Córdova-Tapia, Fernando; Zambrano, Luis

Fernando Córdova-Tapia

Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, D.F. (FCT) fernando.cordova@st.ib.unam.mx (corresponding autor), (LZ) zambrano@ib.unam.mx

Luis Zambrano

Departamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, México, D.F. (FCT) fernando.cordova@st.ib.unam.mx (corresponding autor), (LZ) zambrano@ib.unam.mx

Figuras (3)
Tablas (5)

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Fig. 1
Geographic location of the study site (white star) in Sian Ka'an Biosphere Reserve, Mexico.

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Fig. 2
Cluster analyses of the functional traits data. Dendrograms show groups for food acquisition (A, B, C, and D) and locomotion (E, F, G, and H). Species identities (IDs) correspond to the first letter of the genus and species names.

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Fig. 3
Relative biomass abundance of functional groups among habitats and seasons.

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Table 1
List of species and principal food items. *Based on: Soto-Galera (2006Soto-Galera, E. 2006. Ictiofauna de los corredores biológicos Sierra Madre del Sur y Selva Maya Zoque. Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, Y026.); Miller (2009Miller, R. R. (Ed.). 2009. Peces dulceacuícolas de México. Ciudad de México, Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad, 559p.); Schmitter-Soto et al. (2011Schmitter-Soto, J. J., L. E. Ruiz-Cauich, R. L. Herrera & D. González-Solís. 2011. An index of biotic integrity for shallow streams of the Hondo River basin, Yucatan Peninsula. Science of the Total Environment, 409: 844-852.); Hinojosa-Garro et al. (2013Hinojosa-Garro, D., J. Arceo-Gómez, L. Zambrano & L. H. Escalera-Vázquez. 2013. Fish diet composition in permanent and semi-permanent pools in tropical wetlands of the Yucatan Peninsula. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11: 881-890.).

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Table 2
List of functional traits and their ecological meaning. For details of how functional traits were calculated see Villeger et al. (2010Villéger, S., J. R. Miranda, D. F. Hernández & D. Mouillot. 2010. Contrasting changes in taxonomic vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecological Applications, 20: 1512-1522.). Bw: body width; Bd: body depth; PFs: pectoral fin surface; CFs: caudal fin surface; 1: Karpouzi & Stergiou (2003Karpouzi, V. S. & K. I. Stergiou. 2003. The relationships between mouth size and shape and body length for 18 species of marine fishes and their trophic implications. Journal of Fish Biology, 62: 1353-1365.); 2: Villéger et al . (2010Villéger, S., J. R. Miranda, D. F. Hernández & D. Mouillot. 2010. Contrasting changes in taxonomic vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecological Applications, 20: 1512-1522.); 3: Sibbing & Nagelkerke (2001Sibbing, F. A. & L. A. J. Nagelkerke. 2001. Resource partitioning by Lake Tana barbs predicted from fish morphometrics and prey characteristics. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 10: 393-437.); 4: Kramer & Bryant (1995Kramer, D. L. & M. J. Bryant. 1995. Intestine length in the fishes of a tropical stream: 2. Relationships to diet - the long and short of a convoluted issue. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 42: 129-141.); 5: Boyle & Horn (2006Boyle, K. S. & M. H. Horn. 2006. Comparison of feeding guild structure and ecomorphology of intertidal fish assemblages from central California and central Chile. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 319: 65-84.); 6: Gatz (1979Gatz Jr, A. J. 1979. Community organization in fishes as indicated by morphological features. Ecology, 60: 711-718.); 7: Dumay et al. (2004Dumay, O., P. S. Tari, J. A. Tomasini & D. Mouillot. 2004. Functional groups of lagoon fish species in Languedoc Roussillon, southern France. Journal of Fish Biology, 64: 970-983.); 8: Fulton et al. (2001Fulton, C. J., D. R. Bellwood & P. C. Wainwright. 2001. The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Marine Biology, 139: 25-33.); 9: Webb (1984Webb, P. W. 1984. Form and function in fish swimming. Scientific American, 251: 72-82.).

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Table 3
Results of the Principal Component Analysis for the functional traits of the key functions: food acquisition and locomotion. For each Principal Component, the highest correlations (>50) are highlighted in bold.

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Table 4
Functional groups and their ecological characteristics. Letter A-H: result from clustering analysis. *Based on functional analysis and fish diet presented in .

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Table 5
Diversity indices applied to functional groups. *Significant differences among the four groups (p<0.05).

Order and family	Species	Diet*	Voucher specimens
Characiformes
Characidae	Astyanax aeneus (Günther, 1860)	Plants, algae, invertebrates, fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20647
Cyprinodontiformes
Poeciliidae	Belonesox belizanus Kner, 1860	Fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20646
	Gambusia yucatana Hubbs, 1936	Insects, crustacean	CNP:IBUNAM:20649
	Heterandria bimaculata (Heckel, 1848)	Plants, algae	CNP:IBUNAM:20642
	Poecilia mexicana Steindachner, 1863	Plants, algae	CNP:IBUNAM:20645
	Poecilia orri Fowler, 1943	Plants, algae	CNP:IBUNAM:20648
	Xiphophorus maculatus (Günther, 1866)	Plants, algae, insects	-
Rivulidae	Cynodonichthys tenuis Meek, 1904	Unknown	-
Perciformes
Cichlidae	Cichlasoma urophthalmus (Günther, 1862)	Invertebrates, fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20644
	Parachromis friedrichsthalii (Heckel, 1840)	Insects, fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20651
	Rocio octofasciata (Regan, 1903)	Insects, crustacean	-
	Thorichthys meeki Brind, 1918	Gastropod, small crustaceans, detritus	CNP:IBUNAM:20643
Siluriformes
Heptapteridae	Rhamdia guatemalensis (Günther, 1864)	Insects, crustaceans, fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20650
Synbranchiformes
Synbranchidae	Ophisternon aenigmaticum Rosen & Greenwood, 1976	Crustaceans, gastropod, fish	CNP:IBUNAM:20652

Functional trait	Calculation	Ecological meaning	Reference
Food acquisition
Oral gape surface	Mouth width multiplied by mouth depth divided by body width multiplied by body depth	Nature/size of food items	Reference	1,2
Oral gape shape	Mouth depth divided by mouth width	Capturing method of food items	1
Oral gape position	Distance from the top of the mouth to the bottom of the head divided by head depth	Feeding method in the water column	2, 3
Gill raker lenght	Length of the longest gill raker divided by head depth	Filtering ability or gill protection	2, 3
Relative gut length	Gut lenght divided by body standard length	Processing of energy poor resources	4
Relative eye size	Eye diameter divided by head depth	Prey detection	2, 5
Locomotion
Eye position	Distance between the eye to the bottom of the head divided by head depth	Vertical position in the water column	2, 5	6
Body transversal shape	Body depth divided by body width	Vertical position in the water column and hydrodynamism	3
Body transversal surface	ln((π/4 x Bw x Bd ) + 1) / (ln biomass + 1)	Mass distribution along the body for hydrodynamism	2
Pectoral fin position	Distance to the insertion of the pectoral fin divided by body depth	Pectoral fin use for maneuverability	7
Aspect ratio of the pectoral fin	Square of pectoral fin length divided by pectoral fin surface	Pectoral fin use for propulsion	2, 8
Caudal peduncle throttling	Caudal fin depth divided by caudal peduncle minimal depth	Caudal propulsion efficiency through reduction of drag	9
Aspect ratio of the caudal fin	Square of caudal fin depth divided by caudal fin surface	Caudal fin use for propulsion and/or direction	9
Fin surface ratio	Two times the pectoral fin surface divided by caudal fin surface	Main type of propulsion between caudal and pectoral fins	2
Fin-surface to body-size ratio	((2xPFs ) + CFs ) / (π/4 x Bw x Bd )	Acceleration and/or manoeuvrability efficiency	2

Functional trait	PC 1	PC 2	PC 3
Food acquisition
Explained variance (%)	34.31	24.24	18.13
Oral gape surface	-0.36	0.48	-0.30
Oral gape shape	-0.53	0.24	0.21
Oral gape position	0.27	0.62	-0.24
Gill raker length	0.01	0.20	0.89
Gut length	0.57	-0.17	0.003
Eye size	0.44	0.51	0.13
Locomotion
Explained variance (%)	30.66	20.92	17.58
Eye position	0.06	-0.33	0.07
Body transversal shape	0.33	-0.12	0.46
Body transversal surface	0.17	-0.09	0.41
Pectoral fin position	-0.17	0.60	0.03
Aspect ratio of the pectoral fin	0.48	0.09	-0.33
Caudal peduncle throttling	0.53	0.17	-0.06
Aspect ratio of the caudal fin	0.54	0.14	-0.20
Fin surface ratio	0.14	0.14	0.67
Fins surface to body size ratio	-0.08	0.66	0.11

Species	Food acquisition	Locomotion	Functional group	Ecological characteristics*
Belonesox belizanus	A	F	I	Piscivore, open water habitat in middle and high water column level, principally uses pectoral fins for motility.
Astyanax aeneus	C	G	II	Omnivore-carnivore, open water (Aa) and benthic (Rg) habitat, principally uses caudal fin for motility.
Rhamdia guatemalensis	C	G	II
Ophisternon aenigmaticum	D	E	III	Primarily carnivore, anguilliform locomotion, benthic habitat.
Rocio octofasciata	C	H	IV	Carnivore, shelter habitat, middle-low water column level.
Parachromis friedrichsthalii	D	H	V	Primarily carnivore, shelter habitat, middle-low water column level.
Thorichthys meeki
Cichlasoma urophthalmus
Gambusia yucatana	B	F	VI	Omnivore-herbivore, forages near the surface, principally uses pectoral fins for motility.
Heterandria bimaculata
Poecilia mexicana
Poecilia orri
Xiphophorus maculatus
Cynodonichthys tenuis	―	F	―	Principally uses pectoral fins for motility. Essentially nothing is known about its feeding habits.

Water body	Season	FG-richness	FG-diversity	FG-evenness
Permanent	Dry	1.6±0.5*	0.37±0.3*	0.95±0.04*
Temporal	Dry	4.2±0.8	0.92±0.2	0.62±0.15
Permanent	Wet	3.8±1.3	0.74±0.4	0.59±0.09
Temporal	Wet	3.6±1.1	0.8±0.4	0.65±0.08

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Fish functional groups in a tropical wetland of the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico

RESUMEN