Fig. 1
Live individuals of 12 sympatric species of Brachyhypopomus and one species of Microsternarchus from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil (Amazonas dr.). a. Brachyhypopomus batesi MCP 45312 (WC01.191293b), immature, 102 mm TL. b. Brachyhypopomus beebei head - uncat., immature, 75 mm TL; body - MCP 45450 (WC04.090600), female, 178 mm TL. c. Brachyhypopomus belindae MCP 45430, paratype, immature, 104 mm TL (photographed out of water, close up of head not available). d. Brachyhypopomus bennetti MCP 45451, male, 196 mm TL. e. Brachyhypopomus brevirostris uncat., immature, 224 mm TL. f. Brachyhypopomus flavipomus MCP 45453 (WC09.090600), female, 98 mm TL. g. Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni MCP 45482 (WC05.080301), holotype, female, 97 mm TL. h. Brachyhypopomus hendersoni MCP 45489, female, 164 mm TL. i. Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus MCP 45455, female, 135 mm TL. j. Brachyhypopomus regani, MCP 45285 (WC02.100301), male, 119 mm TL. k. Brachyhypopomus sullivani MCP 45464 (WC04.210201), immature, 79 mm TL. l. Brachyhypopomus walteri MCP 45458 (WC 03.090600), male, 161 mm TL. m. Microsternarchus bilineatus uncat., 85 mm TL.
Fig. 2
Collection records for Brachyhypopomus based on 11,750 specimens from 2,642 georeferenced museum lots. Map of South and southern Central America based on HydroSHEDS data. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level.
Fig. 3
Measurements used for morphometric analysis of Brachyhypopomus. See text for details. a. Body, lateral view: AF = Anal-fin length; ARL = Longest anal-fin ray; BD1 = Body depth at anal-fin origin; BD2 = Body depth at anal-fin middle; CD = Caudal-filament depth; CF = Caudal-filament length; LEA = Length to end of anal fin; TL = Total length. b. Body, dorsal view: BW1 = Body width at anal-fin origin; BW2 = Body width at anal-fin middle; CW = Caudal-filament width. c. Head, lateral view: AE = Internarial distance; BO = Branchial aperture; HD1 = Head depth at eye; HD2 = Head depth at occiput; HL = Head length; PRL = Longest pectoral-fin ray; OD = Orbital diameter; PB = Pectoral-fin base; PE = Posterior naris to eye; PO = Postorbital distance; PP = Snout to pectoral-fin base; PR = Preorbital distance (snout length); SA = Snout to anal-fin origin; SO = Snout to occiput. d. Head, dorsal view: HW1 = Head width at eye; HW2 = Head width at occiput; IO = Interorbital width. e. Head, ventral view: MW = Mouth width. Schematics based on B. diazi (UF 174333).
Fig. 4
Brachyhypopomus alberti. a. CBF 10284 (WC24.280607), holotype, male, 97 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal views); b. ANSP 197573 (WC03.250607), paratype, female, 91 mm TL (body in lateral view); Bolivia, río Beni, Amazonas dr. Note the sexual dimorphism in body pigmentation, in which females are darker. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5mm.
Fig. 5
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
alberti (circles),
B. batesi (squares), and
B. benjamini (triangles). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 6
Brachyhypopomus arrayae. a. UMSS 7048 (WC52.060707), holotype, immature male, 77 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal views); b. UF 177342 (WC54.060707), paratype, male, 97 mm TL (body in lateral view); c. ANSP 197574 (WC50.060707), paratype, female, 128 mm TL (body in lateral view); Bolivia, río Beni, Amazonas dr. Note the sexual dimorphism in body pigmentation, in which females are considerably darker. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5mm.
Fig. 7
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
arrayae (circles),
B. belindae (squares), and
B. bullocki (triangles). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 8
Brachyhypopomus batesi. MCP 47020 (WC07.291297b), holotype, female, 104 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal views, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Tefé, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 9
Brachyhypopomus beebei. a. MCP 45462 (WC04.150801b), immature female, 134 mm TL, non-type (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin); Brazil, rio Tefé, Amazonas dr. b. USNM 120753, holotype, 103 mm TL (originally 136 mm TL, tail now lost) (body in lateral view, specimen preserved in EtOH); Venezuela, río San Juan, Orinoco dr. c. MCP 45424 (WC04.010599), male, 204 mm TL, non-type (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); d. MCP 45427 (WC01.130300), female, 153 mm TL, non-type (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note the sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 10
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
beebei (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 11
Brachyhypopomus belindae. MCP 45360 (WC05.050497), holotype, immature, 110 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal views, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 12
Brachyhypopomus benjamini. MUSM 39915 (WC10.160104), holotype, male, 126 mm TL (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 13
Brachyhypopomus bennetti. a. MCP 47021 (WC13.160893), female, 158 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal views, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH). b. MCP 45359 (WC18.050497), male, 192 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH). c. MCP 45359 (WC12.050497), female, 169 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note the sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 14
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
bennetti (circles),
B. cunia (squares), and
B. diazi (triangles). Holotype locations for
B. bennetti and
B. cunia, and location of lost holotype for
B. diazi are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 15
Brachyhypopomus bombilla. MCP 19847 (part), male, 156 mm TL, non-type (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Ibicuí, Uruguay dr. Inset of head emphasizes outline of the opercular accessory electric organ with a black line. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 16
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
bombilla (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 17
Brachyhypopomus brevirostris. a. MCP 45470 (WC11.110801b), immature female, 193 mm TL, (head only, specimen fixed in formalin); Brazil, rio Tefé, Amazonas dr. b. NMW 65040, lectotype, sex not determined, 163 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen preserved in EtOH), Brazil, rio Guaporé, Amazonas dr. c. MCP 45262 (WCNR06.090600), male, 366 mm TL, non-type (body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); d. MCP 45260 (WC02.180598), female, 305 mm TL, non-type (body in lateral view; specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note the extreme sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length. Scale bars = 5mm.
Fig. 18
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
brevirostris (circles). Precise locality of the lectotype is not known. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 19
Brachyhypopomus bullocki. a. MZUSP 96498, male, 188 mm TL (head in lateral view and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. TNHC 17486, female, 140 mm TL (body in lateral view); Venezuela, río Parguaza, Orinoco dr. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 20
Brachyhypopomus cunia. INPA 37690, holotype, male, 142 mm TL (head in lateral view and body in lateral and dorsal view); Brazil, rio Madeira, Amazonas dr. Specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 21
Brachyhypopomus diazi. a. MBUCV-V 35655 (WC04.210304), male from type locality, 160 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view); b. UF 174333 (WC03.210304), female from type locality, 141 mm TL (body in lateral view); Venezuela, río Alpargatón, río Salado dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 22
Brachyhypopomus draco. a. MCP 19847 (part), male, 138 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view); Brazil, rio Ibicuí, Uruguay dr. b. MCP 13643, female, 132 mm TL (body in lateral view); Brazil, rio Sanga, rio Tramandaí dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 23
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
draco (circles),
B. janeiroensis (squares), and
B. jureiae (triangles). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 24
Brachyhypopomus flavipomus. MCP 45366 (WC19.110597), holotype, immature, 92 mm TL (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões/rio Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 25
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
flavipomus (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 26
Brachyhypopomus gauderio. a. MZUSP 59646, female, 138 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view); Brazil, rio Miranda, Paraguay dr. b. NRM 35349, male, 171 mm TL (body in lateral view); Paraguay, río Negro, Paraguay dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 27
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
gauderio (circles) and
B. menezesi (squares). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Grey circles refer to suspected anthropogenic introductions of
B. gauderio to upper Paraná dr. (see species redescription in text). Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend). Note that the most southerly record for
B. menezesi is in a headwater of the rio São Francisco, near the drainage divide with rio Paraná headwaters.
Fig. 28
Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni. MCP 45482 (WC05.080301), holotype, female, 97 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 29
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
hamiltoni (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 30
Brachyhypopomus hendersoni. a. MCP 45408 (WC07.110898b), paratype, female, 162 mm TL, (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin); Brazil, rio Tefé, Amazonas dr. b. MCP 45305 (WC13.031298), holotype, male, 146 mm TL (head in lateral view, body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Japurá, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 31
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
hendersoni (circles) and
B. provenzanoi (squares). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 32
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis. MZUSP 80122; male, 174 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH). Brazil, rio São João dr. Scale bars = 5mm.
Fig. 33
Brachyhypopomus jureiae. MZUSP 100268, female, 170 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Bateçaria, rio Ribeira de Iguape dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 34
Brachyhypopomus menezesi. MZUSP 87147, holotype, male, 100 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Sapão, rio São Francisco dr. Note prominent opercular accessory electric organ (pale structure). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 35
Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. a. NRM 27736, immature, 131 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Colombia, rio Baudó dr. b. BMNH 2012.6.13.1, largest syntype specimen, sex not determined, 147 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen preserved in EtOH, note damage and subsequent regeneration to caudal filament); Colombia, río San Juan dr. c. IAVHP 7022 (WC04.230905), male, 162 mm TL. d. IAvHP 7022 (WC03.230905), female, 112 mm TL, non-type (bodies in lateral view, live individuals); Colombia, río Atrato dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height in c (male) & d (female). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 36
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
occidentalis (circles) and
B. palenque (squares). The lectotype location for
B. occidentalis and holotype location for
B. palenque are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 37
Brachyhypopomus palenque. a. UF 180270 (WC05.160404), holotype, female, 149 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Ecuador, río Palenque, río Guayas dr. b. USNM 247230, male, 171 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Ecuador, río Quinindé, río Esmeraldas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal filament height. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 38
Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatus. a. MCP 45469 (WC13.310701b), female, 143 mm (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin); b. MCP 45278 (WC13020698), male, 167 mm TL (body in lateral view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH). Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height, and feather-like structure at caudal filament terminus in male. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 39
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
pinnicaudatus (circles) and
B. verdii (squares). Holotype locations are marked with open symbols. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 40
Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi. MBUCV-V 35650, holotype, immature, 87 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Venezuela, río Orinoco, Orinoco dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 41
Brachyhypopomus regani. MCP 47022 (WC04.140301), holotype, female, 128 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note prominent opercular accessory electric organ (pale structure). Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 42
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
regani (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 43
Brachyhypopomus sullivani. MUSM 39624 (WC48.210709), holotype, female, 108 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view, specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH); Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 44
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
sullivani (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Fig. 45
Brachyhypopomus verdii. a. UF 148520 (WC24.090104), paratype, male, 106 mm TL (head in lateral view, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MUSM 35307 (WC06.160104), holotype, female, 79 mm TL (body in lateral view). Peru, río Ucayali, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length and height. Specimens fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5 mm.
Fig. 46
Brachyhypopomus walteri. a. MCP 45291 (WC16.180598), female, 145 mm TL (head, and body in lateral and dorsal view); b. MCP 45292 (WC05.190598), male, 168 mm TL (body in lateral view); Brazil, rio Solimões-Japurá confluence, Amazonas dr. Note sexual dimorphism in caudal-filament length. Specimen fixed in formalin and preserved in EtOH. Scale bars = 5mm.
Fig. 47
Collection records for
Brachyhypopomus
walteri (circles). Holotype location is marked with an open symbol. Elevation data refers to altitude above mean sea level (see
Fig. 2 for legend).
Table 1
List of the 28 valid species of Brachyhypopomus, with authors and name-bearing types. The 15 species described herein are in bold. Name-bearing type refers to the holotype except for lectotype (LT), or syntypes (ST).
Table 2
Anal-fin ray counts for 28 species of Brachyhypopomus. Regions: type regions are preceded by an asterisk. Countries: BO = Bolivia, BR = Brazil, CO = Colombia, CR = Costa Rica, EC = Ecuador, FG = French Guiana, PN = Panama, PR = Paraguay, PE = Peru, VE = Venezuela. States/Departments: Brazil: Am = Amazonas, Ba = Bahia, Mg = Minas Gerais, Mt = Mato Grosso, Ms = Mato Grosso do Sul, Rj = Rio de Janeiro, Rs = Rio Grande do Sul, Sp = São Paulo; Paraguay: CE = Central, PH = Presidente Hayes; Peru: Lo = Loreto. For B. occidentalis: Pacific coast drainages (Colombia) = r. Baudó, r. San Juan; lago Maracaibo drainages = r. El Quebradón, r. Motatán, r. San Juan; eastern Atlantic drainages of Panama = r. Cartí, r. Chucubti, and r. Mandinga in the Cuna Yala region from ca. 077°25'W to 079°06'W; western Atlantic drainages of Panama = r. Cricamola from ca. 81°17'W to 081°49'W; eastern Pacific drainages of Panama = r. Bayano, r. Cristal, r. Mamoni, r. Pacora from ca. 079°03'W to 079°44'W. Numbers of examined specimens (N), with T = types, NT = non-types. Counts are recorded in bin intervals of ten, from 140 to 299. Median value shown in bold. Counts reported in original species description but not in the materials examined during this study are marked "^" to show full known range for each species. Missing count values intermediate between reported values are filled with "0" to better illustrate the species ranges. 1º Type = number of anal-fin rays for name-bearing type (parentheses denote count from original description; data for B. occidentalis refers to largest syntype specimen). ? = unavailable, D = damaged. Description = range from original description.
Table 3
Precaudal vertebrae counts for 28 species of
Brachyhypopomus. Regions: type regions are preceded by an asterisk. See
Table 2 for list of country and state abbreviations and additional notes on regions. Numbers of examined specimens (N), with T = type specimens, NT = non-type specimens. Precaudal vertebrae counts range from 15 to 26 and include the Weberian vertebrae, the remaining abdominal vertebrae, and all transitional vertebrae. Modal value is shown in bold (median value is underlined where there is no modal value). The number of transitional vertebrae is shown as a range followed by the mode in parentheses. 1º Type = total number of precaudal vertebrae for name-bearing type (data for
B. occidentalis refer to largest syntype specimen). ? = unavailable. Description = number of precaudal vertebrae reported in original species description.
Table 4
Pectoral-fin ray counts for 28 species of
Brachyhypopomus. Regions: type regions are preceded by an asterisk. See
Table 2 for list of country and state abbreviations, and additional notes on regions. Numbers of examined specimens (N), with T = type specimens, NT = non-type specimens. Counts range from 10 to 21 and include both unbranched and branched rays. Modal value is shown in bold (or median value shown underlined where modal value not available). Missing count values intermediate between reported values are filled with "0" to better illustrate the species ranges. 1º Type = total number of pectoral-fin rays for name-bearing type, with count on right (R) side indicated in lieu of left side in case of damage, or in addition to left side if notably asymmetric (data for
B. occidentalis refer to largest syntype specimen); asterisk indicates count obtained from original description. Description = number of pectoral-fin rays reported in original species description. Counts reported in an original species description but not from the materials examined during this study are marked "^" in order to show full known range for each species.
Table 5
Counts of the number of bilateral columns of electrocytes (EC1 = electrocyte columns at anal-fin terminus, EC2 = electrocyte columns at mid-caudal filament), and scale rows above lateral line (LL) for 28 species of
Brachyhypopomus. Regions: type regions are preceded by an asterisk. See
Table 2 for list of country and state abbreviations, and additional notes on regions. Electrocyte columns presented as range, with mode in parentheses. Data in the format "3/4" indicates alternation of 3 and 4 columns in individual specimens at the measurement point. N for electrocyte columns refer to immature specimens, mature females, and mature males, respectively (total in parentheses). For EC and SAL, mode is replaced by median (underlined) if no modal value.
Table 6
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus alberti, Brachyhypopomus arrayae, and Brachyhypopomus batesi. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Ranges for each species refer to the holotype and to paratype specimens from the type region.
Table 7
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus beebei,
Brachyhypopomus belindae, and
Brachyhypopomus benjamini. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype of
B. beebei (Monagas, Venezuela) are from
Schultz (1944). Ranges for
B. beebei refer to non-type specimens from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil, and exclude the holotype. Ranges for both
B. belindae and
B. benjamini refer to the holotype and to paratype specimens from the type region.
Table 8
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus bennetti,
Brachyhypopomus bullocki, and
Brachyhypopomus cunia. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype of
B. bennetti (near Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil) are from
Sullivan et al. (2013). Data for holotype of
B. bullocki (Meta, Colombia) are from
Sullivan & Hopkins (2009). Ranges for
B. bennetti refer to non-type specimens from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Ranges for
B. bullocki refer to non-type specimens from the Orinoco drainage of Venezuela and exclude holotype. Ranges for
B. cunia refer to holotype, paratype and non-type specimens from the type region.
Table 9
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus bombilla. HT., holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype (Rocha, Uruguay) are from
Loureiro & Silva (2006). Ranges for the type region (laguna dos Patos drainage of Brazil) refer to non-type specimens (data for holotype excluded). Ranges for the other populations refer to non-type specimens from the Paraguay drainage of Brazil and Paraguay (Paraná drainage) and the rio Beni drainage of Bolivia (Upper Madeira drainage).
Table 10
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus brevirostris. LT, lectotype; SD, standard deviation. Ranges for the type region refer to the lectotype (rio Guaporé) and to non-type specimens from the rio Guaporé in Brazil and río Beni and Mamoré in Bolivia. Ranges for the other populations refer to non-type specimens from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil (Central Amazonas basin), the río Orinoco drainage in Venezuela (Orinoco drainage), and the upper rio Paraguay drainage in Brazil (upper Paraguay drainage).
Table 11
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus diazi. SD, standard deviation. Ranges for the type region (río Alpargatón drainage, Venezuela) and for the Orinoco drainage, Venezuela, refer to non-type specimens. No data are available for the (lost) holotype from the original description.
Table 12
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus draco. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) are from
Giora et al. (2008). Ranges for the type region refer to non-type specimens from laguna dos Patos, rio Tramandaí, and rio Uruguay drainages, Brazil (holotype data excluded). Specimens from the Paraguay drainage refer to non-type specimens from the río Paraguay of Paraguay.
Table 13
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus flavipomus, Brachyhypopomus hamiltoni, and Brachyhypopomus hendersoni. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Ranges for each species refer to the holotype and to paratype and non-type specimens from the type regions.
Table 14
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus gauderio. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) are from
Giora & Malabarba (2009). Range for the type region refers to non-type specimens from the lagoa dos Patos and Uruguay drainages in Brazil and Uruguay (holotype data excluded). Specimens from the Paraguay drainage refer to non-type specimens from the río Paraguay of Paraguay.
Table 15
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis,
Brachyhypopomus jureiae, and
Brachyhypopomus menezesi. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for holotype of
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) are from
Costa & Campos-da-Paz (1992). Data for holotype of
Brachyhypopomus jureiae (São Paulo, Brazil) are from
Triques & Khamis (2003). Ranges for
Brachyhypopomus janeiroensis and
Brachyhypopomus jureiae refer to non-type specimens from the type region (holotype data not included except for caudal filament length as % TL and LEA in
B. jureiae). Ranges for
Brachyhypopomus menezesi refer to the holotype and to paratypes from the type region.
Table 16
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus occidentalis. ST., largest syntype specimen; SD, standard deviation; drs., drainages. Ranges for the type region refer to syntype and non-type specimens from Pacific drs. of Colombia (río San Juan and Baudó drs., Chocó). Ranges for Panama populations refer to non-type specimens grouped into four regions: Atlantic - East = río Mandinga and Cartí drs.; Atlantic - West = río Cricamola dr. (and río Carbón dr. of Costa Rica); Pacific - East = río Bayano, río Mamoni and adjacent drs. Ranges for the populations grouped under lago Maracaibo drainages refer to non-type specimens from the río El Quebradón, Motatán, and San Juan drs. of Venezuela.
Table 17
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus palenque, Brachyhypopomus provenzanoi, and Brachyhypopomus regani.HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Ranges for Brachyhypopomus palenque and Brachyhypopomus regani refer to the holotype and to paratype and non-type specimens from the type region. Ranges for Brachyhypopomus provenzano
i refer to the holotype and to paratype specimens from the type region.
Table 18
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus pinnicaudatu
s. LT, lectotype; SD, standard deviation. Data for lectotype, ANSP 163463 (Cayenne, French Guiana) are from
Hopkins (1991). Ranges for the type region refer to type specimens from the "Grand Pripris", French Guiana (lectotype not included in ranges). Ranges for the other population refer to non-type specimens from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil (Central Amazon basin).
Table 19
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus sullivani. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation; dr., drainage. Ranges for the type region refer to the holotype and to paratype specimens (and also non-types for caudal filament length as % of TL). Ranges for the other populations refer to non-type specimens from the lower río Beni of Bolivia, and the upper río Orinoco of Venezuela, respectively.
Table 20
Morphometrics for Brachyhypopomus verdii. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation. Ranges refer to the holotype and to paratype specimens from the type region.
Table 21
Morphometrics for
Brachyhypopomus walteri. HT, holotype; SD, standard deviation; dr., drainage. Data for holotype (nr. Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil) from
Sullivan et al. (2013). Range for type region (Central Amazonas drainage) refers to non-type specimens from the vicinity of Tefé, Amazonas, Brazil. Specimens from the Upper rio Paraguay drainage are from Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical electric fish genus Brachyhypopomus (Ostariophysi: Gymnotiformes: Hypopomidae), with descriptions of 15 new species
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