FIGURE 1 |
Illustration from the 1875 description (top) and photograph (middle) of the Hypomasticus steindachneri holotype deposited in the Natural History Museum in Vienna, NMW 68405. A live specimen (bottom) collected in the Itacambiruçu River, a tributary of the Jequitinhonha River (Photo by Francisco Andrade Neto).
FIGURE 2 |
Map highlighting the coastal basins where Hypomasticus steindachneri is found and the projection of individual scores of the first and second principal components of the samples of H. steindachneri from the different basins. Asterisk indicates specimens not included in the analysis. Black circle indicates type-locality.
FIGURE 3 |
Comparison of mouth position through the alignment of the mouth opening with the margin of the orbit and the infraorbital bones (highlighted in gray). On the left, Ribeira de Iguape specimens (Hypomasticus cf. steindachneri): A. MZUSP 38608, 100.3 mm SL, B. LISDEBE 3, 135.7 mm SL, C. MZUSP 125891, 273.4 mm SL. On the right, Jequitinhonha (type-locality) and Pardo specimens: D. MZUEL 16474, 102.1 mm SL, E. MZUEL 16474, 140.6 mm SL, F. LISDEBE 7905, 241.2 mm SL.
FIGURE 4 |
Bayesian inference ultrametric phylogenetic tree showing the relationships among Hypomasticus species based on DNA barcode. Vertical bars indicate the results of the species delimitationanalysis. DO: Doce, JE: Jequitinhonha, MU: Mucuri, RJ: Rio de Janeiro, PA: Pardo and RI: Ribeira de Iguape.
FIGURE 5 |
Hypomasticus steindachneri, MZUEL 16474, 142.9 mm SL, preserved (A) and live specimen (B).
FIGURE 6 |
Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL, lateral view of the body skeleton (A) and infraorbital bones and associated elements (B). Nas: nasal, Ant: antorbital, Io1-6: infraorbital and SO: supraorbital.
FIGURE 7 |
Medial (A) and lateral (B) view of the jaws and lateral view of the head (C) of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Pmx: premaxilla, Max: maxilla, Den: dentary, Aga: anguloarticular and Rta: retroarticular.
FIGURE 8 |
Lateral (A) and medial (B) view of suspensorium with detail of autopalatine in lateral view (C) ofHypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Ecp: ectopterygoid, Enp: entopterygoid, Hy: hyomandibular, IOp: interopercle, Mpt: metapterygoid, Op: opercle, Apl: autopalatine, POp: preopercle, Q: quadrate, SOp: subopercle, Syp: symplectic and Ith: interhyal.
FIGURE 9 |
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view of hyoid arch with detail of the urohyal in lateral view (C) of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. BR: branchiostegal rays, Uh: urohyal, DHh: dorsal hypohyal, VHh: ventral hypohyal, ACh: anterior ceratohyal, PCh: posterior ceratohyal, Ih: interhyal, Bh: basihyal and Bhtp: basihyal toothplate.
FIGURE 10 |
Neurocranium in lateral view (A) and branchial apparatus (B) of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Mes: mesethmoid, Vom: vomer, Let: lateral ethmoid, Fro: frontal, Osph: orbitosphenoid, Ptsph, pterosphenoid, Psph: parasphenoid, Sph: sphenotic, Pto: pterotic, Pro: prootic, Par: parietal, Epo: epiotic, SOc: supraoccipital, Boc: basioccipital, Exo: exoccipital, Nc: neural complex, Cla: claustrum, Sc: scaphium, In: intercalarium, LpC2: lateral process of centrum 2, Tr: tripus, NA4: neural arch of centrum 4, NS4: neural spine of centrum 4, Os: os suspensorium, Bb1-3: basibranchial, Hb1-3: hypobranchial, Cb1-5: ceratobranchial, TPCb5: tooth plate of fifth ceratobranchial, Pb1-4: pharyngobranchial, Ep1-4: epibranchial, AECb4: accessory element of ceratobranchial 4 and TPPb4: tooth plate of fourth pharyngobranchial.
FIGURE 11 |
Neurocranium in dorsal (A) and ventral view (B)of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Mes: mesethmoid, Let: lateral ethmoid, Fro: frontal, Sph: sphenotic, Par: parietal, SOc: supraoccipital, Pto: pterotic, Epo: epiotic, Exo: exoccipital, Vom: vomer, Osph: orbitosphenoid, Ptsph, pterosphenoid, Psph: parasphenoid, Pro: prootic, Boc: basioccipital and Int: intercalar.
FIGURE 12 |
Pectoral girdle in lateral (A) and medial view (B) of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Pt: posttemporal, Exs: extrascapular, Scl: supracleithrum, Cl: cleithrum, Co: coracoid, Sca: scapula, Msc: mesocoracoid, Pcl 1-3: postcleithra and PR: proximal radials.
FIGURE 13 |
Dorsal (A) and anal fin (B)of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. Pr: proximal radial, Mr: medial radial, Dr: distal radial, DFS: dorsal fin stay and AFS: anal fin stay.
FIGURE 14 |
Pelvic girdle in dorsal view (A) and caudal skeleton (B) of Hypomasticus steindachneri,MZUEL 16474,99.78 mm SL. IsP: isquiatic process, PvR: pelvic-fin radials, Pbo: pelvic bone, PU2-3: preural centrum, PU1+U1: complex centrum formed by preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1, Hs: haemal spine, Ns: neural spine, Mnp: modified neural process, Ph: parhypural, H1-6: hypurals, Un1-2: uroneurals and Ep1-3: epural.
FIGURE 15 |
Hypomasticus steindachneri: A. MZUSP 112707, 79.37 mm SL, rio Pardo. B. MZUEL 16474, 140.6 mm SL, rio Pardo. C. MZUEL 16474, 200.91 mm SL, rio Pardo. D. LISDEBE 7905, 241.2 mm SL, rio Araçuaí, tributary of rio Jequitinhonha. E. MZUEL 22537, 293.52 mm SL, rio Corrente Grande, tributary of rio Doce.
FIGURE 16|
Geographic distribution of Hypomasticus steindachneri in eastern Brazil, yellow triangle represents estimated type-locality.
FIGURE 17 |
Hypomasticus australis,holotype, MZUSP 125891, 273.4 mm SL, preserved (A) and live specimen (B), Brazil, São Paulo State, municipality of Registro, rio Ribeira de Iguape.
FIGURE 18 |
Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL, lateral view of the body skeleton (A) and infraorbital bones and associated elements (B). Nas: nasal, Ant: antorbital, Io1-6: infraorbital and SO: supraorbital.
FIGURE 19 |
Medial (A) and lateral (B) view of the jaws and lateral view of the head (C) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Pmx: premaxilla, Max: maxilla, Den: dentary, Aga: anguloarticular and Rta: retroarticular.
FIGURE 20 |
Lateral (A) and medial (B) view of suspensorium with detail of autopalatine in lateral view (C) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Ecp: ectopterygoid, Enp: entopterygoid, Hy: hyomandibular, IOp: interopercle, Mpt: metapterygoid, Op: opercle, Apl: autopalatine, POp: preopercle, Q: quadrate, SOp: subopercle, Syp: symplectic and Ith: interhyal.
FIGURE 21 |
Dorsal (A) and ventral (B) view of hyoid arch with detail of the urohyal in lateral view (C) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. BR: branchiostegal rays, Uh: urohyal, DHh: dorsal hypohyal, VHh: ventral hypohyal, ACh: anterior ceratohyal, PCh: posterior ceratohyal, Ih: interhyal, Bh: basihyal and Bhtp: basihyal toothplate.
FIGURE 22 |
Neurocranium in lateral view (A) and branchial apparatus (B) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Mes: mesethmoid, Vom: vomer, Let: lateral ethmoid, Fro: frontal, Osph: orbitosphenoid, Ptsph, pterosphenoid, Psph: parasphenoid, Sph: sphenotic, Pto: pterotic, Pro: prootic, Par: parietal, Epo: epiotic, SOc: supraoccipital, Boc: basioccipital, Exo: exoccipital, Nc: neural complex, Cla: claustrum, Sc: scaphium, In: intercalarium, LpC2: lateral process of centrum 2, Tr: tripus, NA4: neural arch of centrum 4, NS4: neural spine of centrum 4, Os: os suspensorium, Bb1-3: basibranchial, Hb1-3: hypobranchial, Cb1-5: ceratobranchial, TPCb5: tooth plate of fifth ceratobranchial, Pb1-4: pharyngobranchial, Ep1-4: epibranchial, AECb4: accessory element of ceratobranchial 4 and TPPb4: tooth plate of fourth pharyngobranchial.
FIGURE 23 |
Neurocranium in dorsal (A) and ventral view (B) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Mes: mesethmoid, Let: lateral ethmoid, Fro: frontal, Sph: sphenotic, Par: parietal, SOc: supraoccipital, Pto: pterotic, Epo: epiotic, Exo: exoccipital, Vom: vomer, Osph: orbitosphenoid, Ptsph, pterosphenoid, Psph: parasphenoid, Pro: prootic, Boc: basioccipital and Int: intercalar.
FIGURE 24 |
Pectoral girdle in lateral (A) and medial view (B) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Pt: posttemporal, Exs: extrascapular, Scl: supracleithrum, Cl: cleithrum, Co: coracoid, Sca: scapula, Msc: mesocoracoid, Pcl 1-3: postcleithra and PR: proximal radials.
FIGURE 25 |
Dorsal (A) and anal fin (B) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. Pr: proximal radial, Mr: medial radial, Dr: distal radial, DFS: dorsal fin stay and AFS: anal fin stay.
FIGURE 26 |
Pelvic girdle in dorsal view (A) and caudal skeleton (B) of Hypomasticus australis, MZUEL 23980, 94.61 mm SL. IsP: isquiatic process, PvR: pelvic-fin radials, Pbo: pelvic bone, PU2-3: preural centrum, PU1+U1: complex centrum formed by preural centrum 1 and ural centrum 1, Hs: haemal spine, Ns: neural spine, Mnp: modified neural process, Ph: parhypural, H1-6: hypurals, Un1-2: uroneurals and Ep1-3: epural.
FIGURE 27 |
Hypomasticus australis: A. MZUEL 23978, 90 mm SL, rio Poço Grande, tributary of rio Juquiá. B. LISDEBE 25, 134.6 mm SL, rio Juquiá, tributary of rio Ribeira de Iguape. C. LISDEBE 3, 168.5 mm SL, rio Quilombo, tributary of rio Juquiá. D. MZUEL 23979, 193.1 mm SL, rio Ribeira de Iguape.
FIGURE 28 |
Geographic distribution of Hypomasticus australis in eastern Brazil, yellow triangle represents type-locality.
FIGURE 29 |
Radiographed specimens of Hypomasticus steindachneri and H. australis with regular (A, C) and hypertrophied (B, D) first pair of ribs. A. MZUEL 17996, 114.8 mm SL. B. MZUEL 17996, 112.8 mm SL. C. LISDEBE 3, 137.9 mm SL. D. LISDEBE 3, 136.3 mm SL.