Larval export strategy as an indication of ontogenetic migrations towards open sea of the fiddler crab <i>Leptuca leptodactyla</i> (Rathbun, in Rankin, 1898) (Crustacea, Ocypodidae) from Guaratuba Bay, southern Brazil

Martins, Salise Brandt; Silva, Ubiratan de Assis Teixeira da; Masunari, Setuko

doi:10.1590/2358-2936e2020028

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Original Article • Nauplius 28 • 2020 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2358-2936e2020028 copy

Larval export strategy as an indication of ontogenetic migrations towards open sea of the fiddler crab Leptuca leptodactyla (Rathbun, in Rankin, 1898) (Crustacea, Ocypodidae) from Guaratuba Bay, southern Brazil

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The influence of salinity on the survival of the larvae of Leptuca leptodactyla (Rathbun, in Rankin, 1898) from zoea (Z) to megalopa (M) stage was analyzed in order to deduce the larval dispersal strategy of the species. Larvae were obtained from 10 ovigerous females captured in the mangrove of Guaratuba Bay, southern Brazil. Five salinity treatments were conducted from 0 to 35 PSU (S0, S5, S15, S25 and S35). The larvae were individually raised in plastic cell culture plates, totaling 120 experimental units per treatment, kept under natural photoperiod (12:12 h) and water constant temperature (26.3 ± 0.82°C), and fed with microalgae, rotifers and Artemia nauplii. While all larvae died at S0, S5 and S15, complete larval development until the M stage was only observed at S25 and S35. The highest survival rate was recorded at S35 (18 M from 120 newly-hatched Z, survivorship 15%) and the lowest at S25 (2 M, 1.66%). No significant difference in the total duration was observed between S25 (28.5 ± 0.70 days) and S35 (23.61 ± 3.05 days). The life cycle of L. leptodactyla is based on a larval exportation strategy as they need to perform ontogenetic migrations to the coastal area.

Keywords
Larval dispersal; larval survival; salinity treatment

Treatment	x²	p
S0 x S5	1.2953	0.2551*
S0 x S15	581.5093	< 0.0001
S0 x S25	896.9855	< 0.0001
S0 x S35	1032.8663	< 0.0001
S5 x S15	584.4586	< 0.0001
S5 x S25	904.4010	< 0.0001
S5 x S35	1042.1087	< 0.0001
S15 x S25	313.2062	< 0.0001
S15 x S35	582.1080	< 0.0001
S25 x S35	104.1864	< 0.0001

	Days of culture
Larvae	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12	13	14	15	16	17	18	19	20	21	22	23	24	25	26	27	28	29
1	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	V	M
2	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	M
1	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	V	M
2	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	V	M
3	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
4	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	V	M
5	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
6	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
7	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	V	M
8	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
9	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
10	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
11	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
12	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
13	I	I	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	M
14	I	I	II	II	II	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	M
15	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	M
16	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	VI	M
17	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	M
18	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	M
19	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI
20	I	I	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	V	VI	VI
21	I	I	I	I	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	VI	VI
22	I	I	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V	V	VI	VI	VI	VI	VI	VI
23	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V
24	I	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V
25	I	I	II	II	II	II	II	III	III	III	III	III	III	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	IV	V	V	V

Treatment		Zoea I	Zoea II	Zoea III	Zoea IV	Zoea V	Zoea VI
S15	Mean	4.34	8.33	-	-	-	-
S15	SD	0.88	1.15	-	-	-	-
S25	Mean	3.60	6.01	5.77	5.5	5.5	4
S25	SD	0.82	1.69	1.48	0.70	0.70	0
S35	Mean	3.18	5.80	5.43	5.04	4.81	4.25
S35	SD	0.82	2.04	2.06	1.94	0.79	0.5

Fiddler crab species	Optimal salinity	Locality (country)	Reference
Minuca vocator	15-30	Mangrove of Caeté River (Brazil)	*Simith et al. (2012*Simith, D.J.B.; Souza, A.S.; Maciel, C.R.; Abrunhosa, F.A. and Diele, K. 2012. Influence of salinity on the larval development of the fiddler crab Uca vocator (Ocypodidae) as an indicator of ontogenetic migration towards offshore waters. Helgoland Marine Research, 66: 77-85.)
Minuca mordax	20	Guaratuba Bay (Brazil)	Martins (2014Martins, S.B. 2014. Distribuição espacial de Uca (Minuca) mordax (Smith, 1870)(Crustacea, Decapoda, Ocypodidae) durante o ciclo de vida na Baía de Guaratuba, Paraná. Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil. Master Dissertation, 131p. [Unpublished])
Minuca minax	20-30	Delaware Bay (USA)	*Epifanio et al. (1988*Epifanio, C.E.; Little, K.T. and Rowe, P.M. 1988. Dispersal and recruitment of fiddler crab larvae in the Delaware River estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 43: 18-188.)
Minuca pugnax	30	Delaware Bay (USA)	*Epifanio et al. (1988*Epifanio, C.E.; Little, K.T. and Rowe, P.M. 1988. Dispersal and recruitment of fiddler crab larvae in the Delaware River estuary. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 43: 18-188.)
Minuca rapax	30-35	Mangrove of Caeté River (Brazil)	*Simith et al. (2014*Simith, D.J.B.; Pires, M.A.B.; Abrunhosa, F.A.; Maciel, C.R. and Diele, K. 2014. Is larval dispersal a necessity for decapod crabs from the Amazon mangroves? Response of Uca rapax zoeae to different salinities and comparison with sympatric species. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 457: 22-30.)
Uca tangeri	32	Cádiz Bay (Spain)	Spivak and Cuesta (2009Spivak, E.D. and Cuesta, J.A. 2009. The effect of salinity on larval development of Uca tangeri (Eydoux, 1835) (Brachyura: Ocypodidae) and new findings of the zoeal morphology. Scientia Marina, 73: 297-305.)
Leptuca leptodactyla	35	Guaratuba Bay Basin (Brazil)	Present study
Other brachyuran crabs	Optimal salinity	Locality (country)	Reference
15-25	Discovery Bay (Jamaica)	Anger (1996Anger, K.1996. Salinity tolerance of the larvae and first juveniles of a semiterrestrial grapsid crab, Armases miersii (Rathbun). Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 202: 205-223.)
Helice leachi	20	Taiho River, Okinawa (Japan)	Mia and Shokita (2002Mia, M.D.Y. and Shokita, S. 2002. Early life history of an estuarine grapsid crab, Helice leachi Hess. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 49: 23-28.)
Cardisoma guanhumi	20-25	Mangrove of Ceará River, Ceará (Brazil)	*Abrunhosa et al. (2000*Abrunhosa, F.A.; Mendes, L.N.; Lima, T.B.; Yamamoto, S.O.; Ogawa, C.Y. and Ogawa, M. 2000. Cultivo do caranguejo terrestre Cardisoma guanhumi (Latreille, 1825) do ovo ao estágio juvenil. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, 2: 190-197.)
Armases sangustipes	20-30	Mel Island, Paraná (Brazil)	*Anger et al. (1990*Anger, K.; Montú, M.; Bakker, C. and Fernandes, L.L. 1990. Larval development of Uca thayeri Rathbun, 1900 (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) reared in the laboratory. Meeresforschung, 32: 276-294.)
Aratus pisonii	25	National Park Morrocoy and Tacarigua Lagoon (Venezuela)	Díaz and Bevilacqua (1986Díaz, H. and Bevilacqua, M. 1986. Larval development of Aratus pisonii (Milne Edwards) (Brachyura, Grapsidae) from marine and estuarine environments reared under different salinity conditions. Journal of Coastal Research, 2: 43-49.)
Cardisoma armatum	25	Aquarium store, Munique (Germany)	Cuesta and Anger (2005Cuesta, J.A. and Anger, K. 2005. Larval morphology and salinity tolerance of a land crab from West Africa, Cardisoma armatum (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Gecarcinidae). Journal of Crustacean Biology, 25: 640-654.)
Neohelice granulata	25	Mar Chiquita (Argentina)	*Anger et al. (2008*Anger, K.; Spivak, E., Luppi, T.; Bas, C. and Ismael, D. 2008. Larval salinity tolerance of the South American salt-marsh crab, Neohelice (Chasmagnathus) granulata: physiological constraints to estuarine retention, export and reimmigration. Helgoland Marine Research, 62: 93-102.)
Sesarma brockii	25	Mangrove of Pitchavaram (India)	*Kannupandi et al. (2000*Kannupandi, T.; Murugadasu, P.; Soundarapandian, P. and Shanmugam, A. 2000. Biochemical changes in the larval stages of an edible estuarine crab Thalamita crenata (Latreille) fed with different diets. Indian Journal of Fisheries, 47: 77-80.)
Ucides cordatus	25	São Mateus, Espírito Santo (Brazil)	Silva (2002Silva, U.A.T. 2002. Cultivos experimentais de caranguejo-uçá, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763). Universidade Federal do Paraná (UFPR), Setor de Ciências Agrárias, Departamento de Pós-graduação em Ciências Veterinárias. Curitiba, Paraná, Brasil. Master dissertation, 89p. [Unpublished])
Aratus pisonii	25-35	Paranaguá Bay, Paraná (Brazil)	*Marochi et al. (2017*Marochi, M.Z.; Masunari, S. and Schubart, C.D. 2017. Genetic and morphological differentiation of the semiterrestrial crab Armases angustipes (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) along the Brazilian coast. The Biological Bulletin, 232: 30-44.)
Armases rubripes	30	Punta Carretas, Montevideo (Uruguai)	*Luppi et al. (2003*Luppi, T.A.; Spivak, E.D. and Bas, C.C. 2003. The effects of temperature and salinity on larval development of Armases rubripes Rathbun, 1897 (Brachyura, Grapsoidea, Sesarmidae), and the southern limit of its geographical distribution. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 58: 575-585.)
Ucides cordatus	30	Mangrove of Caeté River, Pará (Brazil)	Simith and Diele (2008Simith, D.J.B. and Diele, K. 2008. O efeito da salinidade no desenvolvimento larval do caranguejo-uçá, Ucides cordatus (Linnaeus, 1763) (Decapoda: Ocypodidae) no Norte do Brasil. Acta Amazonica, 38: 345-350.)
Parasesarma catenatum	35	Estuary of Transkei, Mgazana (África)	*Paula et al. (2003*Paula, J.; Mendes, R.N.; Mwaluma, J.; Raedig, C. and Emmerson, W. 2003. Combined effects of temperature and salinity on larval development of the mangrove crab Parasesarma catenata Ortman, 1897 (Brachyura: Sesarmidae). Western Indian Ocean Journal of Marine Science, 2: 57-63.)

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