A new species of <i>Characidium</i> (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from the tributaries of the rio Tocantinzinho, rio Tocantins basin, located in the southern portion of the Chapada dos Veadeiros, at about 1,200 meters of elevation, Goiás, Brazil. The new species can be diagnosed by an unusual combination of two apomorphic features present in distinct clades of Characidium, the presence of a scaleless isthmus in allied to with a single row of dentary teeth. Additionally, the new species has a unique color pattern of inconspicuous vertical bars disconnected from the dorsal midline, forming seven to nine square blotches along body sides, and the presence of a dark saddle-shaped mark at the dorsal-fin base. Osteologically, it can be diagnosed by having the first and second anal-fin proximal radials fused and contacting the third hemal spine, which is branched. The new species also has a peculiar, unusual variation of fin-ray counts among its congeners.

Keywords:
Cerrado; Characidium stigmosum; Endemism; Rio Tocantins basin; Taxonomy

Authorship

Marcelo R. S. Melo

Laboratório de Diversidade, Ecologia e Evolução de Peixes, Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. (MRSM) melomar@usp.br (corresponding author); (BBB) bb.bouquerel@usp.br; (FTM) flavia.masumoto@usp.br; (RSF) rayane.franca@usp.br.Universidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, BrazilLaboratório de Diversidade, Ecologia e Evolução de Peixes, Departamento de Oceanografia Biológica, Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, 05508-120 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. (MRSM) melomar@usp.br (corresponding author); (BBB) bb.bouquerel@usp.br; (FTM) flavia.masumoto@usp.br; (RSF) rayane.franca@usp.br.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4757-8286

Bárbara B. Bouquerel

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5260-3562

Flávia T. Masumoto

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1692-414X

Rayane S. França

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1662-9607

André L. Netto-Ferreira

Laboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (ALNF) alnferreira@gmail.com.Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do SulBrazilPorto Alegre, RS, BrazilLaboratório de Ictiologia, Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. (ALNF) alnferreira@gmail.com.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3096-0411

Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento

Correspondence

Marcelo R. S. Melo melomar@usp.br

Author's Contribution

Marcelo R. S. Melo: Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Funding acquisition, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Bárbara B. Bouquerel: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Flávia T. Masumoto: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Project administration, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

Rayane S. França: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Resources, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing-original draft, Writing-review and editing.

André L. Netto-Ferreira: Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Resources, Validation, Visualization, Writing-review and editing.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

Not applicable.

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (1)

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FIGURE 1 |
Characidium kalunga in lateral (top), ventral (middle) and dorsal (bottom) views, holotype, MZUSP 125824, 40.5 mm SL, rio Almécegas at Cachoeira de Almécegas, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Brazil.

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FIGURE 2 |
Paratypes of Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, A. 15.3 mm SL, B. 18.2 mm SL, C. 21.4 mm SL, D. 29.7 mm SP, E. 30.9 mm SL, and F. 48.7 mm SL. Scale bar = 5 mm, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil.

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FIGURE 3 |
Osteological characteristics of head in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, paratype. A. Right upper jaw in medial view; B. Right dentary in medial view; C. Skull in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ANT, antorbital; DEN, dentary; dent, dentary teeth; dentr, replacement dentary teeth; DPSO, dorsal process of the supraoccipital; ESC, extrascapular; FR, frontal; fo, fontanel; IO 1–6, infraorbitals 1 to 6; METH, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; PAR, parietal; PMX, premaxilla; pmxt, premaxilarry teeth; pmxtr, replacement premaxillary teeth; PTE, pterotic; POST, posttemporal; SUO, supraorbital; soc, supraorbital canal; and socpb, parietal branch of the supraorbital canal. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 4 |
Osteological characteristics of fins in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, paratype. A. Left pectoral girdle in lateral view; B. Caudal peduncle in lateral view – left intermuscular bones removed. Abbreviations: arrow, position of anus; asterisk, first caudal vertebra; CEN, centrum; CLE, cleithrum; COR, coracoid; ESC, extrascapular; LLS1, first lateral-line scale; HS3, third haemal spine; MCO, mesocoracoid; NS, neural spine; PCP, posterior cleithral process; PR, pleural rib; PRAF 1+2, fused anal-fin proximal radials 1 and 2; PTC1, postcleithrum 1; PTC2, postcleithrum 2; PTC3, postcleithrum 3; POST, posttemporal; SC, scapula; SCL, supracleithrum. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 5 |
Humeral hiatus in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, 42.0 mm SL, paratype. Abbreviations: LLN, lateral-line nerve; LS, lateralis superficialis; OI, obliquus inferioris; OS, obliquus superioris; PR5, pleural rib of fifth vertebra. Scale bar = 1 mm.

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FIGURE 6 |
Underwater photography of Characidium kalunga in the rio Preto, at the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil (not collected).

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FIGURE 7 |
Map of the Chapada dos Veadeiros indicating the known distribution of Characidium: circles represent Characidium kalunga, triangles, C. xanthopterum, and diamonds, C. stigmosum. Black symbols indicate the type locality and white symbols other records.

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FIGURE 8 |
Habitats of Characidium kalunga at the Chapada dos Veadeiros: A. Type locality, cachoeira das Almécegas II, at rio Almécegas, tributary of rio dos Couros; B. Rio Preto, at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros.

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FIGURE 9 |
Additional species and habitats of Characidium in the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil: A. Characidium stigmosum, live specimen in aquarium (collected with MZUSP 113939, photo by Fernando Dagosta) collected at B. stream tributary of rio das Almas, Cavalcante (photo by Osvaldo Oyakawa); C. Characidium xanthopterum live specimen (photo by MRSM) at D. Cachoeira dos Macaquinhos, rio dos Macacos (not collected).

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TABLE 1 |
Morphometric data for Characidium kalunga. Values for the holotype (MZUSP 125824) and 25 paratypes (MZUSP 114056, 114058). Abbreviations: N, number of specimens; SD, Standard deviation.

FIGURE 1 | Characidium kalunga in lateral (top), ventral (middle) and dorsal (bottom) views, holotype, MZUSP 125824, 40.5 mm SL, rio Almécegas at Cachoeira de Almécegas, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Alto Paraíso de Goiás, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 | Paratypes of Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, A. 15.3 mm SL, B. 18.2 mm SL, C. 21.4 mm SL, D. 29.7 mm SP, E. 30.9 mm SL, and F. 48.7 mm SL. Scale bar = 5 mm, Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil.

FIGURE 3 | Osteological characteristics of head in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, paratype. A. Right upper jaw in medial view; B. Right dentary in medial view; C. Skull in dorsal view. Abbreviations: ANT, antorbital; DEN, dentary; dent, dentary teeth; dentr, replacement dentary teeth; DPSO, dorsal process of the supraoccipital; ESC, extrascapular; FR, frontal; fo, fontanel; IO 1–6, infraorbitals 1 to 6; METH, mesethmoid; MX, maxilla; NA, nasal; PAR, parietal; PMX, premaxilla; pmxt, premaxilarry teeth; pmxtr, replacement premaxillary teeth; PTE, pterotic; POST, posttemporal; SUO, supraorbital; soc, supraorbital canal; and socpb, parietal branch of the supraorbital canal. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4 | Osteological characteristics of fins in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, paratype. A. Left pectoral girdle in lateral view; B. Caudal peduncle in lateral view – left intermuscular bones removed. Abbreviations: arrow, position of anus; asterisk, first caudal vertebra; CEN, centrum; CLE, cleithrum; COR, coracoid; ESC, extrascapular; LLS1, first lateral-line scale; HS3, third haemal spine; MCO, mesocoracoid; NS, neural spine; PCP, posterior cleithral process; PR, pleural rib; PRAF 1+2, fused anal-fin proximal radials 1 and 2; PTC1, postcleithrum 1; PTC2, postcleithrum 2; PTC3, postcleithrum 3; POST, posttemporal; SC, scapula; SCL, supracleithrum. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 5 | Humeral hiatus in Characidium kalunga, MZUSP 114054, 42.0 mm SL, paratype. Abbreviations: LLN, lateral-line nerve; LS, lateralis superficialis; OI, obliquus inferioris; OS, obliquus superioris; PR5, pleural rib of fifth vertebra. Scale bar = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6 | Underwater photography of Characidium kalunga in the rio Preto, at the Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil (not collected).

FIGURE 7 | Map of the Chapada dos Veadeiros indicating the known distribution of Characidium: circles represent Characidium kalunga, triangles, C. xanthopterum, and diamonds, C. stigmosum. Black symbols indicate the type locality and white symbols other records.

FIGURE 8 | Habitats of Characidium kalunga at the Chapada dos Veadeiros: A. Type locality, cachoeira das Almécegas II, at rio Almécegas, tributary of rio dos Couros; B. Rio Preto, at Parque Nacional da Chapada dos Veadeiros.

FIGURE 9 | Additional species and habitats of Characidium in the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil: A. Characidium stigmosum, live specimen in aquarium (collected with MZUSP 113939, photo by Fernando Dagosta) collected at B. stream tributary of rio das Almas, Cavalcante (photo by Osvaldo Oyakawa); C. Characidium xanthopterum live specimen (photo by MRSM) at D. Cachoeira dos Macaquinhos, rio dos Macacos (not collected).

TABLE 1 | Morphometric data for Characidium kalunga. Values for the holotype (MZUSP 125824) and 25 paratypes (MZUSP 114056, 114058). Abbreviations: N, number of specimens; SD, Standard deviation.

Characters	Holotype	N	Range	Mean	SD
Total length (mm)	49.8	24	54.2–44.5	48.7	–
Standard length (mm)	40.5	26	43.9–35.8	39.5	–
Percentage of standard length
Head length	27.8	26	25.1–28.8	26.8	1.0
Prepectoral distance	25.9	26	23.5–27.5	25.4	1.0
Pectoral-fin height	19.5	26	16.9–22.2	19.4	1.2
Predorsal distance	52.2	26	50.4–55.6	52.8	1.2
Dorsal-fin height	15.7	26	13.4–18.1	15.4	1.3
Dorsal-fin base	13.8	26	11.8–14.2	13.1	0.7
Prepelvic distance	53.5	26	51.7–56.6	54.1	1.2
Pelvic-fin height	12.5	26	9.5–14.3	11.6	1.0
Preanal distance	74.7	26	71.8–78.8	76.1	1.6
Anal-apex distance	93.7	26	91.0–99.1	95.4	2.0
Anus to anal fin distance	3.8	26	3.2–6.2	4.4	0.7
Anal-fin height	12.3	26	11.5–16.1	13.5	1.0
Anal-fin base	9.5	26	6.7–9.5	8.0	0.7
Adipose-fin height	4.5	25	0.0–5.1	3.5	0.9
Peduncle length	18.5	26	16.6–20.1	18.3	1.1
Body width	11.3	26	11.0–14.0	12.1	0.8
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	22.0	26	20.3–24.7	22.3	1.3
Body depth at anal-fin origin	15.3	26	13.1–17.4	16.1	0.9
Body depth at caudal peduncle	12.1	26	8.9–12.7	11.9	0.8
Percentage of head length
Snout length	25.2	26	21.7–28.7	25.4	1.7
Snout – maxillary tip	28.7	26	24.7–31.0	28.8	1.5
Anterior naris – orbit	10.6	26	8.0–12.4	10.3	1.1
Posterior naris – orbit	4.4	26	3.3–6.3	4.5	0.7
Cheek	10.0	26	7.3–12.5	10.1	1.3
Orbital diameter	24.3	26	23.5–27.6	26.2	1.2
Interorbital distance	13.1	26	11.5–18.5	14.2	1.9

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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A new species of <i>Characidium</i> (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the Chapada dos Veadeiros, Goiás, Brazil

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[1] Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento