Influence of ZnO and TiO<sub>2</sub> Particle Sizes in the Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Vulcanized Rubber

González, Neudys; Custal, Maria del Àngels; Rodríguez, Daniel; Riba, Jordi-Roger; Armelin, Elaine

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-0178

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Articles • Mat. Res. 20 (4) • Jul-Aug 2017 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2017-0178 copy

Influence of ZnO and TiO₂ Particle Sizes in the Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Vulcanized Rubber

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The novelty of the present study relies on the straightforward sonication of ZnO and TiO₂ and incorporation to a complex formulation of latex, with other several organic-inorganic additives that influences the cross-linking reactions. The new elastomer with particles carefully sonicated exhibit improved electrical and mechanical properties. Strong interaction among the nanoparticles and the polymer amorphous phase has been proved by means of FTIR, SEM and XRD analyses. The synergistic effect of hybrid fillers with nanometric dimensions can be used to design high-performance natural rubber nanocomposites with enhanced electrical resistance and good cross-linking degree.

Keywords:
Rubber; Polymer composites; Titanium dioxide; Zinc oxide; Dielectric properties

Sample	Tg ^a) a) Glass transition temperature obtained by DSC in the second scan after dynamic curing at 20ºC/min, [ºC]	T_d,max^b) b) Temperature of the maximum decomposition rate based on the TGA data at 10ºC /min, [ºC]	Char yield[%]	σ_max^c) c) Maximum tensile strength, [MPa]	σ_r^d) d) Tensile strength at break, [MPa]	ε ^e) e) Maximum elongation at break after 5 stress-strain measurements, [%]	WCA ^f) f) Water contact angle average after 10 measurements of static water droplet. [º]	ν_e^g) g) Cross-linking density measured by toluene swelling, according to ASTM D3616. [10^-5mol/cm³]	Thickness[mm]
Unmodified NR	-63	375	0.3	3.5 ± 0.2	22.2 ± 0.6	754 ± 23	118 ± 3.0	17	1.24
NR with solids sonicated (5 min)	-63	378	1.3	4.7 ± 0.2	28.5 ± 1.2	919 ± 16	128 ± 1.0	61	1.15
NR with solids sonicated (10 min)	-64	377	1.2	4.8 ± 0.1	28.6 ± 0.6	930 ± 13	130 ± 3.0	79	1.20

Sample	ρ_v[10¹⁵Ω.cm]1 min	ρ_v[10¹⁵Ω.cm]5 min	σ_dc[10^-16S/cm]1 min	σ_dc[10^-16S/cm]5 min	ρ_s[10¹⁴Ω]1 min	ρ_s[10¹⁴Ω]5 min	Thickness[mm]
Unmodified NR	1.52 ± 0.10	3.38 ± 0.2	6.58 ± 0.10	3.0 ± 0.20	1.10 ± 0.03	1.20 ± 0.03	1.09
NR with solids sonicated [5 min]	1.98 ± 0.12	4.38 ± 0.01	5.10 ± 0.12	2.3 ± 0.01	6.90 ± 0.02	0.90 ± 0.03	1.12
NR with solids sonicated [10 min]	2.73 ± 0.12	4.45 ± 0.04	3.66 ± 0.12	2.2 ± 0.04	7.70 ± 0.01	1.60 ± 0.03	1.10

Sample	R_c[Ω.cm²]	CPE_c[F cm^-2 s^n-1]	n	ε'1000 Hz	ε''1000 Hz	tanδ1000 Hz	Thickness[mm]
Unmodified NR	2.08 × 10⁶	2.22 × 10^-10	0.75	14.83	40.96	2.77	0.710
NR with solids sonicated (5 min)	5.63 × 10⁶	2.19 × 10^-10	0.76	12.70	19.26	1.53	0.708
NR with solids sonicated (10 min)	1.03 × 10⁷	4.97 × 10^-11	0.83	5.43	9.40	1.68	0.703

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Influence of ZnO and TiO2 Particle Sizes in the Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Vulcanized Rubber

Influence of ZnO and TiO₂ Particle Sizes in the Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Vulcanized Rubber