Occurrence of ovigerous females of Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879 (Decapoda: Portunidae) on the Amazon Continental ShelfAbstract
The family Portunidae comprises a diverse group of crabs, with 336 described species. Although they are easily collected and widely distributed in coastal regions, the life history of Callinectes bocourti remains poorly understood. This species is abundant in Amazon estuaries; however, ovigerous females have never been found throughout the various studies carried out in the region, which compromises the understanding of its reproductive cycle. We investigated the presence of C. bocourti ovigerous females in the Amazon Continental Shelf (ACS), Brazil, to confirm the migration of these females to areas outside the oligohaline estuary where the population is abundant. The specimens were captured as bycatch during industrial shrimp fishing on the Brazilian North Coast between February and March 2016. Twelve individuals of C. bocourti were found: three males, five adult females, and three ovigerous females, which is the first record of their occurrence on the ACS. This information can help manage this resource, as the species is exploited for commercial and subsistence means in estuarine fishing communities in the Amazon coastal zone.
Keywords:
Ecology; Migration; Portunidae; Reproduction; Swimming crab
The swimming crabs (family Portunidae) comprise a group of 336 species distributed worldwide, of which 21 occur on the Brazilian coast (Poore and Ahyong, 2023). Among the 40 genera of portunid crabs (De Grave, 2009), the 14 species of genus Callinectes Stimpson, 1860 (Norse, 1977; Melo, 1996) are commonly found in coastal areas of tropical and subtropical regions (Willians, 1974; Carmona-Suárez and Conde, 2002; Das Nevis et al., 2009). An example is Callinectes bocourti A. Milne-Edwards, 1879, a species that occurs throughout the Western Atlantic from Florida (USA) to Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil) (Santos et al., 2000).
The swimming crab C. bocourti tolerates low salinity (brackish water) and is found in estuaries, river mouths, and polluted waters (Melo, 1996). In the northern coastal zone of Brazil, this species is abundant and economically important for the local human population, especially in the oligohaline estuary of Ilha de Mosqueiro (Pará, Brazil) where the species is commercialized (D.T.H., personal observation). Swimming crabs have been extensively studied around the world because of their abundance, ease of collection, and ecological and economic importance, especially species with the highest commercial value. Although there are many publications on the Portunidae (Mantelatto and Fransozo, 1997; 1999; Mantelatto, 2000; Pinheiro and Fransozo, 2002; Doi et al., 2008; Watanabe et al., 2014; Kobayashi and Vazquez-Archdale, 2018), C. bocourti, on the other hand, lacks information when compared to congeners, especially reproductive data such as reproductive period, fecundity, and the occurrence of ovigerous females.
In general, young female specimens of estuarine Callinectes grow and develop in the interior of the estuaries and migrate to saline waters for gonadal maturation and spawning, where the environment is more suitable for larval development, returning to brackish waters as juveniles to complete the cycle (Barreto et al., 2006; Fernandes et al., 2006; Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2009; 2012; Lima et al., 2022). The larval cycle description for C. bocourti is incomplete (Lima and Martinelli-Lemos, 2019), given that only the zoea I phase has been described (Lopes et al., 2000; Mantelatto et al., 2014).
To this date, there are no records of ovigerous females from the Brazilian North Coast, and no other work mentions the occurrence of ovigerous females or the larval stages of this species in a natural environment. The occurrence of ovigerous females is an important indicator of the reproductive season of the species and constitutes one of the bases for establishing its management. This study aims to investigate the presence of ovigerous females of C. bocourti in the Amazon Continental Shelf (ACS) to confirm the migration pattern of ovigerous females to the sea, since only juveniles and adults (except ovigerous females) occur at high density in oligohaline waters of the Amazon coastal region.
The C. bocourti specimens were collected as bycatch fauna of the brown shrimp Penaeus subtilis Pérez Farfante, 1967 fishery, as part of the project “Biodiversity and its implications in the Brazilian Blue Amazon”, idealized by the Grupo de Pesquisa em Ecologia de Crustáceos da Amazônia [Amazon Crustacean Ecology Research Group] (GPECA-NEAP/UFPA) in partnership with the Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação da Biodiversidade Marinha do Norte [Research and Conservation National Center of Northern Marine Biodiversity (CEPNOR/ICMBio). Fishing was carried out in the ACS (between 0.85º and 1.01ºN latitudes and 47.74º and 47.97ºW longitudes) (Fig. 1), which covers two Brazilian states (Amapá and Pará) and presents a turbulent and physically challenging marine system due to a combination of geophysical factors with the outflow of the Pará, Tocantins-Araguaia, and Amazonas rivers (Silva et al., 2005).
Occurrence map of ovigerous females of Callinectes bocourti collected at the Amazon Continental Shelf between February and March 2016 (Shapefile: Araújo et al., 2021)
The fishery took place bimonthly between June 2015 and May 2017 (rainy season) using medium-sized industrial fleet vessels with two double-rig bottom trawls measuring 1.8 m ( 22 m, with an opening of 8 m. The mesh size decreases with increasing distance from the net opening (proximal portion with 13 mm mesh size decreasing to 5 mm in the cod-end). Abiotic data were recorded in situ with a refractometer for salinity and a mercury thermometer for temperature. Bycatch specimens were collected by an on-board sampler and frozen until laboratory processing. The swimming crabs were measured with a vernier caliper to determine the carapace width (CW) and length (CL) to the nearest 0.01 cm; and weighed to obtain the total body mass with (TW) and without egg mass (EGLW) in grams. The egg masses of each female were fixed in Bouin’s solution and then diluted in 200 mL of alcohol (70%) for later analysis.
The eggs were placed in an oven at 60 °C until dried, and three subsamples of each dried egg mass was weighed on a precision scale and counted on a grid Petri dish under a Zeiss optical stereomicroscope (Discovery V.12 Zeiss®). For each sample, a comparison of the egg number in the subsample with the total sample weight was used to estimate fecundity.
A total of 12 individuals of C. bocourti (three males, five females, and four ovigerous females) were captured in February and March 2016. The ovigerous females were collected in muddy substrate (Fig. 1) at a depth of 40 m, and with stable values of temperature (mean 28.9 ± 0.15 °C) and salinity (28 ± 1.64) for the collection period. Ovigerous females had similar measurements and weights (Tab. 1), and the mean number of eggs per female was 571,100 (± 53,669). Only one female did not have estimated fecundity because it was in the final stage of egg development and had few eggs attached to the pleopods.
Morphometric data (CL: Carapace Length; CW: Carapace Width; TW: Total Weight; EGLW: EggLess Weight; EW: Egg Weight) and fecundity (number of eggs) of three ovigerous females of Callinectes bocourti captured as bycatch in the brown shrimp fishery on the Amazon Continental Shelf between February and March 2016.
We concluded that the presence of ovigerous females in marine fishing spots only indicates their displacement to oceanic areas where larval hatching probably occurs. The presence of ovigerous C. bocourti has already been mentioned in the Brazilian subtropical estuary (Iguape Estuarine-Lagoon Complex, Ilha Comprida and Cananéia, São Paulo), where hundreds (973) of ovigerous females from four different Callinectes species (Callinectes danae Smith, 1869 - 936; Callinectes sapidus Rathbun, 1896 - 24; Callinectes ornatus Ordway, 1863 - 9; and C. bocourti - 4) were collected only in high salinity (euryhaline) areas (mean salinity 31) (Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2009). In contrast, this hypothesis becomes more evident in studies on C. bocourti carried out inside different Brazilian estuaries that present a significant abundance of individuals, but no record of ovigerous females, such as the subtropical estuaries of Iguape (86 females) (Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2009), Santos and São Vicente - São Paulo State (426 specimens, 13 females) (Scalco et al., 2014); and the tropical estuaries in Curuçá (168 individuals, 94 males, 67 females, and 7 juveniles) (Das Nevis et al., 2009); Bragança, Salinópolis, and Vigia (742 specimens, 419 males and 323 females) (Oliveira, 2017), and Guajará Bay (133 specimens) (Cavalcante et al., 2012). These are all in Pará State, but with no record of any ovigerous females.
Two distinct migration phases can be described for Callinectes species: in phase 1, females start moving from mating sites inside estuaries to the lower estuary, while, in phase 2, late-stage ovigerous females migrate seaward by swimming near the surface, mostly at night, to use local currents in an Ebb-Tide Transport (ETT) (Tankersley et al., 1998). Migration to euryhaline areas for spawning has been observed for C. sapidus in the United States (Tankersley et al., 1998; Carr et al., 2004; 2005; Aguilar et al., 2005; Carr et al., 2005), Italy (Cilenti et al., 2015), and Brazil (Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2013) and for C. danae in Brazil (Costa and Negreiros-Fransozo, 1998; Sant’Anna et al., 2012; Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2012).
The seaward migration of females for spawning results in a significant difference in the sex ratio of swimming crab species depending on the environment: mid and upper estuaries usually present a higher number of males while euryhaline regions are dominated by females (Branco and Lunardon-Branco, 1993; Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2009), which can explain a higher number of females (nine of the twelve collected individuals) in this study. In more estuarine areas, male predominance is higher (4.6 M:1 F for C. danae and 12.8 M:1 F for C. sapidus) than the female prevalence in more oceanic waters (3.6 F:1 M for C. danae and 2 F:1 M for C. sapidus) (Severino-Rodrigues et al., 2009).
Fecundity is an important indicator of the reproductive potential of a species (Gonçalves and Reigada, 2012) and refers to the number of eggs produced by a female during the spawning season (Rodrigues et al., 2011). Like other Callinectes species females, a high number of eggs was observed (571,100 ± 53,669) for C. bocourti. For C. danae, fecundity can vary from 25,127 eggs (Shangri-lá, Paraná State) to 826,638 (Ubatuba, São Paulo State) (Costa and Negreiros-Fransozo, 1998; Baptista-Metri et al., 2005; Gonçalves and Reigada, 2012). For C. ornatus collected in Ubatuba (São Paulo State, subtropical region) fecundity ranged from 94,634 to 171,570 eggs, for females of the same length (Mantelatto and Fransozo, 1997). In contrast, C. sapidus has a higher fecundity, estimated between 152,799 and 2,573,576 (Rodrigues et al., 2011).
This study shows that, despite being low, the presence of ovigerous females of C. bocourti in the Amazon Continental Shelf indicates a reproductive behavior similar to that of its congeners, in which the migration to saline waters allows the success of larval development. Further studies are still needed to understand which abiotic factors interfere with larval development and physiology of females that migrate to high salinity sites. The improvement and application of mechanisms to monitor the brown shrimp trawling bycatch in the northern coast of Brazil in recommended, as the region is a habitat for many species, especially crustaceans, acting as an important breeding site.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank the managers of CEPNOR/ ICMBio within the scope of the project “Biodiversidade e suas implicações na Amazônia Azul Brasileira” [Biodiversity and its implications in the Brazilian Blue Amazon] for funding the expeditions in which the samples for this research were collected; our colleagues from (GPECA-NEAP/UFPA), and Yan Gillet Santa Brigida for creating the location map.
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ADDITIONAL INFORMATION AND DECLARATIONS
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Consent for publication
All authors declare that they have reviewed the content of the manuscript and have provided their consent to submit the document.
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Funding and grant disclosures
This research was supported by Centro de Pesquisa e Gestão de Recursos Pesqueiros do Litoral Norte-CEPNOR, grant # 001 to PSVN and JMML.
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Study association
This work is part of the scientific initiation of the ACSB at the Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA).
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Study permits
All experiments conducted in this study complied with the current Brazilian federal legislation.
- Zoobank:
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Data availability
All study data are included in the article and/or supplementary material.
Data availability
All study data are included in the article and/or supplementary material.
Publication Dates
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Publication in this collection
07 July 2025 -
Date of issue
2025
History
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Received
12 July 2023 -
Accepted
12 Sept 2024
