FIGURE 1 |
Hoplisoma paleatum type-series, showing the (A, C, E) lectotype (BMNH 1917.7.14.18, 30.0 mm SL), and two paralectotypes (BMNH 1917.7.14.19 and 19a). Paralectotype depicted in (B, D, F) with 28.7 mm SL, and in (G–I) with 26.6 mm SL. Photos (A–B, G), (C–D, H), and (E–F, I) showing specimens in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Photos by Kevin Webb.
FIGURE 2 |
Lectotype (BMNH 1890.3.12.4, 36.8 mm SL; A, C, E) and three paralectotypes of Corydoras microcephalus (BMNH 1890.3.12.5-6, 3, 23.7–38.0 mm SL; B, D, F), plus three non-type specimens of H. paleatum (MLP 3147; G–I) from the region of Tres Arroyos, Buenos Aires, Argentina. Photos (A), (B, C, D, F, G–I), and (E) showing specimens in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Photos (A, C, E) by Mark Allen, and (B, D, F) by Kevin Webb.
FIGURE 3 |
Map showing the geographic distribution of Hoplisoma paleatum, with the yellow star representing its type-locality, the Laguna del Potrero, Uruguay, the red triangle represents the new record from the region of Tres Arroyos, Argentina, and the black circles represent remaining records within Argentinian, Brazilian and Uruguayan territories, following Tencatt et al. (2016). Each symbol may represent more than one locality.
FIGURE 4 |
Head osteological pattern in a CS specimen of Hoplisoma paleatum (MLP 3147, 34.6 mm SL), showing general morphology in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. Abbreviations: f: frontal, fdbp: first dorsolateral body plate, io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, iop: interopercle, le: lateral ethmoid, n: nasal, me: mesethmoid, op: opercle, pes: pterotic-extrascapular, pop: preopercle, prh: posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, pso: parieto-supraoccipital, sph: sphenotic. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 5 |
Dorsal- and pectoral-fin spines of CS specimens of Hoplisoma paleatum (MLP 3147), showing their general morphology and serration pattern on posterior margin. Lateral view of the dorsal spine (A) and dorsal view of the right pectoral spine (B) of specimen with 34.6 mm SL, the left pectoral spine (C) of a specimen with 36.0 mm SL, and the right pectoral spine of a specimen with 34.5 mm SL. Black dotted lines in (B) delimiting the two regions shown in detail in the images just above to it, on the right; solid black lines delimiting the serrations in areas where they overlap with the posterior ventral laminar margin of the pectoral-fin, which is indicated by the red arrows. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 6 |
General morphology of Hoplisoma paleatum (NRM 54230, 53.5 mm SL) and of three paratypes of H. osvaldoi (MNRJ 55045), showing their general morphology and color pattern in lateral view (A). Specimen (B) with 33.9 mm SL (left side of the body), (C) with 36.7 mm SL (left side of the body), and (D) with 30.8 mm SL (right side of the body, mirrored image).
FIGURE 7 |
General morphology and color pattern of (A, 32.0 mm SL; B, 32.2 mm SL) Hoplisoma gladysae (CI-FML 7262), (C) H. micracanthus (CI-FML 7114, 30.1 mm SL), and (D, 33.3 mm SL; E, 25.3 mm SL) H. petracinii (CI-FML 7260) in lateral view.
FIGURE 8 |
General morphology and color pattern of Hoplisoma ehrhardti, showing the (A, C, E) lectotype, NMW 61104, 42.5 mm SL, (B, D, F, G, I, K) two paralectotypes, ZSM 4813, 17983 (both referred as “ZSM 4813, 17983” in Morris et al., 2006), unmeasured, and (H, J, L) a non-type specimen, UFRGS 20938, 47.6 mm SL. Photos (A–B, G–H), (C–D, I–J), and (E–F, K–L) in dorsal, lateral and ventral views, respectively. Photos (A, C, E) by Anja Palandacic and Alexander Naseka, (B, D, F, G, I, K) by Natasha Khardina, and (H, J, L) by Gabriel Deprá.
FIGURE 9 |
Uncatalogued aquarium specimens of Hoplisoma paleatum, showing the general color pattern in life. Red arrows indicate the bow-shaped dark blotch on the top of the head, and white arrows indicate the blotches longitudinally aligned on dorsum. Specimen in (A) from the Laguna del Diario, and in (B) from Montevideo, Salinas, both from Uruguay. Photos by Hans Evers.
FIGURE 10 |
Bones of the branchial arches in CS specimens of Hoplisoma paleatum (A), UFRGS 1722, 37.6 mm SL, showing the dorsal surface of its left epibranchial 2; H. gladysae, CI-FML 7110, unmeasured specimen, showing (B) the dorsal surface of the right (top right) and the ventral surface of the left (bottom left) pharyngobranchial 3, and the dorsal surface of the left epibranchial 2 (D); H. micracanthus, CI-FML 7111, 30.0 mm SL, showing the ventral surface of the left pharyngobranchial 3 and epibranchial 2 (C); and H. flaveolum,LBP 14596, unmeasured specimen, showing the dorsal surface of its left epibranchial 2 (E). Abbreviations: eb2: epibranchial 2, pb3: pharyngobranchial 3. Grey arrows indicate the small pointed process on posterior expansion of epibranchial 2, and red arrows indicate the triangular expansion on posterior portion of pharyngobranchial 3. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 11 |
Pectoral-fin spines of CS paratypes of Hoplisoma osvaldoi (MNRJ 55043), showing their general morphology and serration pattern on posterior margin in dorsal view. Right (A) and left (B) pectoral spine in paratype with 38.8 mm SL, and right (C) and left (D) pectoral spine in paratype with 33.8 mm SL. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 12 |
Dorsal-fin spine of a CS paratype of Hoplisoma osvaldoi (MNRJ 55043, 38.8 mm SL), showing the serration pattern on its posterior margin. Solid lines on top image outlining the tip of serrations; red dotted square delimiting the area detailed in the bottom image. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 13 |
Holotype of Hoplisoma steindachneri (NMW 1504), showing its general morphology and color pattern in dorsal (top), lateral (middle) and ventral (bottom) views. Scale bars = 10 mm.
FIGURE 14 |
Pelvic girdle in CS specimens of (A–B) Hoplisoma gladysae (CI-FML 7110, unmeasured), and (C) H. micracanthus (CI-FML 7111, 30.0 mm SL), showing the general morphology of its dorsal surface, especially of the anterior external process of basipterygium (pae). Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 15 |
Ventral view of the complex vertebra in a CS specimen of Hoplisoma micracanthus (CI-FML 7111, 30.0 mm SL), showing a moderately-developed parapophysis (pcv). Dotted black line indicating the anterior border of the parapophysis. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURE 16 |
Detail of the head of (A–B) Hoplisoma micracanthus (CI-FML 7111, 26.6 mm SL), and (C) H. flaveolum (LBP 14596, 37.4 mm SL). Red arrows in (A) represent the odontodes on cranial exposed bones; photo (B) is the zoomed and unmarked version of photo (A); red dotted lines in (C) indicate the area covered by numerous odontodes, including infraorbital 1 and 2, and preopercle, as well as interopercle, opercle, pterotic-extrascapular, preopercle, posterodorsal ridge of hyomandibula, and sphenotic. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 17 |
Head osteological pattern in CS specimens of (A) Hoplisoma gladysae (CI-FML 7110, unmeasured), (B) H. micracanthus (CI-FML 7111, 30.0 mm SL), and (C) H. flaveolum (LBP 14596, 33.7 mm SL). Detail of the infraorbital series of H. micracanthus (CI-FML 7111, 30.0 mm SL) in (D). Abbreviations: io1–2: infraorbital 1 and 2, op: opercle. Red arrows in (D) indicate the odontodes in both infraorbital 1 and 2. Scale bars = 1 mm.
FIGURE 18 |
Uncatalogued, unmeasured living specimens of Hoplisoma albolineatus (A), the species currently identified as H. flaveolum (B), and H. polystictum (C), showing their general morphology and color pattern in lateral view. Photos (A, C) by LFCT, and (B) by Hans Evers.
Another piece to the Hoplisoma paleatum puzzle, with a discussion on the monophyly of Hoplisoma
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