Effect of pH on Optic and Structural Characterization of Chemical Deposited AgI Thin Films

Abstract

AgI thin films were grown on amorphous commercial glass substrates with chemical bath deposition (CBD) at different pH values (2, 3, 4, 5, 6), 6 hours deposition time and 60 °C. The structure of the nanocrystals was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The ratio of Ag⁺ and I^- ions changed the crystalline structures. The presence of the Ag⁺ ions produces the γ-phase of AgI and excess of iodine concentration produces β-phase of AgI. The pH: 4 was like a transition pH for these phases. The number of crystallites per unit area has maximum value at pH: 5, as the structure is re-crystallization to hexagonal phase. Also, the thicknesses of produced thin films were decreased with increased pH values. Therefore, transmission, reflection, extinction coefficients and refractive index of the materials were affected by thicknesses, and calculated to be 32, 35, 3, 11, 9 (%) - 27, 25, 61, 45, 49 (%) - 0.036, 0.032, 0.067, 0.107, 0.075 and 3.21, 3.02, 5.16, 8.35, 5.70 in 550 nm at pH: 2-3-4-5-6 values, respectively. The exciton peaks of AgI were observed at between 320 and 420 nm. Surface properties were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

Keywords:
AgI; crystal growth; pH effect; chemical bath deposition; optical and surface properties

1. Introduction

Semiconductor industry has significantly developed and will develop next years. The chalcogenides are very useful in the semiconductor industry, for instance, they are used in computers. These materials are used in two terminal devices which have two different resistance states^1,2. This situation was investigated widely in the optoelectronic world. AgI synthetic particles were also known as well semiconductors due to their photosensitivity and superionic conductivity^3-7. The crystallite size and crystal structure of AgI have been affected by growth mechanism which is important in terms of photosensitivity. Therefore, we have to give much attention to characterization and preparation of AgI^8-16.

According to the literature, it has been observed several polymorphic forms depending on the experimental conditions and the temperature of formation¹⁷. AgI occurred in two polymorphic forms; a hexagonal wurtzite type β-AgI structure and cubic zinc blend type γ-AgI structure. Moreover, AgI changed several phases from cubic γ phase to the rhombohedral, tetragonal and rock salt modifications with magnitude of pressure, also ZnS-type structural system is observed^18,19.

Many researchers attempted to produce AgI films according to these different properties of AgI. Someone investigated γ-AgI formation, its' memory effect and someone searched its' structural and morphological properties. The resistance switching of AgI was obtained to control the current or the voltage of the devices. This property and the other properties of AgI depend on its structure and electrical properties. For instance, the resistivity of AgI was 1 Ωcm at 200 °C for α-AgI structure, but AgI had β and α phase at 147 °C. So, the structure of AgI crystal changes depending on preparation conditions.

The research related to the effects of pH with chemical bath on AgI structure and optical properties for the solar cell substrates can be rarely found in literature. Therefore, in this study, our purpose is to investigate the effects of pH and doping parameters on AgI thin films growth with CBD. The characterizations of the surface, structural, optical properties depending on crystal growth were examined.

2. Experimental Procedure

2.1 Crystal growth and characterizations

All chemicals were purchased from Merck and Aldrich and they were used without further purification. High purity reagents were used in preparing all of the solutions. The stock solutions with several concentrations were diluted daily in order to be used as solutions. The other stock solutions were prepared from highly pure compounds (99.9%, E. Merck, Darmstadt, Sigma Aldrich). All plastic and glassware equipment were cleaned by soaking them in dilute HNO₃ and were rinsed with deionizer water before they were used. Substrates were cleaned and dipped into alcohol and HNO₃. Baths with concentrations AgCl, 1×10^-3 M; KI 1×10^-3 M; HNO₃ 0.1 M, were used. In order to adjust the pH value of the solution as 2, 3, 4; 1100 µl, 80 µl, 8 µl of nitric acid (HNO₃), respectively, and14µL 0.1 M KOH solution for pH: 6. But, nothing was added to the solution of pH: 5. The pH meter was used to measure the pH values of the chemical baths (Lenko mark 6230N). The samples were left in the oven at 60 ºC for 6 hours.

The chemical reactions for the deposition of the silver iodide crystals taking place on the glass substrate in the bath are as below. Silver ions (Ag⁺) don't dissolve with iodine (I^-) in the bath and form an insoluble AgI.

(1) $H_{3}O^{+}{}_{\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)}+I^{-}{}_{(\mathrm{aq})}\leftrightarrow H_{2}O+{\mathrm{HI}}_{\left(\mathrm{aq}\right)}$

(2) $\mathrm{Ag}^{+}{}_{(\mathrm{aq})}+I^{-}{}_{(\mathrm{aq})}\to {\mathrm{AgI}}_{(k)}$

Silver nitrate and potassium iodide were used for formation of AgI (2), but the chemical bath was in acidic area at pH: 2-6 (1). Hydrogen iodide occurred in reaction. When the pH of bath is decreased by adding nitric acid, iodine concentration decreases. So, the formation AgI depended on HI (1) reaction and pH of the bath. The pH of the bath affected the film thickness grown on glass substrate and structure of AgI crystals.

The crystalline structure of AgI was determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with a CuKα₁ radiation source (Rikagu RadB model, λ=1.5406 Å) over the range 10° < 2θ < 90° at a speed of 3° min^-1 with a step size of 0.02°. We investigated the surface properties of all of formed crystals by using an EVO40-LEO computer controlled digital scanning electron microscope (SEM). Ratio of chemical compositions was measured by an EDX spectrometer attached to the SEM. We used Lange 500 Spectrophotometer at room temperature to make optical measurements by placing an uncoated identical glass substrate in the reference beam. The optical spectrum of the thin films grown on glass substrate was recorded in the wavelength at the range of 200-1100 nm. The thicknesses of the thin films were measured with a Veeco Multi Mode AFM (Controller=NanoScope 3D).

3. Results and Discussion

3.1 Structural properties

It was seen that XRD patterns changed with pH of the chemical bath. The peaks of γ-AgI and β-AgI can be observed at the diffraction angle of 10°<2θ<90° on the XRD spectrum. These diffraction patterns have cubic (γ-AgI) and hexagonal (β-AgI) structures and preferential orientation in the (111), (220) and (311) plane at pH: 2, (220), (111), (101) and (112) at pH: 3, (220), (111), (101), (110), (220), (103) and (112) at pH: 4, (002), (102), (110) and (112) at pH: 5, (002), (102), (110) and (112) at pH: 6. The intensity of XRD peaks, preferential orientation of atoms and crystal structures changed with deposition pH, were shown in Fig. 1 and Table 1. According to Kennedy¹⁷, Ves and et. al¹⁸ and Goswami¹⁹, γ- and β-AgI phase depends on the high temperature, not only the temperature but also pH changed the phase in this study. The pH of bath directly affected the iodine concentration, and the iodine concentration decreased below pH:5-6. While γ-AgI phase was observed at the lower pH (pH=2-4), iodine concentration increased above pH: 5-6 and γ-AgI phase is transformed to β-AgI phase depend on XRD spectrum. The XRD patterns showed that iodized Ag film contained β-phase of AgI which was confirmed by the (102) and (103) peaks when XRD data of γ-AgI determined superposition with the (002) and (112) peaks by Liang²⁰, Kumar²¹ and Validźić²².

Figure 1
XRD spectrum of AgI thin films (a) pH: 2, (b) pH: 3, (c) pH: 4, (d) pH: 5, (e) pH: 6.

Table 1
The observed and literature peaks (ASTM Data) and crystal orientations at the diffraction angle for the crystals grown at different pH values.

pH value	(h k l)	2θ (Observed)	2θ (Calculated)	I/Io	Structure
pH: 2	γ-(111)	23.675	23.694	100.0	Cubic
	γ-(220)	39.142	39.175	28.2
	γ-(311)	46.320	46.296	22.0
pH: 3	γ-(220)	22.340	22.335	6.1
	γ-(111)	23.500	23.709	100.0
	γ-(101)	24.709	24.600	5.2
	γ-(112)	46.200	46.202	3.0
pH: 4	γ-(220)	22.340	22.360	3.3	Cubic + Hexagonal
	γ-(111)	23.739	23.735	100.0
	β-(101)	24.906	23.710	3.2
	β-(110)	39.248	39.245	1.7
	γ-(220)	39.250	39.245	1.5
	β-(103)	40.700	42.630	0.9
	β-(112)	46.000	45.570	0.7
pH: 5	β-(002)	23.701	23.723	100.0	Hexagonal
	β-(102)	33.000	32.809	4.1
	β-(110)	39.200	39.214	8.1
	β-(112)	46.359	46.347	9.9
pH: 6	β-(002)	23.681	23.723	100.0
	β-(102)	32.500	32.809	4.1
	β-(110)	39.191	39.196	19.0
	β-(112)	46.265	46.347	11.00

Crystal lattice parameters along the (111) at pH: 2, (300) at pH: 3, (300) at pH: 4, (001) at pH: 5 and (001) at pH: 6 plane were calculated by using the formulas given below,

(3) ${\mathit{d}}^2=\frac{{\mathit{a}}^2}{{\mathit{h}}^2+{\mathit{k}}^2+{\mathit{l}}^2}\left(\mathrm{Cubic}\mathrm{Structure}\right)$

(4) $\frac{1}{{\mathit{d}}^2}=\frac{4}{3}\left(\frac{{\mathit{h}}^2+\mathit{hk}+{\mathit{k}}^2}{{\mathit{a}}^2}\right)+\frac{{\mathit{l}}^2}{{\mathit{c}}^2}\left(\mathrm{Hexagonal}\mathrm{Structure}\right)$

crystallite size (D), dislocation density (δ) and the number of crystallization per unit area (N) were obtained by using Scherrer's formula^23-25:

(5) $\mathit{D}=\frac{0.9\mathit{\lambda }}{\mathit{\beta }\cos \mathit{\theta }}$

(6) $\mathit{\delta }=\frac{1}{{\mathit{D}}^2}$

(7) $\mathit{N}=\frac{\mathit{t}}{{\mathit{D}}^3}$

where t is the formed crystal layer thickness, λ is wavelength of X-ray (1.5406 Å), β is FWHM of the peak, θ is Bragg's angle, δ is dislocation density which is defined as the length of dislocation lines per unit volume of the crystal. Higher δ values indicate lower crystalline levels and the amount defects in the structure. In this study, a higher δ value was calculated at pH: 4, since the cubic structure of AgI converted to hexagonal phase. So, the pH: 4 was like a transition pH for these phases. The number of crystallites per unit area has maximum value at pH: 5, as the structure is re-crystallization to hexagonal phase. The crystallites obtained at pH: 2-4-6 had the best crystallinity. The changes in dislocation density, the number of crystallites per unit area and the average crystallite sizes are presented in Fig. 2.

Figure 2
Variation of the dislocation density (δ), the number of crystalline (N) and the crystallite size (D) of the AgI thin films as a function of the pH of the chemical bath.

3.2 Concentration distribution and surface morphology

Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) was used in order to understand the effect of the ion concentrations on the structure. Theoretically, the Ag⁺ and I^- ions are 45.94 %, 54.06 % and atomic ratio is (Ag/I) 0.84979 respectively. As seen in Fig. 3, the ratio of Ag⁺ and I^- ions decrease with increasing pH values. The presence of Ag⁺ ions gets the γ-phase of AgI and excess of iodine concentration produces β-phase of AgI. The iodine concentration increases at pH:5 and 6, and the structure transforms from γ-phase to β-phase, and γ-phase observes at pH: 2-4. The atomic ratio is about 0.83 at pH: 6. The hexagonal wurtzite type (β-AgI) is observed while the silver and iodine atomic ratio is below 0.90. The cubic zinc blend type (γ-AgI) forms while the atomic ratio of silver and iodine is over 0.90.

Figure 3
The ratio of Ag⁺ and I^- ions.

The SEM images of the thin films with same magnification factor for pH:2-6 are depicted in Fig. 4. As seen from SEM images, the thin films are very dense except for pH:2. It is seen that crystallization is rare for pH:2, but any broke are not observed on the surface. As seen from figures, crystals bonded substrate. Small particles are obtained for pH:2-4 and both big and small particles are obtained for pH:5 and 6. For each pH value, specific accumulate type of the crystals are observed for some regions. This is a result of preferred growth of atoms. This situation can be explained by speed of reaction in solution, amorphous structure of substrate, temperature difference of particles inside solution, pH value and composition of solution. Crystallization number for unit surface area and dislocation density are also fluctuating with the effect of the phase transitions.

Figure 4
SEM imagines of AgI thin films.

3.3 Optical properties

The transmittance (T) for AgI thin films formed on glass substrates can be obtained by using absorbance (A) and reflectivity (R) spectra from the expression²⁶:

(8) $\mathit{T}={\left(1-\mathit{R}\right)}^2{\mathit{e}}^{-\mathit{A}}$

Transmission and the reflectivity measurements are performed at room temperature at the range of 200-1100 nm, and absorption and transmission-reflectivity curves versus wavelengths are shown in Figs. 5-6, respectively. The absorption coefficient,α determines effective penetration distance of light with a particular wavelength inside the material. As seen from Fig. 5, the absorption coefficients (α) are changed to be 0.497, 0.447, 1.478, 0.935 and 1.041 at pH: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 in the visible region (550 nm), respectively. Optical transmission was the largest at pH: 4; then the transmission values decreased at pH 5-6. The transmission and reflection values of AgI thin crystalline layers occurred on glass substrates are obtained to be 32, 35, 3, 11, 9 % and 27, 25, 61, 45, 49 % in 550 nm at pH: 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 values, respectively. The exciton peaks of AgI were observed at between 320 and 420 nm with pH: 2, 3, 4, 5 to be similar with the findings in literature, so the transmission and reflection curves are touching each other in these wavelengths^4,27-29. In terms of optical properties; if you produced AgI thin crystalline layers with different solvents with spray pyrolysis technique, exciton peak of AgI was observed around 420 nm dispersion in water when 360-495 nm aged in 2-propanol. The preparation of AgI with different solvents affected absorption wavelength with spray pyrolysis technique^20-22.

Figure 5
The absorbance change versus wavelength of AgI thin films grown at different pH values.

Figure 6
Optical transmission and reflectance spectra of AgI thin films grown at different pH values of the chemical bath.

The refractive index and extinction coefficient for the materials are given as²⁶:

(9) $\mathit{n}=\frac{1+\mathit{R}}{1-\mathit{R}}+\sqrt{\frac{4\mathit{R}}{{\left(1-\mathit{R}\right)}^2}-{\mathit{k}}^2}$

(10) $\mathit{k}=\frac{\mathit{\alpha }\mathit{\lambda }}{4\mathit{\pi }}$

The changes of the refractive indexes and extinction coefficients versus wavelength are shown in Fig. 7. The refractive index formed a shape similar to the reflection. The refractive indexes are changed to be 3.21, 3.02, 5.16, 8.35 and 5.70 at pH: 2-6, respectively. The refractive index has the highest at pH: 5. The film thickness affected the refractive index and extinction coefficient. The thicknesses of the thin films are decreased with increased pH values as shown in Fig. 8.

Figure 7
Refraction index (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of AgI thin films grown at different pH values.

Figure 8
The film thickness changed with pH of the AgI thin films.

The optical constants are parameters which define the reaction of a matter excited by an electromagnetic radiation at a given wavelength. These optical constants can be expressed as a complex dielectric function by the following formula^30,31:

(11) $\epsilon ={\epsilon }_1+i{\epsilon }_2$

or as a complex refractive index by the following formula:

(12) $n=n_r+\mathrm{ik}$

(13) ${\epsilon }_1=n_r{}^2-k^2$

(14) ${\epsilon }_2=2\mathrm{nk}$

The real part or refraction index (n_r) defines the phase velocity of light in material. The imaginary part or extinction coefficient (k) determines attenuation into material. Thus, the optical constants represent the optical properties of a material in terms of electromagnetic propagation in the material. The values of dielectric constants versus the wavelength for the thin films are shown in Fig. 9. The dielectric coefficients of the crystals are changed to be 2.11, 1.80, 16.92, 6.15 and 7.63 at pH: 2-6, respectively.

Figure 9
Dielectric coefficients (ε) of AgI thin films grown at different pH values.

Light extinction and scattering by gold and silver nanoparticles by using Mie calculations and size-dependence of the extinction coefficient for silver and gold nanoparticles were given by Julien and Martinus³². They compared available experimental data concerning the molar extinction coefficients for gold and silver nanoparticles and the results obtained by Mie calculations and developed simple power-law definition for the dependence of the maximum extinction coefficient on particle diameter. Mie calculations have already been applied to obtain the extinction spectrum of gold nanoparticles in solution^33,34, but silver has received less attention.

The experimental measurements of the extinction coefficients of silver nanoparticles for a range of sizes are obtained by Evanoff and Chumanov³⁵. The agreements between the experimental data and the results obtained by Mie calculations are not very good. A quadrupole resonance was observed at short wavelengths for larger particle sizes (The spectral region of interest chosen was 320-420 nm), whose peak extinction coefficient is larger, but this band is neglected.

The optical response of silver is significantly affected by surface effects. It can be concluded that Mie calculations are actually most reliable method for silver nanoparticles, if these nanoparticles are mono-disperse and perfectly spherical. Also, the angular distribution of scattered light is of interest for the right-angle. Asymmetry parameter, which is the average value of the cosine of the scattering angle, can be estimated by the angular distribution of scattered light. The asymmetry parameter is zero for very small particles. Deviations from zero may be explained as changes in the angular distribution³². Also, high-index materials are used to make the filters and mirrors used in lasers with special reflecting by optimal designs, and these kind of structures based on heavy metal oxide have practical applications in the field of reflecting windows, glass ceramics, thermal and mechanical sensors, layers for optical and electronic devices, etc³⁶.

4. Conclusıons

AgI thin films have been grown on glass substrates by the CBD method at different pH values. XRD studies depict the phase transformation of AgI crystals. This effect can be explained by increasing of crystallite sizes and pH effect. SEM images show that increasing crystallite size and the grain structures turn into hexagonal from cubic when the pH values are increased. The results of EDX analysis depict the presence of Ag and I in the crystals. UV-VIS spectrophotometric analysis showed that the optical response of silver is much more sensitive to surface effects. According to optical properties, AgI thin films with high-index are appropriate to make the filters and mirrors used in lasers with special reflecting by optimal designs, layers for optical and electronic devices, reflecting windows and mechanical and thermal sensors.

5. Acknowledgement

This work was supported by the Karabük University Scientific Research Project Unit under Contract No: KBÜ-BAP-13/1-YL-033, KBÜ-BAP-14/2-DS-042 and KBÜ-BAP-16/1-YD-016. The authors would like to thank to the Karabük University Scientific Research Project Unit for their financial support.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  31 Aug 2017
• Date of issue
  Nov-Dec 2017

History

• Received
  26 Mar 2017
• Reviewed
  29 May 2017
• Accepted
  20 June 2017