Low Temperature Sintering of Aluminum-Zircon Metal Matrix Composite Prepared by Spark Plasma Sintering

Abstract

Aluminum-15 wt. % zircon metal matrix composite was fabricated using spark plasma sintering method at the temperature of 450°C and holding time of 4 min. The bending strength of 284±21 MPa and microhardness of 171±14 Vickers were determined for produced composite. XRD investigations proved that almost no decomposition of zircon particles as reinforcement occurred. SEM studies revealed the homogenous dispersion of reinforcement particles in the aluminum matrix.

Keywords:
Aluminum; Zircon; Sintering; Composite materials

1. Introduction

Aluminum metal matrix composites (AMCs) have attractive applications in the field of automotive, aerospace and constructive industries due to their proper properties such as high stiffness, strength and very low weight^1,2. Previous studies have shown that the addition of hard ceramic particles such as SiC, A1₂O₃, and TiC could improve the hardness, wear, and abrasion resistance of aluminum alloys. On the other hand, the homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement particles in a metal matrix composite is one of the most important advantages of powder metallurgy compared with casting routs methods³. The key step in powder metallurgy process (beside others), is sintering. Spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique is one of the high-technology sintering process that has been used to prepare the large number of composite materials^4,5. As reported⁶, SPS introduces two important factors in a process of sintering; first is the production of sparks between particles and second is the application of pressure during sintering process. The advantages of SPS method such as rapid heating, surface cleaning of powders, etc, make this process one of the most successful sintering method to obtain fully dense materials^7-10.

In the present work, the spark plasma sintering technique has been used to produce Al-Zircon composites at a lower sintering temperature compared with conventional method. Additionally, the mechanical properties and microstructure of prepared composites have been investigated.

2. Materials and method

Aluminum (1056-merck), zircon (99.5% purity, average particle size of 5 µm) powders were used as starting materials. Aluminum and zircon (15 wt. %) powders were mixed in a turbula mixer in ethanol media for 1hours. After mixing, the mixtures were dried at 70°C to remove ethanol. Then, the dried powders were fed into a circular (30 mm diameter) graphite die. The sintering was performed at temperature of 450°C by applying 10 MPa uniaxial pressure at first step which was increased to 40 MPa at maximum operating temperature and remained for 4 min under vacuum. In order to remove the attached graphite, the surface of sintered samples was ground. After cutting the large samples, the bending strength test was measured on samples with the size 25×5×4 mm. The bulk density of sintered samples was measured using the Archimedes' principle. X-ray diffraction (XRD, Philips X' Pert System) analyses were performed to identify the phases present in the aluminum-zircon composites. Vickers microhardness values were determined using a MKV-h21 Microhardness Tester under a load of 1kg for 15 s. Scanning electron microscopy (Sigma / VP, Zeiss) was used to characterize the microstructure of the composites.

3. Results and discussion

The XRD pattern of aluminum-zircon composite sintered at 450°C (Figure 1) exhibits the sharp peaks of aluminum and zircon as the only crystalline phases which imply that on the precision of XRD analysis no decomposition of zircon and also reaction between aluminum and zircon take place.

Figure 1
XRD pattern of aluminum- zircon composite sintered at 450°C.

Figure 2 demonstrates the displacement and temperature changes versus sintering time and also Figure 3 illustrates the displacement rate as a function of sintering time and temperature. The change and rate of displacement can be used as the criteria of progress in sintering process. The increase in displacement shown in Figure 2 can occur as the result of two important changes in sintering process: 1) increasing sintering temperature and 2) applying pressure at maximum sintering temperature. By changing these two parameters, the amount of displacement as a criterion of densification reaches a maximum. The maximum displacement of 2.5 mm was measured in the present work. It is worth noting that the final stage of sintering process can be distinguished from the constant change of displacement.

Figure 2
Displacement and temperature changes versus sintering time.

Figure 3 shows the displacement rate of sintering procedure for aluminum-zircon composite. There are two important peak areas for displacement rate which demonstrate two main sintering stages.

Figure 3
Displacement rate Vs time and temperature in sintering process.

These areas were labeled in Figure 3 correlated to first and second densification of specimen. The first area correlates the displacement rate to the influence of temperature and also, attributes to gas removal and rearrangement of particles on densification while the second area occurs as pressure increases to 40 MPa.

The backscattered electron images and EDS spectra investigations from composite sample (Figure 4) revealed a homogeneous distribution of reinforcement particles in aluminum matrix. The bright spots in backscattered image represent the reinforcement particles, while the dark areas are aluminum matrix (spot 3 in Figure 4). Spot 1 introduces the existence of aluminum, zirconium, silicon and oxygen elements; this combination of elements shows most likely the existence of zircon and aluminum particles, as XRD pattern of Figure 1 confirms. It is noticeable that in EDS spectra shown in Figure 4 a peak of carbon is observable; it is because of using carbon foils in sintering process, therefore accelerated diffusion of carbon atoms into the aluminum matrix occurs under the SPS conditions.

Figure 4
SEM images and EDS spectra of aluminum-zircon composite.

Table 1 presents relative density, bending strength and microhardness values of prepared composite. A highly dense aluminum-zircon composite was obtained by the present work. The bending strength and microhardness of 284±21 MPa and 171±14 Vickers, respectively, were measured for sintered samples. The mechanical results obtained by our work are in good agreement with other published results in the field of aluminum-zircon composite. H. Abdizadeh et al¹¹ reported the production of aluminum-zircon composite through powder metallurgy by sintering at 600° and 650°C for 65 min. The reported relative density and mechanical properties of their work are almost lower than those reported in the present work due to the lower sintering time and temperature during SPS process beside application pressure during sintering process. The mentioned advantages of SPS process yield to better mechanical properties in lower sintering time and temperature.

Table 1
Relative density, bending strength and microhardness of prepared composite.

properties	Relative density (%)	Bending strength (MPa)	Microhardness (Vickers)
Al-Zircon composite	99.3±5	284±21	171±14

Table 2 presents mechanical properties and relative density of Al-Zircon composite which investigated by other researchers. As it can be seen in Tables 1 and 2, the mechanical and relative density results of these investigations are higher than other researcher's works. Application of spark plasma sintering leads to near fully dense Al-Zircon composite with proper microstructure. The lower sintering time and temperature beside PM technique leads to enhanced properties of composite. The capabilities of SPS method for preparation of aluminum matrix composite with unique properties have been reported by researchers^16-18.

Table 2
Mechanical properties and relative density of Al-Zircon composite investigated by other researchers.

samples	Method	hardness	Relative density	Tensile Strength	Ref
Al-4.5%Cu/Zircon sand	Casting-quenching-aging	74 vickers	-	-	A. Sharma12
Al-5wt%Zircon	Casting	75 brinell	-	220 MPa (UTS)	H. Abdizadeh13
Al-10vol%Zircon	PM-Conventional sintering	60 brinell	89%TD	160 MPa (yield stress)	H. Abdizadeh11
Al-13.5Si-2.SMg -15vol%Zircon	PM-Conventional sintering	106 vickers	88%TD	50 MPa (YS)-86 MPa (UTS)	J.U. Ejiofor14
Al-13.5Si-2.SMg -15vol%Zircon	Casting Figure 3. Displacement rate Vs time and temperature in sintering process.	75 brinell	-	190 MPa (UTS)	K. Shirvanimoghaddam12

4. Conclusions

Aluminum-zircon composite has been prepared through spark plasma sintering method as a novel technique at a low sintering temperature (450°C). A highly dense aluminum composite with proper mechanical properties (the bending strength of 284±21 MPa and microhardness of 171±14 Vickers) were obtained by SPS method. Application of SPS could result in producing of aluminum-zircon composite with uniform microstructure and suitable mechanical properties.

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  12 Sept 2016
• Date of issue
  Sep-Oct 2016

History

• Received
  18 Jan 2016
• Reviewed
  24 May 2016
• Accepted
  20 Aug 2016