Resumo em Inglês:

The properties of a microalloyed steel, with Nb and V in its composition, were studied, after different intercritical thermal treatments and at different austenitizing and tempering temperatures. The mechanical properties of the specimens were measured in a Vickers hardness tester, and their microstructures were analyzed by optical microscopy, with the aid of a digital image processor. After austenitizing at 1100 °C and tempering at 625 °C, the samples showed significantly higher tempering resistance, reflected by their retention of high hardness, which may be associated with a secondary hardening precipitation of Nb carbon nitrides. In the sample with dual-phase microstructure, the martensite volume fraction varied from 18.2 to 26.3% and the ferrite grain size remained unchanged, upon the variation of the time length of the intercritical treatments. Tempered samples showed Vickers hardness (HVN) varying from 327 to 399, and dual-phase samples showed HVN from 362 to 429.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper presents the chemical and physical characterizations of SiO2 and SiO2-CaO bioactive glasses incorporated with samarium atoms, produced by sol-gel synthesis. The objective is to provide biocompatible and biodegradable radioactive seeds as an alternative to be used in Brachytherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer. The glasses were produced and analyzed by X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), He picnometry and nitrogen adsorption analysis. A theoretical evaluation of the specific activity of the samples upon neutron activation is proposed. The XRF and EDS results demonstrate the incorporation of samarium atoms in the glass matrix. The experimental data coupled with the theoretical studies in neutron activation suggest that it is possible to obtain radioactive seeds with activities equivalent to 125I seeds used in brachytherapy prostatic.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work the surface of activated carbon was chemically modified in order to introduce O, S and N containing groups. The activated carbon surface was selectively oxidized with concentrated HNO3 under controlled conditions. Characterization by thermogravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy and NaOH titration suggested the formation of mainly -COOH and small amounts of -OH groups, with concentration of approximately 4.10(21) groups/g of carbon. These -COOH functionalized carbons showed high adsorption capacity for metal cations in aqueous solution in the following order: Pb+2>Cu+2>Ni+2 >Cd+2~Co+2>Ca+2 , suggesting a cation exchange mechanism via a surface complex [COO-M+2]. These -COOHsurf groups can be reacted with SOCl2 to produce a surface acylchloride group, -COCl. This surface -COCl group proved to be a very reactive and versatile intermediate for the grafting of different S and N containing molecules onto the carbon surface, such as 1,2-ethaneditiol (EDT-, HSCH2CH2SH) 1,7-dimercapto-4-thioheptane (DMTH-HSCH2CH2CH2SCH2CH 2CH2SH) or 1,2-ethylenediamine (EDA- NH2CH2CH2NH2 ) and triethyltetraamine, TEA (H2NCH2CH2NHCH2CH 2NHCH2CH2 NH2). The characterization of these materials was carried out by TG, IR and TPDMS (Temperature Programmed Decomposition Mass Spectrometry) experiments suggesting the formation of thioesther and amide surface groups, i.e. -COSR and -CONHR, with yields of approximately 50 and 75% for the reaction with DME and EDA, respectively. Preliminary adsorption experiments showed that these materials can efficiently remove metals such as Pb+2, Cu+2 and Ni+2 from aqueous medium.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this work highly dispersed Ru-Sn bimetallic catalysts have been prepared from organobimetallic Cp(PPh3)2Ru-SnX3 (X = Cl or Br) complexes. These single source precursors can be easily impregnated in high surface area supports, such as activated carbon and sol-gel SiO2, and upon controlled thermal treatment the ligands are released as volatile products resulting in the formation of the bimetallic system Ru-Sn. Catalytic reactions, such as hydrodechlorination of CCl4 and chlorobenzene and TPR (Temperature Programmed Reduction) experiments carried out with these RuSn catalysts suggested a strong interaction between Ruthenium and Tin. Mössbauer measurements showed that these materials when exposed to air are immediately oxidized to form Sn (IV). It was shown that upon controlled reduction conditions with H2 it is possible to reduce selectively Sn to different oxidation states and different phases. The Sn oxidation state showed significant effect on the catalytic hydrogenation of 1,5-cyclooctadiene. The use of these single source precursors with a controlled decomposition/reduction procedure allows the preparation of unique catalysts with an intimate interaction between the components ruthenium and tin and the possibility of varying the Sn oxidation state around the Ru metal.

Resumo em Inglês:

Nickel- and cobalt-doped magnetites were prepared by a co-precipitation method and studied in some detail, in an effort to identify some effects of the doping cations on the magnetic, crystallographic and morphological properties of the resulting spinel. The synthetic samples were characterized by conventional chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffractometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, saturation magnetization and scanning electron microscopy. From chemical analysis, the continuous increase of Ni2+ or Co2+ is accompanied by a simultaneous decrease of the Fe2+ contents, in the spinel structure. The magnetization values also decrease continuously with increasing doping cation contents. Mössbauer parameters are characteristic of substituted magnetites and indicate the presence of a single phase only. Based on the inverted intensities of the lines 1 (leftmost, on the negative Doppler velocity scale) and 2 of Mössbauer spectra of doped samples, relatively to the pure magnetite, it was assumed that the isomorphical substitution occurs preferentially on octahedral coordination sites of the spinel structure. The coercive field of these ferrites decrease steadily with Ni2+ but increases with Co2+ contents, reaching a maximum at x = 0.38, in the general formula Co xFe3-xO4 .

Resumo em Inglês:

Impedance spectroscopy technique was used to investigate the electric properties of Zn7Sb2O12, an electroceramic with inverse spinel type structure. The electric characterization of the Zn7Sb2O12 semiconducting ceramic was performed at temperature from 250 to 550 °C, in the frequency range from 5 Hz to 13 MHz. Zinc antimoniate phase was synthesized by the polymeric precursors method. The bulk resistance curve as a function of temperature exhibits a thermistor behavior with negative temperature coefficient. The bulk conductivity follows the Arrhenius law with two linear branches of different slopes positioned at around a region of transition, 450 °C > T > 350 °C. The activation energy values at low temperature (< 350 °C) and high temperature (> 450 °C) are equals to 0.78 and 0.61 eV, respectively. The existence of a phase transition limiting these regions is discussed.

Resumo em Inglês:

The electric and dielectric properties of Bi3Zn2Sb3O14 ceramic were studied by impedance spectroscopy. The measurements were performed in the frequency range 5 to 13 MHz and at temperature ranges from 25 to 700 °C. The permittivity was calculated by the variation of the imaginary part of the impedance (-Im(Z)) as function of 1/omega, where omega represents the angular frequency (2pif). The parameter epsilon = f(T) exhibits values in the range from 40 to 48. The dielectric losses (tandelta) show slight dependence with the temperature up to 400 °C. A strong increasing of the tandeltaoccurs at temperatures higher than 400 °C. In a general way, a decrease of the parameter tandelta occurs with the increasing frequency.

Resumo em Inglês:

Polypropylene films (PP) surface treated by corona discharge in air was analyzed to verify the changes on surface composition. The presence of oxidized polar groups on the film surface, mainly, C=O, C-O and COH, was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR/ATR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) revealed a dramatic change in the morphology and provided qualitative results of the chemical composition (new structures). Contact angle (q) of the PP films decreased after corona treatment indicating an increase in the wettability due to the polar groups formed. Extended treatment results of low molecular weight oxidized material into the surfaces and a smaller additional degree of modification in the wettability is obtained.

Resumo em Inglês:

Zinc self-diffusion coefficients were measured in polycrystalline ZnO of high density (>99% of the theoretical density) and of high purity (> 99.999%). The diffusion experiments were performed from 1006 to 1377 °C, in oxygen atmosphere, for times between 16 and 574 h. The diffusion profiles were established by means of Residual Activity Method using the 65Zn radioactive isotope as zinc tracer. In our experimental conditions, the zinc volume diffusion coefficients can be described by the following Arrhenius relationship: D(cm²/s) = 1.57×10-3 exp[(-2.66 ± 0.26) eV/kT]. In the same experimental conditions, the grain-boundary diffusion coefficients are approximately 4 orders of magnitude greater than the volume diffusion coefficients, and can be described by the Arrhenius relation: D'delta (cm³/s) = 1.59×10-6 exp[(-2.44 ± 0.45) eV/kT], where D' is the grain-boundary diffusion coefficient and delta is the grain boundary width.

Resumo em Inglês:

Oxygen diffusion coefficients in pure and doped ZnO polycrystals were determined by means of the gas-solid isotope exchange method using the isotope 18O as oxygen tracer. The diffusion experiments were performed from 900 to 1000 °C, under an oxygen pressure of 10(5) Pa. After the diffusion annealings, the 18O diffusion profiles were determined by secondary ion mass spectrometry. The results of the experiments show that oxygen diffusion in Li-doped ZnO is similar to the oxygen diffusion in pure ZnO, while in Al-doped ZnO the oxygen diffusion is enhanced in relation to that observed in pure ZnO, in the same experimental conditions. Based on these results is proposed an interstitial mechanism for oxygen diffusion in ZnO. Moreover, it was found that oxygen grain-boundary diffusion is ca. 3 to 4 orders of magnitude greater than oxygen volume diffusion in pure and doped ZnO, which means that the grain-boundary is a fast path for oxygen diffusion in ZnO.

Resumo em Inglês:

This work deals with a comparison of high temperature oxidation behaviour in AISI 304 austenitic and AISI 439 ferritic stainless steels. The oxidation experiments were performed between 850 and 950 °C, in oxygen and Ar (100 vpm H2). In most cases, it was formed a Cr2O3 protective scale, whose growth kinetics follows a parabolic law. The exception was for the the AISI 304 steel, at 950 °C, in oxygen atmosphere, which forms an iron oxide external layer. The oxidation resistance of the AISI 439 does not depend on the atmosphere. The AISI 304 has the same oxidation resistance in both atmospheres, at 850 °C, but at higher temperatures, its oxidation rate strongly increases in oxygen atmosphere. Concerning the performance of these steels under oxidation, our results show that the AISI 439 steel has higher oxidation resistance in oxidizing atmosphere, above 850 °C, while, in low pO2 atmosphere, the AISI 304 steel has higher oxidation resistance than the AISI 439, in all the temperature range investigated.

Resumo em Inglês:

The increasingly widespread use of polymeric insulators in vehicle distributors and transmission systems has led to an ongoing quest for quality and low costs. This quest has, in turn, resulted in improved performance and cost benefits, brought about by the use of new polymeric and composite resins. Occasionally, however, while some properties are improved, others may show a loss of optimal performance. Therefore, to understand the behavior of fillers, such as carbon black, silica and mica added to castor oil-derived polyurethane resins, several thermal, mechanical and electrical tests were conducted on samples and insulators produced specifically for this purpose, using these new materials. The results of these tests clearly demonstrated that this type of resin and its composites can be used to manufacture indoor electrical insulators and that the fillers analyzed in this study improve or maintain the characteristics of the pure resins.

Resumo em Inglês:

An experimental analysis of pinewood beams (Pinus caribea var hondurensis) reinforced with glass and/or carbon fibers is discussed. The theoretical model employed to calculate the beam's bending strength takes into account the timber's ultimate limit states of tensile strength and failure by compression, considering a model of fragile elastic tension and plastic elastic compression. The validity of the theoretical model is confirmed by a comparison of the theoretical and experimental results, while the efficiency of the fiber reinforcement is corroborated by the increased strength and stiffness of the reinforced timber beams.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper shows a study about the influence of type and number of sterilizations in the cutting ability of diamond points used in dentistry. As a result, the sterilization using the oven was the process, which didn't result in a decreasing in the cutting ability of the diamond points and, until the second sterilization, it resulted in a increasing of the cutting ability.

Resumo em Inglês:

Zinc oxide, ZnO, is a very interesting compound in science and electronic ceramics technology. ZnO ceramics containing some additives were reported to show varistor action with excellent nonlinearity in current - voltage characteristics. However, investigations were restricted to the ZnO - Bi2O3 ceramic system. Other type of varistor, which contains praseodymium oxide, also present nonlinear behaviour. In this work, results obtained in the synthesis Zn-Pr-Co powder are shown. In order to determine and control the several stages of the chemical method, potentiometric titration was used. The solid phase obtained was pressed and sintered.

Resumo em Inglês:

The purpose of this work is to show the correlation between the fractal dimension, D, and mechanical properties such as work of fracture, gammawof, and fracture toughness, K Ic. Alumina-mullite-zirconia composites were characterized by the slit-island method, SIM, to obtain values of D and its fractional part, D*. The fracture surface roughness was also evaluated using a cyclic voltametric method. It will be shown that there is a positive experimental dependency of gammawof on D* and that there is not an evident correlation between K Ic and D*.

Resumo em Inglês:

The corrosive behavior of Ti and its alloys in fluoride media is well known. Based on electrochemical studies, this paper describes the effect of fluoride ions on the passive behavior of Ti6Al4V alloy in lactated Ringer's serum. The open circuit potential of the alloy in the serum, which lies in the passive region of TiO2, shifts to more negative values as fluoride ions are added. The voltammogram obtained in the serum presents an active-passive behavior close to -0.2 V (SCE) that changes with the presence of fluoride ions, evidencing higher anodic currents. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plots obtained at OCP after varying immersion times in the serum display an almost capacitive behavior and the polarization resistance becomes enhanced after 7 days. With the addition of fluoride ions, the film's resistance decreases, but a stable protective layer develops after 7 days of immersion time, indicating the film's repair.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper presents a study of the inherent degradations of PVC tubes due to the thermal effect and ultraviolet solar radiation. The approach relates its causes and its effect of use of the PVC tubes as elements to absorption, forming a coil, in solar collectors for water heating. It is demonstrated that such degradations can be burst through the use of an outflow and an appropriate regimen of work, as well as of a protective layer for the tubes, in this case black ink used to magnify its absorption. The results of the properties of tubes that had been exposed to the degradation effect for up to five years are presented. The viability of use of this type of collector is demonstrated through comparative analysis of tubes exposed and not exposed to the sun, concluding for the low cost, easy assembly and maintenance of the system.

Resumo em Inglês:

This paper presents a review of researches on CBN (cubic boron nitride) grinding wheels with the purpose of identifying the state of art in abrasive machining and serving as the basis for future researches and laboratory tests. The scientific studies investigated here report on interesting results involving grinding, published by Brazilian and foreign authors. The methods and the results are presented and discussed. In addition, a grinding setup is presented which provides more reliable experimental results about the surface integrity of fragile materials. This setup was obtained for grinding tests in several grinding conditions during the wheel service life, using alumina and vitrified and resin bond CBN grinding wheels. Results of cutting force, surface roughness and G ratio are also presented and discussed. They confirm the excellent machining capacity of the CBN wheel, with stable behavior in cutting force and roughness results during the tests. The G ratio values are in agreement with the results found by other researchers.

Resumo em Inglês:

In this research work the influence of composition and curing conditions in bending strength of polyester and epoxy concrete is analyzed. Various mixtures of resin and aggregates were considered in view of an optimal combination. The Taguchi methodology was applied in order to reduce the number of tests, and in order to evaluate the influence of various parameters in concrete properties. This methodology is very useful for the planning of experiments. Test results, analyzed by this methodology, shown that the most significant factors affecting bending strength properties of resin concretes are the type of resin, resin content and charge content. An optimal formulation leading to a maximum bending strength was achieved in terms of material parameters.

Resumo em Inglês:

This work presents a proposal to assess the abrasive wear of composite resins available in the national market, which are materials largely used in dental clinics for functional and aesthetic tooth restorations. This was achieved by utilizing an experimental set-up on which a dynamic disc covered with proper porcelain (representing hardness close to the human teeth) wears a static disc covered with the resin tested under a constant and pre-determined load. Thus, by means of this set-up and keeping a behavioral status needed to the calculus for all tests, the aggressiveness (referred as to letter k) for all tests was analyzed. Due to the fact that resin characteristic revels how weary the material has become to the abrasion process with other harder material, the strength to wear for such resins was observed. Therefore, a real classification for these materials with their strength to the abrasion wear was made, which is a very important factor in the influence on their lifetime in dental restorations. The classification in descending order for those resins is presented as following: HELIOMOLAR RO, DURAFILL, FILTEK A110, HELIO FILL, POINT 4, FLOW IT; NATURAL FLOW, SUPRAFILL, FILTEK P60, FILTEK Z250, TETRIC FLOW, REVOLUTION, PRODIGY, TETRIC CERAM, HERCULITE, FILLMAGIC, TPH, CHARISMA, Z100.

Resumo em Inglês:

A systematic investigation was undertaken on commercially pure titanium submitted to plasma nitriding. Thirteen different sets of operational parameters (nitriding time, sample temperature and plasma atmosphere) were used. Surface analyses were performed using X-ray diffraction, nuclear reaction and scanning electron microscopy. Wear tests were done with stainless steel Gracey scaler, sonic apparatus and pin-on-disc machine. The obtained results indicate that the tribological performance can be improved for samples treated with the following conditions: nitriding time of 3 h; plasma atmosphere consisting of 80%N2+20%H2 or 20%N2+80%H2; sample temperature during nitriding of 600 or 800 °C.

Resumo em Inglês:

The influence of laser parameters in welding aluminum alloys was studied in order to reduce hot cracking. The extension of cracks at the welding surface was used as a cracking susceptibility (CS) index. It has been shown that the CS changes with changing welding velocity for binary Al-Cu alloys. In general, the CS index increased until a maximum velocity and then dropped to zero, generating a typical lambda-curve. This curve is due to two different mechanisms: 1) the refinement of porosities with increasing velocity and 2) the changes in the liquid fraction due to decreasing microsegregation with increasing velocities.

Resumo em Inglês:

The present paper describes the nonohmic behavior of the SnO2.MnO-based system and analyzes the influence of the sintering time and the Nb2O5 concentration on this system's electrical properties. A nonlinear coefficient of ~7 was obtained for a 0.2 mol%-doped Nb2O5 composition, which is comparable to other values reported in the literature for the ternary SnO2-based systems. A recent barrier formation model proposed in the literature to explain the nonlinear electrical behavior of SnO2-based systems is used to clarify the role of the MnO constituent in the formation of the barrier, taking into account the influence of segregated atoms, precipitated phase and oxygen species in the grain boundary region.

Resumo em Inglês:

Carbon fibers are widely used in many industrial applications due the fact of their excellent properties. Carbonaceous mesophases are liquid crystalline precursor materials that can be spun into high performance carbon fibers using the melt spinning process, which is a flow cascade consisting of pressure driven flow-converging die flow-free surface extensional spinline flow that modifies the precursor molecular orientation structure. Carbon fiber property optimization requires a better understanding of the principles that control the structure development during the fiber formation processes and the rheological processing properties. This paper presents the elastic and continuum theory of liquid crystalsand computer simulations of structure formation for pressure-driven flow of carbonaceous liquid crystalline precursors used in the industrial carbon fiber spinning process. The simulations results capture the formation of characteristic fiber macro-textures and provide new knowledge on the role of viscous and elastic effects in the spinning process.

Resumo em Inglês:

In the last decades the cement industry has used, as a partial substitute for traditional fuel, different industrial wastes in order to profit their residuals energy. In the present work the physicochemical characteristics of clinker, obtained using trade marked alternative fuel for clinker kiln, were evaluated. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Blaine specific surface, pyrometric cone equivalent (PCE), differential thermal analysis-thermal gravimetry simultaneous (DTA-TG), differential calorimetry, porosimetry and mechanical strength were used as the main evaluation techniques of the characteristic of clinker and their behaviors in the early hydration. The additions of the wastes, within the percentages and under the conditions of this test, does no significantly alter the clinker properties but generates a greater crystallinity of the principal clinker phases.

Resumo em Inglês:

Surfaces with very poor mechanical and frictional properties can be improved, or even, acquire new properties similar to diamond if good adherent CVD diamond film is obtained on it. In this work, nitrogen ions were sub-implanted on pure molybdenum as a means to enhance CVD diamond film adherence. Deposition time from 2 up to 60 h were used for deposition of 10 to 400 µm thick CVD diamond films with very good adherence on sub-implanted molybdenum substrate. Characterizations were carried out by XPS, X-ray diffraction and nano indentation on prepared surfaces prior to diamond growth and after the onset nucleation. The ionic sub-implantation with nitrogen possibly assists in adhesion, with the creation of a thin layer of nitrates and complexes.