 1-1154), G = Grossite (CaAl₄O₇ or CA₂, PDF = 23-1037). The numbers on the right indicate the mass percent of each crystalline phase identified.

Figure 7
X-ray diffraction patterns for CA-MS-SCS composition after a) drying at 120ºC overnight and sintering at b) 1100ºC, c) 1300ºC, and d) 1500ºC for 3 h. Graphs on the right represent those on the left at higher magnification. List of symbols: C = Corydon (α-Al₂O₃, PDF = 1-1243), P = Periclase (α-MgO, PDF = 1-1235), B = Brucite (Mg(OH)₂, PDF = 1-1169), T = Magnesium silicate hydroxide hydrate or Talc (Mg₅Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂.8H₂O, PDF = 5-99), S = Spinel (MgAl₂O₄, PDF = 1-1154), F = Forsterite (Mg₂SiO₄, PDF = 1-1290), E = Enstatite (MgSiO₃, PDF = 2-546). The numbers on the right indicate the mass percent of each crystalline phase identified.

The suspension containing CAC experienced a significant formation of brucite and CAC hydrate katoite (C₃AH₆ or Ca₃Al₂(OH)₁₂, Figure 6a, corroborated by two intense mass loss rate peaks at approximately 380ºC and 430ºC, respectively, related to the dehydroxylation of Ca₃Al₂(OH)₁₂ and Mg(OH)₂ (Figure 4b)¹⁴,¹⁵,⁸¹,⁸³,⁸⁵. Previous reports indicated the presence of CAC speeds up and intensifies the hydroxylation reaction of MgO due to the increase in suspensions’ pH and inner temperature¹⁴-¹⁶. Moreover, since CAC’s hydrates crystals rapidly filled part of the pores of the structure, there was less room to accommodate the extra volume generated during the formation of brucite¹⁴,¹⁶,⁴²,⁴⁴. Consequently, the first signs of damage by apparent volumetric expansion appeared for the CAC-containing sample after 24-h curing at 60ºC. The microcracks formed in the structure during the curing time increased permeability, favored premature water withdrawal (W_0CAC=15%), and eased the overall drying during the initial heating. On the other hand, no signs of AVE were detected for the SCS-bonded samples, even after 7-day curing. Besides the very low amount of brucite formed, a talc-based magnesium silicate hydroxide hydrate (Mg₅Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂.8H₂O) was also identified (Figure 7a)⁴⁶,⁹⁵-⁹⁸. Previous studies reported it prevented MgO hydroxylation due to its high stability and insolubility and produce strong bonding connections amongst the particles⁴¹,⁴⁶,⁶⁷. Therefore, the resulting microstructure of the green dried sample comprised a compact mixture of calcined alumina, MgO particles covered with a thin coating of Mg₅Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂.8H₂O, and thicker layers of gelled colloidal silica particles (Figures 8a, b). Although it was dense and crack-free, the drying behavior occurred safely, with no explosive spalling.

Figure 8
SEM images for CA-MS-SCS composition: a-b) green dried at 120ºC and c-f) after sintering at 1600ºC for 3 h. Elemental analysis: Red for Mg, blue for Al, and pink for Si.

3.3. Physical properties and microstructure evolution during initial heating

After initial drying at 120ºC, CAC-bonded samples showed a significant total porosity increase and strength reduction in the 300-700ºC temperature range related to the decomposition of hydroxylated compounds formed during curing (Figure 3)⁷⁷,⁸⁰,⁸¹,⁸³-⁸⁵. Regarding curing steps conducted above 30ºC, Katoetite hydrate (C₃AH₆) is the main calcium aluminate hydrate formed. Previous studies reported that its decomposition occurs above 350ºC and results mainly in C₃A (Ca₃Al₂O₆), CA (CaAl₂O₃), and C₁₂A₇ (Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃)⁸³,⁸⁵ Due to their higher density in comparison to the hydroxylated state, the formation of such aluminates increased the pore content in the structure concomitantly with the collapse of bridging points amongst particles. Consequently, up to 700ºC, the structure became more porous and weaker. In this study, the strength reduction was particularly intense due to the microcracks generated during curing and the extra pores formed after Mg(OH)₂ dehydroxylation¹⁵,⁴²,⁴⁸,⁸¹. In the 700-900ºC range, calcium aluminates begin to merge and rearrange to form single compounds, namely CA₂ (CaAl₄O₇), small fractions of CA₆ (CaAl₁₂O₁₉), above 1100ºC (Figure 6b)⁸⁵,⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰. Above 900ºC, the solid-state reaction of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl₂O₄) begins and becomes more intese at approximately 1250ºC to consume a significant part of the Al³⁺ ions available¹⁹,²⁴,¹⁰¹,¹⁰², favoring the formation of CA₂ instead of CA₆ (Figures 6c, d)⁷,⁸. Since CA₂ has lower density and a highly asymmetrical crystalline habit, when its in situ formation occurs in the presence of in situ spinel, the interlocking of both types of crystals maximizes the expansion of the structure (Figure 9a)⁷,⁸,²⁶. Although above 1500-1600ºC the structure begins to shrink, it also contains unreacted MgO and higher than 40% total porosity level (Figure 10). Studies of similar systems reported the challenge of achieving significant levels of densification in high-spinel content structures⁴,¹⁸-²²,³⁰,⁶⁰,⁶¹,⁶³.

Figure 9
Dilatometric analysis of samples containing a) calcium aluminate cement (CA-MS-CAC) or b) silanized colloidal silica during sintering (dynamic dimensional linear thermal variation) or after isothermal treatments in the 300-1600ºC temperature range for 3 h (permanent dimensional linear thermal variation). Abbreviations: MDE = maximum dynamic expansion; MPE = maximum permanent expansion; FDV = final dynamic variation; FPV = final permanent variation.

Figure 10
SEM images for CA-MS-CAC composition after sintering at 1600ºC for 3 h. Elemental analysis: Red for Mg, blue for Al, and green for Ca.

Regarding the SCS-bonded composition, in comparison to its 120ºC dried samples, no significant strength reduction occurred after further thermal treatments (Figure 3). Such behavior was observed for other MgO-free systems containing colloidal binders instead of hydraulic ones²,²⁸,⁴⁶,⁶⁶,⁶⁹-⁷¹,⁸⁹,⁹⁴,¹⁰³ and can be attributed to the absence of hydroxylated phases at the bridging points amongst the particles, which do not lose connection during initial heating⁴⁶,⁶⁶,⁸⁴,⁸⁵. At approximately 800ºC, the shrinkage event observed can be attributed to the simultaneous decomposition of the magnesium silicate hydroxide hydrate and softening of the amorphous silica, which promotes a certain degree of accommodation in the structure (Figure 9b)¹⁰⁴-¹⁰⁹. From 900ºC up to 1400ºC, the expansion event related to spinel formation was less intense than the one observed for CAC-containing compositions, and above this temperature, intense shrinkage and densification occurred. From a technological point of view, those results are highly important regarding the installation, drying, and firing of large monolithic parts that must sustain their weight before sintering¹,²,⁵,⁷⁰,⁷³,⁷⁴,⁸²,⁸³.

Unlike CAC-containing samples, the SCS-bonded ones showed significant differences between dynamic and permanent dimensional linear thermal variations (Figure 9b). Whereas the dynamic analysis indicated an instantaneous expansive behavior during heating, samples treated under isothermal conditions for longer periods experienced shrinkage at all testing temperatures. Two simultaneous effects explain such a behavior. Firstly, the presence of transient liquids (i.e., compounds of low melting point and viscosity, such as C₁₂A₇, which melts at around 1360ºC) in the CAC-containing samples speeded up the formation of calcium aluminates and spinel [7,25,-28,42,110]. Therefore, reactions conducted under different heating rates behaved similarly. A similar effect was reported by studies that tested CAC-free compositions containing low-purity amorphous silica grades (such as microsilica, which typically contains up to 94-97 wt% of SiO₂)²⁷,⁶⁷,¹⁰²,¹⁰³,¹¹⁰. These works identified significant quantities of the low melting point magnesium aluminum silicates cordierite (Mg₂Al₂Si₅O₁₈, T_M = 1460ºC) and sapphirine (Mg₄Al₁₀Si₂O₂₃, T_M = 1482ºC) besides spinel. On the other hand, high-purity grades of synthetic amorphous silica, such as SCS, show almost no rupture of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedral net by residual alkalis and, due to this, their liquid phase displays very high viscosity and hardly crystallizes above the softening point⁷⁹,¹⁰³-¹⁰⁵,¹⁰⁹. Consequently, it has almost no chemical activity to host permanently Al³⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions hindering the formation of magnesium-aluminum silicates. Nevertheless, it favored the formation of large faceted spinel crystals and accommodated their expansion, as an indication of the high mobility ions experienced during sintering³,²⁴,²⁷,⁵⁰,⁶⁷,¹⁰²,¹¹⁰. The final microstructure attained at 1600ºC contains practically no unreacted alumina or MgO and comprises a dense compact of large crystals of spinel surrounded by thin layers of amorphous silica and small portions of magnesium silicate Enstatite (MgSiO₃) pre-formed during the initial heating (Figures 7b-d and 8c-f).

4. Conclusions

The use of silanized colloidal silica (SCS) as a liquid medium and anti-hydroxylation binder for an in situ spinel composition comprised of calcined alumina and fine magnesia sinter produced synergistic and technologically useful results. Differently from mixtures of MgO-containing formulations with typical unsilanized anionic colloidal silica, no instantaneous gelling occurred. Conversely, after mixing and homogenization, the suspension attained showed high flowability and workability for periods longer than 30 min at 60ºC. After casting and curing, the formation of a protective coating of magnesium silicate hydroxide hydrate (Mg₅Si₈O₂₀(OH)₂.8H₂O) halted the MgO hydroxylation reaction and its deleterious volumetric expansion. No explosive spalling due to pressurized vapor formation occurred during drying tests and high levels of strength were attained in the green-dried state. Unlike the behavior observed for the CAC-bonded reference, the flexural strength of the SCS-containing samples increased continuously due to the total porosity reduction promoted by the thermal treatments towards sintering. The formation of magnesium silicates (Mg₂SiO₄ and MgSiO₃) and a remaining portion of non-crystallized amorphous silica favored ions mobility during in situ formation of spinel so that its volumetric expansion could be conveniently roomed and large faceted crystals could form and grow. Although further testing of corrosion, creep, and thermal shock resistance is necessary, the high level of densification (TP_1600ºC = 7 ± 0.3%) and well-built geometry of spinel crystals attained after sintering suggest such a microstructure is Taylor-made for steelmaking applications, such as steel-ladle lining.

5. Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge Brazilian Research Foundations FAPESP (2010-19274-5; 2017/06738-2; 2018/19773-3; 2022/03655-7), CNPq (305877/2017-8; 304081/2020-5; 150265/2022-0; 311010/2023-7), and CAPES (Finance Code 001) for supporting this research and Almatis (Brazil and USA), ELFUSA Geral de Eletrofusão (Brazil) and Magnesita-RHI (Brazil) for the samples of calcined alumina, calcium aluminate cement, and MgO sinter, respectively. They are indebted to the Electron Microscopy Laboratory of Advanced Materials Research Support Center (SMM/IFSC) for the SEM. They declare that, to the best of their knowledge, no competing interests (financial or personal) affected the results reported in this paper and that they cited all funding and supporting sources.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  29 Mar 2024
• Date of issue
  2024

History

• Received
  04 Oct 2023
• Reviewed
  30 Jan 2024
• Accepted
  03 Mar 2024