Rocky reef fish biodiversity and conservation in a Brazilian Hope Spot region

Abstract

Coastal islands of Grande Rio, located south Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities have been under multiple anthropogenic impacts. Despite these problems, these insular systems shelter a high diversity of fish species. Reef fishes are essential components of tropical marine coastal communities, also providing food and income for millions of people around the world. In this work, we generated an updated checklist from Cagarras Islands Natural Monument and surrounding areas based on fisheries data, literature records and multiple sampling techniques, including the Submersible Rotating Video technique, used for the first time in Brazil. We present an inventory of 282 fish species representing 91 different families, with 21 new records for the study area, including a non-native species (Heniochus acuminatus). In addition, our results show a moderate endemism level for the Brazilian province (approximately 6.0%), while 10.5% of species are assigned to one of IUCN’s threatened categories. Our efforts show the fish biodiversity scenario and their distribution on coastal islands more than 10 years after the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument establishment, reinforcing the importance of monitoring research programs for the management of this Marine Protected Area and surrounding waters, that play a key role for artisanal fisheries.

Keywords:
Checklist; Marine Protected Areas; Non-destructive techniques; Richness; South Atlantic

Resumo

As ilhas costeiras do Grande Rio, ao sul das cidades do Rio de Janeiro e Maricá, têm sofrido múltiplos impactos antrópicos. Apesar destes problemas, esses sistemas insulares abrigam uma grande diversidade de espécies de peixes. Os peixes recifais são componentes essenciais das comunidades costeiras marinhas tropicais, fornecendo alimento e fonte de renda para milhões de pessoas em todo o mundo. Neste trabalho, geramos uma lista de verificação atualizada do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras e áreas do entorno com base em dados de pesca, registros da literatura e múltiplas técnicas de amostragem, incluindo a técnica de vídeo rotacional subaquático usada pela primeira vez no Brasil. Apresentamos um inventário de 282 espécies de peixes representando 91 famílias, com 21 novos registros para área de estudo, incluindo uma espécie não nativa (Heniochus acuminatus). Além disso, nossos resultados mostram um nível de endemismo moderado da província brasileira (aproximadamente 6,0%), sendo 10,5% das espécies classificadas em uma das categorias ameaçadas da IUCN. Nossos esforços mostram o cenário da biodiversidade de peixes e sua distribuição nas ilhas costeiras mais de 10 anos após o estabelecimento do Monumento Natural das Ilhas Cagarras, reforçando a importância de programas de pesquisa de monitoramento para a gestão desta Área Marinha Protegida e suas águas adjacentes, que desempenham papel fundamental para a pesca artesanal.

Palavras-chave:
Áreas Marinhas Protegidas; Atlântico Sul; Lista de espécies; Riqueza; Técnicas não-destrutivas

INTRODUCTION

Rocky reefs are among the most important marine ecosystems in the world, due to their importance in providing livelihood services for millions of people, such as fishing, medicinal compounds, and tourism (Pereira, Soares-Gomes, 2009; Laport et al., 2016; Riofrío-Lazo et al., 2022). Despite all their importance, many forms of life that inhabit rocky shore ecosystems are critically endangered by human actions (Benedetti-Cecchi et al., 2001; Pereira, Soares-Gomes, 2009; Mendez et al., 2019). Coastal development, urbanization and overfishing are amongst the main activities that exert pressure on coastal marine ecosystems (Elliott, 2014; Alves et al., 2019; Figueroa-Pico et al., 2021), currently occurring so fast that they generally surpass our ability to understand the surrounding ecosystem functioning. In order to reduce these impacts caused by human activities, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) have been created as an important management tool, aiming to provide protection for local marine biodiversity (Lester et al., 2009; Miller, Russ, 2014), especially minimizing impacts on fish assemblages and improving/preserving the essential habitats on which species depend (Gaines et al., 2010; Sciberras et al., 2015).

As reef environments, reef fishes are important components of tropical marine communities, serving as food and income source for millions of people (Munro, 1996; Pauly et al., 2002; Nelson et al., 2016). In Brazil, reef fish communities are distributed along the coast, from off the mouth of the Amazon River, and the Manuel Luiz reefs (Northern Brazil) to coastal regions of Santa Catarina State in Southern Brazil (Rocha, Rosa, 2001; Hostim-Silva et al., 2005; Moura et al., 2016), including oceanic islands (Quimbayo et al., 2019; Pinheiro et al., 2020). However, the rocky shore ichthyofauna on coastal regions has been under increasing human pressure, ranging from the degradation by pollution, to extractive activities, such as fishing (recreational and commercial), which can lead some species to high extinction risks (Quaas et al., 2019). Additionally, the introduction/arrival of invasive species can pose a significant threat to local biodiversity, and may cause changes in the structure of communities, resulting in the exclusion of native species (Ruiz et al., 1997; Bax et al., 2003). These facts contribute to the reduction of the environment quality, directly impacting the associated ichthyofauna, which demands a better understanding of the dynamics of the reef fish communities in these regions, especially within MPAs.

Along the Southeastern Brazilian coastline, the complex structure of rocky reefs is associated with a valuable diversity of fish species and other organisms, even overcoming the number of species present on other marine ecosystems (Floeter et al., 2004; Souza et al., 2018). The Grande Rio region shelters our studied islands. They are precisely located from the Guanabara Bay entrance to both sides of the E-W coastline orientation, encompassing Rio de Janeiro and Maricá municipalities, in Southeastern Brazil. These islands and surrounding waters shelter a high biodiversity of marine and terrestrial fauna and flora, and even stand out as a singular archeological site, being commonly visited by tourists, fishermen, military activities, and the general public (details in Moraes et al., 2013; Bertoncini et al., 2019). Part of these islands form an important Marine Protected Area (MPA) in Rio de Janeiro City, The Cagarras Islands Natural Monument (MONA Cagarras). Despite its importance and proximity to a highly populated Brazilian metropolis, the ichthyofauna of these coastal islands and surrounding waters are still poorly known. Nonetheless, MONA Cagarras, together with its surrounding areas (including Rasa and Cotunduba islands) was, in 2021, recognized as a Hope Spot for conservation of marine biodiversity by the international nonprofit organization Mission Blue.

The survey of biodiversity appears as a key tool in studies of fish communities (Mora et al., 2008; Guabiroba et al., 2020; Pereira et al., 2021). Non-destructive techniques have been widely employed in marine ecosystems, especially in MPAs (Andradi-Brown et al., 2016; Bayley et al., 2019; Quaas et al., 2019, Schmid et al., 2020). The Underwater Visual Census (UVC) is frequently used in ecological studies of reef fish communities (Chaves, Monteiro-Neto, 2009; Daros et al., 2018; Motta et al., 2021; Pereira et al., 2021), allowing the identification of species and the monitoring of the behavior of organisms that especially, are not affected by the presence of divers (Sale, 1997; Beck et al., 2014). In parallel, the evolution of non-destructive techniques through remote videos, have been employed as important complementary tools, to carry out more accurate sampling of the ichthyofauna (Mallet, Pelletier, 2014; Koenig, Stallings, 2015; Pimentel et al., 2020; Pinheiro et al., 2020; Rolim et al., 2022). Such instruments allow to estimate the abundance and diversity of reef fishes, providing relevant information on the health of local marine communities, with minimum impacts.

In the present work, we revisited and updated the checklist of fish species from Rio de Janeiro coastal islands and surrounding waters, based on a decade of field surveys, published scientific articles and fisheries records. In addition, we report the first record of the non-native species Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Rio de Janeiro. Furthermore, we provide data of species richness on several coastal islands and surroundings by different sampling methods, improving the knowledge on ­the marine fish species of the state of Rio de Janeiro.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Sampling sites. The present study was conducted at the coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities (between 43º35’W - 42º09’W; 23º01’S - 22º09’S) (Fig. 1): from West to East, Tijucas Archipelago is located 1.7 km off Barra da Tijuca Beach and comprises Pontuda, Alfavaca, and Meio Islands; the Cagarras Archipelago is about 4 km southwards off Ipanema Beach, formed by Palmas, Cagarra, Comprida islands plus Filhote da Cagarra Islet; and along with Redonda Island and Filhote da Redonda Islet, which lie 4 km southwards the Cagarra Archipelago, they form the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument, a no-take MPA created in 2010 to protect the local biodiversity, which boundaries includes the marine area 10 m from the rockyshore of each island. Further East lies Rasa Island, while Cotunduba Island is located at the entrance of Guanabara Bay. Further East, Maricás Archipelago is spread 3.5 km from the Maricá coast and is formed by Maricá and Crioula islands and two small islets.

FIGURE 1 |
Maps and photographs of the study area (Coastal Islands of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region). A. The State of Rio de Janeiro in Southeast Brazil; B. The Guanabara Bay and the archipelagos/islands along the southern coast, Z13 fishermen’s colony (red square) and Z7 fishermen’s colony (red circle); C. Tijucas Archipelago; D. Cagarras Archipelago and Redonda Island and Filhote da Redonda Islet forming the MONA Cagarras MPA; E. Cotunduba Island; F. Rasa Island; G. Maricás Archipelago; H. Aerial view from West of the Tijucas Archipelago; I. Aerial view from Northwest of MONA Cagarras, depicting Rasa Island in the far background; J. Aerial view from Southeast of Cotunduba Island; K. Aerial view from East of the Maricás Archipelago. Credits: Augusto A. Machado (A-G); Áthila A. Bertoncini (H, I, K); Fred Cunha (J).

Data source. The updated checklist of marine fishes presented herein was produced through non-destructive methods: (I) 696 Underwater Visual Censuses (UVC) were carried out using 40m²-belt transects by two scientific divers in all of the three archipelagos and Cotunduba Island, between 2011 and 2022, at shallow waters (<10 m) and deeper waters (>11 to 25 m); (II) 468 Submersible Rotating Videos (SRV) were obtained at three different areas on shallow (<10 m) and deep (>10 m) strata (117 hours of video); Additionally, (III) fish occurrence records were compiled from previously published scientific papers and books (e.g., Rangel et al., 2007; Moraes et al., 2013; Monteiro-Neto et al., 2013; Aguiar et al., 2015; Amorim, Monteiro-Neto, 2016; Garcia et al., 2018; Bertoncini et al., 2019; Araujo et al., 2020; Hauser-Davis et al., 2021); (IV) Data were also compiled from fishery landing monitoring and personal communication with Z13 and Z7 Fishermen Colonies, providing much of the species that inhabit soft bottoms, once they have fishing grounds in the surroundings of the islands. Finally, (V) Underwater Sighting Data (approx. 603 hours of scientific diving) and sightings by colleagues and volunteers in situ were considered in the present work.

Submersible Rotating Videos (SRV). The SRV system (Fig. 2), developed by Koenig, Stallings, (2015), is an innovative rotational underwater video technique, and consists of a stainless-steel frame with an engine inside (2 rpm) and a camera of high resolution attached (e.g., GoPro). This technique simulates the renowned stationary census technique, developed by Bohnsack, Bannerot, (1986) and excludes the potential influence of the diver on the behavior of fishes. From each deployment, a 15-minute-video was recorded, and then after analyzed using the VLC multimedia player (http://www.videolan.org/vlc/index.html).

FIGURE 2 |
Submersible Rotating Videos “SRV” in operation on Redonda Island. Photo: Áthila A. Bertoncini.

Data analysis. The species were identified based on Figueiredo, Menezes, (2000), Humann, Deloach, (2014), Hostim-Silva et al., (2005), Bertoncini et al., (2019), and consultancy to experts. The families were ordered according to Dornburg, Near, (2021) and species were arranged in alphabetic order inside each family. The IUCN Red List of threatened species and the Brazilian environmental agency, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) - Red list of Brazilian Fauna Threatened of Extinction were addressed to classify the conservation status of each species (ICMBio, 2018; IUCN, 2020). The sites where the species were reported are presented here and the records of species not observed by this study are referenced. Data analyses were performed using Software R (R Development Core Team, 2020) and maps were elaborated through QGIS 3.16 (QGIS Development Team, 2022).

RESULTS

Fish database. The annotated checklist includes 282 fish species, belonging to 192 genera and 91 families cataloged at the coastal Islands of Rio de Janeiro and surrounding waters, including soft bottom habitats (Tab. 1). It is important to note in Tab. 1 that phylogenetic updates are considered for recent changes in families, i.e., Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822) under Galeocerdonidae (Ebert et al., 2021), Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle, 1841) under Trygonorrhinidae (Last et al., 2016), Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828) under Anthiadidae (Dornburg, Near, 2021; Anderson, 2018); and genus, i.e., from Equetus (lanceolatus) (Linnaeus, 1758) to Eques Bloch, 1793 (Parenti, 2020); and from Chromis (multilineata) (Guichenot, 1853) to Azurina Jordan & McGregor, 1898 (Tang et al., 2021).

From this total, 176 (62.4%) species were observed during Projeto Ilhas do Rio fieldwork surveys. Among the species listed herein: 102 (36.2%) were observed in SRV videos, 160 (56.7%) species were recorded by UVC, being 86 (30.5%) registered in both sampling techniques. In addition, 16 (5.6%) species were only observed by SRV, while 73 (25.9%) species were exclusively observed through UVC. Lastly, 149 (52.8%) species were recorded in spearfishing/ artisanal fisheries’, being 63 (22.3%) exclusive.

TABLE 1 |
Fish species observed in Coastal Islands of Rio de Janeiro arranged according to Dornburg, Near, (2021). Observed sites: Tijucas Archipelago = TA; Cagarras Islands Natural Monument = MCA; Maricás Archipelago = MA; Rasa Island = RI; Cotunduba Island = CI; Conservation Status (IUCN/ICMBio): CR = Critically Endangered, EN = Endangered, VU = Vulnerable, NT = Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern, DD = Data Deficient, and NE = Not Evaluated. Record type: SIG = Sighted, LIT = Literature; FIS = Fishery (Fishermen’s colony and spearfishing), MUS = Museum Voucher, SRV= Submersible Rotating Video and UVC = Underwater Visual Census. † New Records for the area. # Exotic species, Ψ Brazilian endemic species; Rangel et al., 2007*¹, Moraes et al., 2013*², Monteiro-Neto et al., 2013*³, Amorim, Monteiro-Neto, 2016*⁴, Garcia et al., 2018*⁵, Bertoncini et al., 2019*⁶, Araujo et al., 2020*⁷, Hauser-Davis et al., 2021*⁸.

Family and species	IUCN	ICMBio	Observed sites	Record type
GINGLYMOSTOMATIDAE
Ginglymostoma cirratum (Bonnaterre, 1788)	DD	VU	MCA	SIG *²
RHINCODONTIDAE
Rhincodon typus Smith, 1828 †	EN	VU	MCA	SIG
LAMNIDAE
Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810	EN	NT	Z7 / Z13	FIS*7
CARCHARHINIDAE
Carcharhinus brevipinna (Valenciennes, 1839)	NT	DD	Z7 / Z13	FIS*7
Carcharhinus falciformis (Bibron, 1839)	VU	NT	Z7	FIS*7
Rhizoprionodon lalandii (Valenciennes, 1839)	DD	NT	Z13	FIS*7
GALEOCERDONIDAE
Galeocerdo cuvier (Péron & Lesueur, 1822)	NT	NT	Z13	FIS*7
SPHYRNIDAE
Sphyrna lewini (Griffith & Smith, 1834)	CR	CR	Z7 / Z13	FIS*7
Sphyrna zygaena (Linnaeus, 1758)	VU	CR	Z7 / Z13	FIS*7
HEXANCHIDAE
Notorynchus cepedianus (Péron, 1807) †	DD	CR	Z13	FIS
SQUATINIDAE
Squatina guggenheim Marini, 1936	EN	CR	Z7 & Z13	FIS*6
NARCINIDAE
Narcine brasiliensis (Olfers, 1831)	DD	DD	TA / Z13	SRV/ FIS*7
RAJIDAE
Atlantoraja cyclophora (Regan, 1903)	VU	NT	MUS	MUS*³
Atlantoraja castelnaui (Miranda Ribeiro, 1907)	EN	EN	Z7 / Z13	FIS*6
Rioraja agassizii (Müller & Henle, 1841)	VU	EN	MUS / Z13	MUS*³/FIS*7
RHINOBATIDAE
Pseudobatos horkelii (Müller & Henle, 1841)	CR	CR	Z7 / Z13	FIS*6
Pseudobatos percellens (Walbaum, 1792)	NT	DD	MCA / Z13	SRV / FIS*7
TRYGONORRHINIDAE
Zapteryx brevirostris (Müller & Henle, 1841)	NT	DD	TA / MCA / MA / Z13 / MUS	UVC / MUS*³/FIS*7
DASYATIDAE
Dasyatis hypostigma Santos & Carvalho, 2004	DD	DD	Z13	FIS*³
Hypanus americanus (Hildebrand & Schroeder, 1928)	DD	DD	MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*7
Hypanus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	DD	LC	Z13	FIS*7
Hypanus say (Lesueur, 1817)	LC	DD	Z13	FIS*4
Pteroplatytrygon violacea (Bonaparte, 1832)	LC	DD	Z13	FIS*7
GYMNURIDAE
Gymnura altavela (Linnaeus, 1758)	VU	CR	TA / MCA / MA / Z13	UVC / FIS*³
MYLIOBATIDAE
Aetobatus narinari (Euphrasen, 1790)	NT	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC/ SRV/ LIT*1,3
Myliobatis freminvillei Lesueur, 1824	DD	EN	MCA / RI	UVC/ SRV/ SIG*³
RHINOPTERIDAE
Rhinoptera bonasus (Mitchill, 1815) †	VU	VU	MCA	UVC
MOBULIDAE
Mobula mobular (Bonnaterre, 1788)	EN	VU	Z13	FIS*8
ELOPIDAE
Elops saurus Linnaeus, 1766	LC	NE	Z13	FIS*2
ALBULIDAE
Albula vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758)	NT	DD	Z13	FIS*2
MURAENIDAE
Gymnothorax funebris Ranzani, 1839	LC	DD	MCA	SIG / LIT*1
Gymnothorax moringa (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Gymnothorax ocellatus Agassiz, 1831	LC	DD	Z13	FIS*2
Gymnothorax vicinus (Castelnau, 1855)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SIG*³
Muraena retifera Goode & Bean, 1882	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SIG*³
OPHICHTHIDAE
Ahlia egmontis (Jordan, 1884)	LC	LC	MCA / RI	UVC / SIG*³
Myrichthys breviceps (Richardson, 1848)	LC	LC	MCA	UVC / LIT*1
Myrichthys ocellatus (Lesueur, 1825)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / LIT*³
Ophichthus ophis (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA	UVC / LIT*³
CONGRIDAE
Conger orbignianus Valenciennes, 1837	LC	DD	MUS	MUS*³
CLUPEIDAE
Brevoortia aurea (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*²
Harengula clupeola (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA	SRV / SIG*³
Opisthonema oglinum (Lesueur, 1818)	LC	LC	MCA / MA / Z13	UVC / FIS*² / SIG*³
Sardinella brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1879)	DD	DD	MCA / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
ARIIDAE
Genidens barbus (Lacepède, 1803)	NE	EN	CI3 / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
SYNODONTIDAE
Synodus foetens (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	MCA	LIT*²,³
Synodus intermedius (Spix & Agassiz, 1829)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	LIT*1/UVC
Synodus synodus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Trachinocephalus myops (Foster, 1801)	LC	LC	MUS	MUS*³
LAMPRIDAE
Lampris guttatus (Brünnich, 1788) †	LC	LC	Z13	FIS
MERLUCCIIDAE
Merluccius hubbsi Marini, 1933	NE	NT	Z13	FIS*²
GADIDAE
Urophycis brasiliensis (Kaup, 1858)	NE	NT	Z13	FIS*²
HOLOCENTRIDAE
Holocentrus adscensionis (Osbeck, 1765)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / LIT*1/ FIS*²
Myripristis jacobus Cuvier, 1829	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Plectrypops retrospinis (Guichenot, 1853)	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / LIT*2
Sargocentron bullisi (Woods, 1955)	LC	LC	MCA / MA	SIG*³/UVC
BATRACHOIDIDAE
Porichthys porosissimus (Cuvier, 1829)	NE	LC	MCA / MA / Z13 / MUS	UVC / LIT*²/ MUS*³ / FIS*²
GOBIIDAE
Coryphopterus glaucofraenum Gill, 1863	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / LIT*1
Ctenogobius saepepallens (Gilbert & Randall, 1968) †	LC	LC	MA	UVC
Elacatinus figaro Sazima, Moura & Rosa, 1997 Ψ	NE	VU	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Gnatholepis thompsoni Jordan, 1904	LC	LC	MCA	UVC / SIG*6
Gobulus myersi Ginsburg, 1939 †	LC	NE	TA	UVC
APOGONIDAE
Apogon pseudomaculatus Longley, 1932	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / LIT*²
Phaeoptyx pigmentaria (Poey, 1860)	LC	LC	Not Available	SIG*³
PTERELEOTRIDAE
Ptereleotris randalli Gasparini, Rocha & Floeter, 2001	LC	LC	TA	UVC / SRV / SIG*3
GEMPYLIDAE
Thyrsites lepidopodea (Cuvier, 1832)	NE	LC	Z13	FIS*2
POMATOMIDAE
Pomatomus saltatrix (Linnaeus, 1766)	VU	NT	MCA / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
SCOMBRIDAE
Euthynnus alletteratus (Rafinesque, 1810)	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / LIT*6
Sarda sarda (Bloch, 1793) †	LC	LC	MCA	SIG
Scomber colias Gmelin, 1789	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*4
Scomberomorus brasiliensis Collette, Russo & Zavala-Camin, 1978	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG / FIS*4
STROMATEIDAE
Peprilus paru (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
TRICHIURIDAE
Trichiurus lepturus Linnaeus, 1758	DD	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG*2/ FIS*2
FISTULARIIDAE
Fistularia petimba Lacepède, 1803	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG / FIS*2
Fistularia tabacaria Linnaeus, 1758	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
SYNGNATHIDAE
Halicampus crinitus (Jenyns, 1842) †	LC	LC	RI	UVC
Hippocampus erectus Perry, 1810	VU	VU	Not Available	LIT*³
Hippocampus patagonicus Piacentino & Luzzatto, 2004 †	VU	VU	MCA	SIG
Hippocampus reidi Ginsburg, 1933	NT	VU	TA / MCA / MA	UVC / SIG*1
CALLIONYMIDAE
Callionymus bairdi Jordan, 1888	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA	UVC / SIG*³
MULLIDAE
Mullus argentinae Hubbs & Marini, 1933	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Mulloidichthys martinicus (Cuvier, 1829) †	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC
Pseudupeneus maculatus (Bloch, 1793)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC/SRV/ SIG*1 /FIS*2
DACTYLOPTERIDAE
Dactylopterus volitans (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
BLENNIIDAE
Hypleurochilus fissicornis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / LIT*1
Hypsoblennius invemar Smith-Vaniz & Acero P., 1980	LC	LC	TA / MCA / RI	UVC / LIT*1
Parablennius marmoreus (Poey, 1876)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / LIT*1
Parablennius pilicornis (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Scartella cristata (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
CHAENOPSIDAE
Emblemariopsis signifer (Ginsburg, 1942)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / LIT*1
LABRISOMIDAE
Gobioclinus kalisherae (Jordan, 1904)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / RI	UVC / SIG*³
Labrisomus cricota Sazima, Gasparini & Moura, 2002	LC	LC	Not Available	LIT*1
Labrisomus nuchipinnis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Malacoctenus triangulatus Springer, 1959	LC	LC	Not Available	LIT*1
Malacoctenus delalandii (Valenciennes, 1836)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / LIT*1
Paraclinus spectator Guimarães & Bacellar, 2002 Ψ	LC	LC	TA / MCA	UVC / SIG*6
Starksia brasiliensis (Gilbert, 1900) Ψ	LC	LC	TA	SIG / LIT*³
BELONIDAE
Strongylura spp. van Hasselt, 1824	LC	LC	Not Available	LIT*1
Strongylura marina (Walbaum, 1792)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*³
Tylosurus spp.	LC	LC	RI	UVC / SIG*³
Tylosurus acus (Lacepède, 1803)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
MUGILIDAE
Mugil curema Valenciennes, 1836	LC	DD	MCA / Z13	SIG*² / FIS*2
Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836	DD	NT	TA / MCA / MA / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
OPISTOGNATHIDAE
Opistognathus vicinus Smith-Vaniz, Tornabene & Macieira, 2018 † Ψ	NE	NE	RI / MA	UVC
POMACENTRIDAE
Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV /LIT*1/ FIS*²
Azurina multilineata (Guichenot, 1853)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Chromis flavicauda (Günther, 1880)	DD	LC	MCA	UVC / LIT*²
Chromis jubauna Moura, 1995 Ψ	NE	LC	MCA / RI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Chromis vanbebberae McFarland, Baldwin, Robertson, Rocha & Tornabene, 2020 †	NE	NE	MCA	UVC
Stegastes fuscus (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Stegastes pictus (Castelnau, 1855)	NE	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
Stegastes variabilis (Castelnau, 1855)	NE	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*1
CARANGIDAE
Caranx crysos (Mitchill, 1815)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*³
Caranx hippos (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	Not Available	SIG*³ / FIS*³
Caranx latus Agassiz, 1831	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / LIT*2
Caranx ruber (Bloch, 1793)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / FIS*³
Chloroscombrus chrysurus (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG / FIS*2
Decapterus macarellus (Cuvier, 1833) †	LC	LC	TA / CI	UVC
Decapterus punctatus (Cuvier, 1829) †	LC	LC	MCA	UVC
Oligoplites spp.	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Parona signata (Jenyns, 1841)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / FIS*³
Selar crumenophthalmus (Bloch, 1793)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG / FIS*³
Selene setapinnis (Mitchill, 1815)	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG / FIS*2
Selene vomer (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
Seriola dumerili (Risso, 1810)	NT	LC	MCA / Z13	SIG*2/ FIS*³
Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833	LC	LC	TA / MCA / Z13	UVC / SIG*2 / FIS*2
Seriola rivoliana Valenciennes, 1833	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / FIS*³
Trachinotus carolinus (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Trachinotus falcatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	CI3 / Z13	SIG / FIS*³
Trachinotus goodei Jordan & Evermann, 1896	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
Trachinotus marginatus Cuvier, 1832	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*2 / FIS*³
Trachurus lathami Nichols, 1920	LC	LC	MCA / RI / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
Uraspis secunda (Poey, 1860)	LC	LC	MCA / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
CORYPHAENIDAE
Coryphaena hippurus Linnaeus, 1758	LC	LC	TA / MCA	UVC / FIS*2
ECHENEIDAE
Echeneis naucrates Linnaeus 1758	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
RACHYCENTRIDAE
Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus, 1766) †	LC	LC	CI	SRV
XIPHIIDAE
Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 †	LC	NT	TA	FIS
BOTHIDAE
Bothus ocellatus (Agassiz, 1831)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
PARALICHTHYIDAE
Cyclopsetta fimbriata (Goode & Bean, 1885)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG
Paralichthys orbignyanus (Valenciennes, 1839)	DD	DD	Z13	FIS*2
Paralichthys patagonicus Jordan, 1889	VU	NT	Z13	FIS*2
Syacium micrurum Ranzani, 1842	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*4
Syacium papillosum (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	/ Z13	SIG / FIS*2
CENTROPOMIDAE
Centropomus parallelus Poey, 1860 †	LC	LC	TA	SRV
Centropomus undecimalis (Bloch, 1792)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / CI / Z13	SRV / SIG*³ / FIS*4
POLYNEMIDAE
Polydactylus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
SPHYRAENIDAE
Sphyraena guachancho Cuvier, 1829	LC	LC	Not Available	FIS*³
Sphyraena tome Fowler, 1903	NE	DD	TA / MCA / MA / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*2
EPINEPHELIDAE
Cephalopholis fulva (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*³
Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828)	LC	NE	MCA	SIG*5/ MUS*5
Epinephelus itajara (Lichtenstein, 1822)	VU	CR	MCA	SIG*2
Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834)	VU	VU	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SIG*1/ FIS*2
Epinephelus morio (Valenciennes, 1828)	VU	VU	MCA	SIG / FIS*3
Hyporthodus niveatus (Valenciennes, 1828)	VU	VU	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SIG*1 / FIS*2
Mycteroperca acutirostris (Valenciennes, 1828)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	SRV / UVC / SIG*1 / FIS*2
Mycteroperca bonaci (Poey, 1860)	NT	VU	TA / MCA / MA / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
Mycteroperca interstitialis (Poey, 1860)	VU	VU	MCA	SRV / SIG*1/ FIS*2
Mycteroperca microlepis (Goode & Bean, 1879)	VU	DD	Z13	FIS*2
Paranthias furcifer (Valenciennes, 1828)	LC	NE	TA / RI	UVC / SIG*1
SERRANIDAE
Diplectrum formosum (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*2
Diplectrum radiale (Quoy & Gaimard, 1824)	LC	LC	MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*3
Dules auriga Cuvier, 1829	NE	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*2
Pronotogrammus martinicensis (Guichenot, 1868)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*3
Rypticus bistrispinus (Mitchill, 1818)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SIG*1
Rypticus saponaceus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	LC	LC	MCA / MA / RI / MUS	UVC / SIG*1 / MUS*3
Serranus atrobranchus (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	MCA / RI	UVC / SIG*2
Serranus baldwini (Evermann & Marsh, 1889)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SIG*1
Serranus flaviventris (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*2
ANTHIADIDAE
Acanthistius brasilianus (Cuvier, 1828)	DD	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
PERCOPHIDAE
Percophis brasiliensis Quoy & Gaimard, 1825	NE	LC	Z13	FIS*2
TRIGLIDAE
Prionotus punctatus (Bloch, 1793)	LC	LC	MA / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
SCORPAENIDAE
Pontinus corallinus Miranda Ribeiro, 1903 Ψ	NE	DD	MUS	MUS*³
Scorpaena brasiliensis Cuvier, 1829	LC	LC	MCA	UVC / SIG*1
Scorpaena isthmensis Meek & Hildebrand, 1928	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SIG*1 / FIS*4
Scorpaena plumieri Bloch, 1789	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SIG*1 / FIS*2
Scorpaenodes caribbaeus (Meek & Hildebrand, 1928)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*2
Scorpaenodes tredecimspinosus (Metzelaar, 1919)	LC	LC	MCA	UVC / SIG*³
KYPHOSIDAE
Kyphosus sectatrix (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	NE	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC/ SRV / SIG*1/FIS*2
Kyphosus vaigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard, 1825)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*6
LABRIDAE
Bodianus pulchellus (Poey, 1860)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Bodianus rufus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Clepticus brasiliensis Heiser, Moura & Robertson, 2000 Ψ	LC	LC	MCA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Cryptotomus roseus Cope, 1871	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*2
Doratonotus megalepis Günther, 1862	LC	LC	RI	UVC / SIG*3
Halichoeres brasiliensis (Bloch, 1791) Ψ	DD	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Halichoeres dimidiatus (Agassiz, 1831)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SIG*1
Halichoeres penrosei Starks, 1913 Ψ	LC	LC	MA	UVC
Halichoeres poeyi (Steindachner, 1867)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Halichoeres sazimai Luiz, Ferreira & Rocha, 2009 Ψ	NE	LC	MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Nicholsina usta (Valenciennes, 1840)	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / SRV / SIG*3
Scarus trispinosus Valenciennes, 1840	EN	EN	MCA / MA	SIG*2/ FIS*³
Scarus zelindae Moura, Figueiredo & Sazima, 2001	DD	VU	MCA	SIG*2/ FIS*³
Sparisoma amplum (Ranzani, 1841)	LC	NT	TA / MCA	UVC / SIG*2
Sparisoma axillare (Steindachner, 1878)	DD	VU	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Sparisoma frondosum (Agassiz, 1831)	DD	VU	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SRV/ SIG*1 / FIS*2
Sparisoma radians (Valenciennes, 1840)	LC	LC	MCA / MA	SIG*2
Sparisoma tuiupiranga Gasparini, Joyeux & Floeter, 2003	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Thalassoma noronhanum (Boulenger, 1890) Ψ	LC	LC	MCA	UVC / SIG*2
Xyrichtys novacula (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	MA	UVC / SIG*6
Xyrichtys splendens Castelnau, 1855 †	LC	LC	MA	UVC
URANOSCOPIDAE
Astroscopus ygraecum (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*4
PINGUIPEDIDAE
Pinguipes brasilianus Cuvier, 1829	NE	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / FIS*³
Pseudopercis numida Miranda Ribeiro, 1903	LC	NT	Not Available	FIS*³
PEMPHERIDAE
Pempheris schomburgkiiMüller & Troschel, 1848	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / MUS	UVC / SRV / SIG*1 / MUS*3
ACANTHURIDAE
Acanthurus bahianus Castelnau, 1855	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Acanthurus chirurgus (Bloch, 1787)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Acanthurus coeruleus Bloch & Schneider, 1801	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
GERREIDAE
Diapterus rhombeus (Cuvier, 1829)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*4
Eucinostomus gula (Quoy & Guaimard, 1824)	LC	LC	RI / CI	UVC / SRV / LIT*³
EPHIPPIDAE
Chaetodipterus faber (Broussonet, 1782)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
HAEMULIDAE
Anisotremus surinamensis (Bloch, 1791)	DD	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS *2
Anisotremus virginicus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS *2
Haemulon aurolineatum Cuvier, 1830	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / FIS *3
Haemulon plumierii (Lacèpede, 1801)	LC	DD	MCA / MA / RI	SIG*1 / FIS*³
Haemulon steindachneri (Jordan & Gilbert, 1882)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / SIG *2
Orthopristis rubra (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS *2
Paranisotremus moricandi (Ranzani, 1842)	LC	LC	Z13	SIG*3, FIS*3
Pomadasys ramosus (Poey, 1860) †	NE	LC	Z13	FIS
SCIAENIDAE
Cynoscion acoupa (Lacepède, 1801)	VU	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Cynoscion guatucupa (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Cynoscion jamaicensis (Vaillant & Bocourt, 1883)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Cynoscion microlepidotus (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Cynoscion virescens (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Eques lanceolatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*2
Larimus breviceps Cuvier, 1830	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Menticirrhus americanus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	DD	Z13	FIS*2
Micropogonias furnieri (Desmarest, 1823)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Odontoscion dentex (Cuvier, 1830)	LC	LC	MCA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Paralonchurus brasiliensis (Steindachner, 1875)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
Pareques acuminatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Pogonias cromis (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	EN	Z13	FIS*2
Stellifer rastrifer (Jordan, 1889)	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*4
Umbrina canosai Berg, 1895	LC	LC	Z13	FIS*2
LUTJANIDAE
Lutjanus analis (Cuvier, 1828)	NT	NT	MCA / Z13	SRV / FIS *2
Lutjanus cyanopterus (Cuvier, 1828)	VU	VU	Z13	FIS *2
Lutjanus jocu (Bloch & Schneider, 1801)	DD	NT	TA / MUS	UVC / MUS*³
Lutjanus synagris (Linnaeus, 1758)	NT	NT	Z13	FIS *2
Ocyurus chrysurus (Bloch, 1791)	DD	NT	MCA	SIG*1/ FIS*³
Rhomboplites aurorubens (Cuvier, 1829)	VU	NT	Z13	FIS *2
MALACANTHIDAE
Malacanthus plumieri (Bloch, 1786)	LC	LC	TA / MA	UVC / SRV / SIG *3
POMACANTHIDAE
Centropyge aurantonotus Burgess, 1974	LC	DD	MCA / RI	UVC / SIG *1
Holacanthus ciliaris (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Holacanthus tricolor (Bloch, 1795)	LC	DD	MCA	UVC / SIG *1
Pomacanthus arcuatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	DD	MCA	UVC / SIG *1
Pomacanthus paru (Bloch, 1787)	LC	DD	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
CHAETODONTIDAE
Chaetodon sedentarius Poey, 1860	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Chaetodon striatus Linnaeus, 1758	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG *1
Heniochus acuminatus (Linnaeus, 1758) # †	LC	NE	MCA	SRV / SIG
Prognathodes brasiliensis Burgess, 2001	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / SRV / SIG *2
Prognathodes guyanensis (Durand, 1960)	LC	LC	MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SIG *1
SPARIDAE
Archosargus probatocephalus (Walbaum, 1792)	LC	DD	Z13	FIS*2
Archosargus rhomboidalis (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	Not Available	FIS*3
Calamus penna (Valenciennes, 1830)	LC	LC	MCA / CI / Z13	UVC / FIS*2
Calamus pennatula Guichenot, 1868	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / FIS *3
Diplodus argenteus (Valenciennes, 1830)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS *2
Pagrus pagrus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS *2
PRIACANTHIDAE
Heteropriacanthus cruentatus (Lacepède, 1801)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / FIS*³
Priacanthus arenatus Cuvier, 1829	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
ANTENNARIIDAE
Antennarius multiocellatus (Valenciennes, 1837)	LC	DD	MCA	SIG*2
Antennarius striatus (Shaw, 1794)	LC	DD	MUS	MUS*³
LOPHIIDAE
Lophius gastrophysus Miranda Ribeiro, 1915	LC	NT	Z13	FIS*2
OGCOCEPHALIDAE
Ogcocephalus vespertilio (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / FIS *3
BALISTIDAE
Balistes capriscus Gmelin, 1789	VU	NT	TA / MA / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
Balistes vetula Linnaeus, 1758	NT	NT	TA / MCA / Z13	UVC / SRV / FIS*2
DIODONTIDAE
Chilomycterus reticulatus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*6
Chilomycterus spinosus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Diodon hystrix Linnaeus, 1758	LC	LC	MCA / MA	UVC / SIG*1
MOLIDAE
Mola mola (Linnaeus, 1758) †	VU	LC	MCA	SIG
MONACANTHIDAE
Aluterus monocerus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	NT	MCA / MA / RI / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
Aluterus scriptus (Osbeck, 1765)	LC	LC	TA	SRV / SIG*3
Cantherhines macrocerus (Hollard, 1853)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Cantherhines pullus (Ranzani, 1842)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Stephanolepis hispida (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI / Z13	UVC/SRV/ SIG*1 /FIS*2
OSTRACIIDAE
Acanthostracion polygonius Poey, 1876	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG *2
Acanthostracion quadricornis (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	TA / MCA	UVC / SIG *2
Lactophrys trigonus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	LC	MCA	SIG*1
TETRAODONTIDAE
Canthigaster figueiredoi Moura & Castro, 2002	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Lagocephalus laevigatus (Linnaeus, 1766)	LC	LC	MA / Z13	SRV / FIS*2
Sphoeroides greeleyi Gilbert, 1900	LC	LC	MCA / MA / CI	UVC / LIT*3
Sphoeroides spengleri (Bloch, 1785)	LC	LC	TA / MCA / MA / RI / CI	UVC / SRV / SIG*1
Sphoeroides testudineus (Linnaeus, 1758)	LC	DD	CI	UVC / SIG*1

The fish inventory contains 254 (90.1%) species of Osteichthyes and 28 (9.9%) Chondrichthyes. Carangidae was the richest family with 22 species, followed by Labridae with 21 fish species, Sciaenidae (14), Epinephelidae (11), Serranidae (9), Haemulidae and Pomacentridae (8), and Labrisomidae with 7 species (Fig. 3). The most common genera were Halichoeres Rüppell, 1835, Sparisoma Swainson, 1839, and Cynoscion Gill, 1861 with five species each, followed by Gymnothorax Bloch, 1795, Mycteroperca Gill, 1862, Caranx Lacepède, 1801, Lutjanus Bloch, 1790, and Trachinotus Lacepède, 1801, with four species each. In addition, this study revealed 21 new records of fish species, as follows: Rhincodon typus, Notorynchus cepedianus, Rhinoptera bonasus), Lampris guttatus, Ctenogobius saepepallens, Gobulus myersi, Hippocampus patagonicus, Halicampus crinitus), Mulloidichthys martinicus, Opistognathus vicinus, Chromis vanbebberae, Decapterus macarellus, Decapterus punctatus), Sarda sarda, Rachycentron canadum, Xiphias gladius, Pomadasys ramosus, Centropomus parallelus, Xyrichtys splendens, Mola mola), and last but not the least, Heniochus acuminatus, an exotic fish species herein reported in MONA Cagarras (see † in Tab. 1).

FIGURE 3 |
The richest families reported along the coastal islands and surrounding waters of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan region, Brazil.

The three most common elasmobranch species were Gymnura altavela, Myliobatis freminvillei, and Z. brevirostris (Figs. 4A,B,C). The Fig. 4 (D,E) brings two new records S. sarda and C. vanbebberae, and the most common species in the Archipelagos, which were D. argenteus, C. pullus, and H. aurolineatum (Figs. 4 F,G,H).

FIGURE 4 |
Elasmobranchs commonly observed on Rio de Janeiro coastal islands rockyreefs: A. Gymnura altavela, B. Myliobatis freminvillei, and C. Zapteryx brevirostris; new records D. Sarda sarda and E. Chromis vanbebberae; and the most common species: F. Diplodus argenteus, G. Cantherhines pullus, and H. Haemulon aurolineatum. Photos: Augusto A. Machado (A–B), Suzana Guimarães (D), Áthila A. Bertoncini (C, E–H).

Yet, rare species recorded in situ are depicted in Fig. 5, Thalassoma noronhanum, Paranthias furcifer, X. splendens. Yet, rare species recorded in situ are depicted in Fig. 5, T. noronhanum, P. furcifer, X. splendens, C. brasiliensis, E. lanceolatus, U. secunda, S. zelindae, and P. randalli, and in Fig. 6, Hippocampus reidi, Callionymus bairdi, Haemulon plumierii, Sargocentron bullisi, Chromis flavicauda, Pronotogrammus martinicensis, Centropyge aurantonotus, and Bodianus rufus. Finally, the rare cryptic species Gobulus myersi, and Paraclinus spectator are depicted in Fig. 7.

FIGURE 5 |
Rare fish species recorded on Rio de Janeiro coastal islands rocky reefs: A. Thalassoma noronhanum, B. Paranthias furcifer, C. Xyrichtys splendens, D. Clepticus brasiliensis, E. Eques lanceolatus, F. Uraspis secunda, G. Scarus zelindae and H. Ptereleotris randalli. Photos: Áthila A. Bertoncini (A–B, E–H), Augusto A. Machado (C, D).

FIGURE 6 |
Rare fish species recorded on Rio de Janeiro coastal islands rockyreefs: A. Hippocampus reidi, B. Callionymus bairdi, C. Haemulon plumierii, D. Sargocentron bullisi, E. Chromis flavicauda, F. Pronotogrammus martinicensis, G. Centropyge aurantonotus, and H. Bodianus rufus. Photos: Áthila A. Bertoncini.

FIGURE 7 |
Two cryptic species observed at a particular gravel bottom at Tijucas Archipelago. A. Gobulus myersi (new record) and Paraclinus spectator. Photos: Áthila A. Bertoncini.

Exotic fish record. Among the fishes listed, the SRV recorded an exotic species, originally widespread throughout the Indo-Pacific Ocean, from East Africa and Persian Gulf to the Society Islands, north to southern Japan, south to Lord Howe Island and throughout Micronesia. Heniochus acuminatus, commonly known as Longfin Bannerfish, was observed in Redonda Island at 8 meters deep. A single individual was sighted at a sampling video (Fig. 8A and in the videoS1) in March 2019 swimming over the rocky reef covered by turf algae, among native fish species (i.e., Acanthurus bahianus, Acanthurus chirurgus among others) and in February 2022, it was again observed at the same location (Suzana Guimarães, Projeto Ilhas do Rio researcher) at the same location, and on April 2022 by the authors (Fig. 8B). This species is easily identified observing its color pattern, white body with a pair of black bands, yellow truncate caudal fin, and dorsal fin spine especially long (Randall, 1995; Adelir-Alves et al., 2018; Froese, Pauly, 2022).

FIGURE 8 |
Heniochus acuminatus. A. The SRV frame recorded on MAR 2019 at Redonda Island, inside of the MPA, close to Acanthurus bahianus; B. H. acuminatus photographed in April 2022 (photo by Augusto A. Machado).

Conservation status. The fish species of coastal islands and surroundings were categorized following IUCN and ICMBio Red lists of threatened species (Fig. 9). According to IUCN, approximately 71.28% of species are assigned as Least Concern (LC), 7.45% are Data Deficient (DD), 4.26% Near Threatened (NT), and 6.74% Not Evaluated (NE). A total of 10.3% are considered threatened, being 7.45% assigned as Vulnerable (VU), 2.13% Endangered (EN) and 0.71% as Critically Endangered (CR). In parallel, the Brazilian red list (ICMBio, 2018) considers 66.31% of the species as LC, 12.41% are DD, 7.8% NT, and 2.84% are NE. Threatened species account to 10.6%, where 6.03% are VU, 2.13% EN, and 2.48% CR.

FIGURE 9 |
Doughnut chart showing the assigned categories (%) of threatened fish species according to the IUCN and the Brazilian (ICMBio, 2018) red lists. CR = Critically Endangered, DD = Data Deficient, EN = Endangered, LC = Least Concern, NE = Not Evaluated, NT = Near Threatened, VU = Vulnerable.

Fish richness along Rio de Janeiro and Maricás coastal islands. The richness from coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro and surroundings were widely represented through different sampling techniques (Tab. 1). We present the numbers of species recorded per archipelago, disregarding the number of islands sampled in each archipelago, where Cagarras Islands Natural Monument presented 181 fish species, with 58 exclusive species. In the Maricás Archipelago, 120 fish species, being six exclusives, whereas 115 species were recorded in Tijucas Archipelago, with 11 exclusive records (Fig. 10). In addition, samples from Rasa Island provided 108 records and in Cotunduba island, which is located within the Paisagem Carioca Municipal Natural Park - at the entrance to Guanabara Bay - 62 fish species were recorded.

We assessed the number of reef fish occurring simultaneously among archipelagos. The MONA Cagarras (MCA) and Maricás Archipelago presented the highest number of species in common with 112 fish species, representing 39.8% of total, that can be seen in both areas, followed by 102 species in MONA Cagarras and Tijucas Archipelago (36.3%), Maricás and Tijucas Archipelago with 93 species (approximately 33.1%) and finally only 91 or 32.4% species that can be seen in the three archipelagos (Fig. 10).

FIGURE 10 |
Venn diagram representing exclusive and shared species richness recorded in the study areas: large-bold-grey numbers are the total number of species in each area; small numbers represent exclusive species in each area; medium size numbers represent the share between/among areas.

New records. This study provides 21 new records never reported for these archipelagos, occurring along the coasts of Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities (Fig. 1). Among the sampled areas, four new occurrences were reported in the Tijucas Archipelago: Xiphias gladius by spearfishing close to the islands, D. macarellus (UVC), C. parallelus (SRV), and G. myersi (UVC, Fig. 7A). The MONA Cagarras presented the greatest number of new records: M. mola was sighted on board close to Cagarra Island, while D. punctatus was observed by UVC in Comprida Island. Redonda Island provided the following new records: Rhincodon typus sighted on board within the MONA Cagarras Island ring, R. bonasus, C. vanbebberae (Fig. 4E), and M. martinicus by UVC, S. sarda (Fig. 4D) was sighted by Ilhas do Rio associated researchers, H. patagonicus was detected through fishing activities in the surroundings of the MPA and the non-native species H. acuminatus registered by SRV, within of the MPA. Additionally, O. vicinus was observed on Rasa Island inside its sand burrow and H. crinitus was seen amongst the gravel bottom. The samples performed on Cotunduba Island, at the entrance of Guanabara Bay, provided records of R. canadum by SRV and D. macarellus (UVC), while Maricás Archipelago contributed with three new records from UVC: X. splendens, M. martinicus and C. saepepallens. Finally, at the Z13 Fishermen colony, which fishing grounds are in the vicinity of the MONA Cagarras, three records were provided: N. cepedianus, P. ramosus, and L. guttatus.

DISCUSSION

In order to carry out scientific research and survey of marine species biodiversity, the Ilhas do Rio Project started in 2011 to improve knowledge, developing a huge effort in the biodiversity assessment in the Coastal Islands of Rio de Janeiro, specially, the then recently created MPA, MONA Cagarras. Since then, SCUBA diving surveys, documenting the rich biodiversity have been carried out to provide basic knowledge to build up public policies, such as the MPA’s Management Plan and to enhance the knowledge of the surrounding islands.

To assess fish species richness and reduce impacts, non-destructive techniques have been employed, providing relevant scientific results with minimal environmental disturbance. The use of complementary sampling techniques, especially UVC and SRV, was essential to achieve the important new records (n = 12) of species never recorded before in this study, such as the Green razorfish, X. splendens (Maricá Islands) (Fig. 5C); and the collaboration of Ilhas do Rio associated researchers (n = 2), that in situ reported the Sunfish, M. mola, and the Atlantic bonito, S. sarda (Fig. 4D).

Also, the important long-lasting relationship of researchers from Ilhas do Rio Project and the fishermen colony, provided unique records (n = 4), such as the offshore Opah, L. guttatus; the Broadnose sevengill shark (N. cepedianus), that was reported by fishing data at Z13 fishermen colony from Copacabana, Rio de Janeiro. We had 63 species (22.3%) being provided by fishermen, which is similar with the reported by Pinheiro et al., (2015), where out of the 221 recorded species, 26% were exclusively provided by fishermen. In addition, the spearfishing activity recorded the Broadbill swordfish (X. gladius) and the Patagonian seahorse (H. patagonicus) was caught by bottom trawling. It is paramount to develop a good relationship and share the knowledge with fishermen in order to receive new records for the studies sites.

The submersible rotating video system (SRVs) proved to be of great power in detecting species, such as the exotic Longfin Bannerfish, H. acuminatus, first observed by this method, in a site often visited by researchers at Redonda Island. We emphasize the importance of using multiples and complementary techniques in fish biodiversity survey studies.

The inventory herein brings a combination of different observational and fisheries records, allowing the scientific assessment of rocky reefs and the surrounding pelagic and soft-bottom environments from Coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro and Maricá, contributing thus to improve conservation and management efforts in a broader area. Our observations provided 282 fish records and 21 new species, including an exotic species, representing a significant increase (over 7.6%) in the checklist, considering previous studies in these Islands (Monteiro-Neto et al., 2013, Bertoncini et al., 2019). Marine coastal areas are known as important habitats for fish communities (Kume et al., 2021), thus recognizing the attributes of fish communities for future comparisons is likely to have consequences for the provision of ecosystem services such as fisheries and tourism (Chong-Seng et al., 2012), mainly in areas with a moderate-rate of endemic species like the Rio de Janeiro and Maricá coastal islands, circa 6%, and with circa 10.5% of the species in a threatened category according to IUCN and ICMBio.

These coastal islands are known to host a high diversity of terrestrial and marine species like seabirds, fishes, corals, and other organisms (for details, see Moraes et al., 2013; Bertoncini et al., 2019). Our study contributes to the update and improvement in the knowledge about fish biodiversity in each archipelago and surrounding areas. Data revealed the greatest fish richness within the Cagarras Islands Natural Monument, comprising about the 64.2% (181 spp.) (Fig. 10) of the total fish species encountered in Coastal islands of Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities, showing the importance of this MPA for the conservation of fish species.

Long-term monitoring efforts are widely needed in coastal islands in order to better understand the structure of fish communities and the ecological relationships of this vertebrate group with other organisms. In addition, fish monitoring data provide important information for coastal management, to protect marine resources and efforts to assess MPA effectiveness (Jentoft et al., 2007; Melià et al., 2020). Previous studies have indicated that MPAs are appropriate places for, in addition to preserving biodiversity, recovering exploited stocks (Roberts et al., 2001; Halpern, 2003), especially considering that most of the studied area is subject to recreational and artisanal fisheries. It is important to highlight that the MONA Cagarras, together with its surrounding areas (including Rasa and Cotunduba islands) was, in 2021, recognized as a Hope Spot for conservation of marine biodiversity by the international nonprofit organization Mission Blue (www.mission-blue.org/hope-spots).

However, this international recognition along with the national protection such as the “Natural Monument” category, bring the spotlight to these islands, but alone they will not save nor guarantee the protection of the reef fish fauna. It is important to rethink the design and limits of the MPA, in order to provide a proper protection for deeper rocky reefs, once the MPA limits of 10m from the island’s coast leave much of these areas unprotected.

The presence of exotic species such as the H. acuminatus, and Cephalopholis taeniops (Valenciennes, 1828) - previously collected in 2006 (Garcia et al., 2018) within MONA Cagarras, calls the attention for the management and conservation of this important area. In Brazil, there is no evidence of successful invasion of the Longfin Bannerfish. The first report occurred in 1999 from Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro State (Moura, 2000), while in 2013 it was recorded at Laje de Santos, São Paulo State (Luiz et al., 2014), and in 2017 it was sighted in a shipwreck in South Brazil (Paraná) (Adelir-Alves et al., 2018). According to Luiz et al., (2014) there are two possible hypotheses for the introduction in Brazil: an aquarium release or long-distance natural dispersal from the Indian-Ocean. We suspect that the former hypothesis might be the case once this species is commonly traded by aquarists in the metropolis of Rio de Janeiro. Nevertheless, H. acuminatus is a planktivorous species and its occurrence is unlikely to cause significant impacts in the ecosystem’s health.

Additionally, the detection of alien species such as the Azores Chromis, Chromis limbata (Valenciennes, 183) (Leite et al., 2009; Anderson et al., 2017), and the Toadfish, Opsanus beta (Goode & Bean, 1880), both established in some Brazilian estuaries (Cordeiro et al., 2020) warns about the need to prevent the arrival and establishment of other exotic species, such as the lionfish (Pterois spp.) which has recently been continuously recorded in the Brazilian offshore island of Fernando de Noronha, and in coastal fisheries in North Brazil (Luiz et al., 2021). In the Caribbean Sea, the lionfish invasion caused several impacts due to the voracious generalist predatory behavior, while depicting exponential increases in its abundance without significant natural predatory control (Côté et al., 2013; Samhouri, Stier, 2021). The introduction of non-native species through human vectors is globally acknowledged to represent a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem health (Sutherland et al., 2010), and, according to IOC-UNESCO, (2022) it is critical to understand multiple ocean stressors and target efforts at minimizing their impacts to lessen the cumulative pressure on the resilience and health of marine life.

Besides the exotic fish species, the presence of other invasive species along Brazilian reef environments, specially composing the bottom community, such as cnidarians, e.g., Stereonephthya sp. (Ferreira, 2003), Sarcotheliasp. (Xeniidae), and Briareum hamrum(Gohar, 1948) (Briareidae) (Menezes et al., 2022) and the Sun coral (Tubastraea spp.), already established in the study area (Silva et al., 2022), may cause negative impacts on rocky reef fish communities (Miranda et al., 2018), being studied (AAM, work in progress) in Rio de Janeiro’s archipelagos.

Coastal islands from Rio de Janeiro and Maricá cities are close to large urban centers (7 million people live around Guanabara Bay) and suffer a great influence of marine pollution (Guanabara Bay and Ipanema Sewage Outfall), unmanaged tourism, ornamental fish trade, illegal and unregulated fishing practices, and marine exotic species (ICMBio, 2020). In order to understand how these impacts may influence the health of fish communities, this background knowledge about biodiversity and their ecological relationships is paramount. In this context, long-term monitoring programs are crucial to assist MPA managers in the development of preventive plans for biodiversity conservation of this area, that shelters one of the Brazilian hope spots.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio) for research permits (SISBio 74219–1). Part of the results were granted through Ilhas do Rio Project sponsored by Petrobras (2011–2019) and by AIEP and JGP (2020–2022). Doctoral scholarship was granted to AAM by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) through Programa de Pós-Graduação em Oceanografia Ambiental-UFES. AAB benefited from a Postdoctoral scholarship from CAPES/PNPD (23102.004667/2014–42) and CNPq/PDS (160133/2018–1). We also thank Dr. Liliane Lodi for the Ocean sunfish sighting reports and Dr. Suzana Guimarães for the Longfin Bannerfish records, Carlos Augusto Rangel for support in field campaigns, Alfredo Carvalho-Filho and Cláudio L. S. Sampaio for the help in identification of species. We would like to thank Manasi Rebouças and Z13 fishermen’s colony for their invaluable records and long lasting partnership; and finally the field support from Caio Salles (Projeto Verde Mar), Luiz “Cação”, Welington Vieira, Eduardo Licurci and Wagner Rodrigues from Mergulho Carioca.

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ADDITIONAL NOTES

• HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE

  Machado AA, Moraes FC, Aguiar AA, Hostim-Silva M, Santos LN, Bertoncini AA. Rocky reef fish biodiversity and conservation in a Brazilian Hope Spot region. Neotrop Ichthyol. 2022; 20(3):e220032. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0032

Edited-by

Osmar Luiz

Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  14 Oct 2022
• Date of issue
  2022

History

• Received
  14 May 2022
• Accepted
  23 Aug 2022