Description of a new species of glass knifefish genus <i>Eigenmannia</i> (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, based on anatomical, karyotypic, and molecular evidences

A new species of Eigenmannia is described from the upper rio Paraná basin based on morphological and molecular data. It is distinguished for all congeners by a unique combination of morphometrics, meristics, osteological characters, a significant COI genetic divergence that ranges from 4.9 to 15.2%, and its karyotype. An osteological description for the new species is provided, the geographic distribution of Eigenmannia species in the upper rio Paraná basin is commented on, and the use of karyotype information in taxonomic studies is discussed.

Keywords:
Biodiversity; Electric fish; Integrative taxonomy; Karyotype; Osteology

Authorship

Vinicius de Carvalho Cardoso

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Validation

Visualization

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. viniciusc.cardoso@yahoo.com.br (corresponding author). Universidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, Brazil Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, 101, 05508-090 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. viniciusc.cardoso@yahoo.com.br (corresponding author).

Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil. Universidade de São PauloBrazilSão Paulo, SP, Brazil Museu de Zoologia da Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Nazaré, 481, Ipiranga, 04263-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7604-6684

Guilherme Moreira Dutra

Conceptualization

Data curation

Formal analysis

Funding acquisition

Investigation

Methodology

Project administration

Resources

Software

Supervision

Validation

Visualization

Writing-original draft

Writing-review and editing

Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade Acadêmica Passos, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, 37900106 Passos, MG, Brazil. guilhermedutr@yahoo.com.br Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade Acadêmica PassosBrazilPassos, MG, Brazil Universidade do Estado de Minas Gerais, Unidade Acadêmica Passos, Avenida Juca Stockler, 1130, 37900106 Passos, MG, Brazil. guilhermedutr@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1010-3738

Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento

Correspondence

Vinicius de Carvalho Cardoso viniciusc.cardoso@yahoo.com.br

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Ethical Statement

This study was carried out under the approval of the Animal Care and Use Committee (ACUC) of the Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo (Project #226/2015; CIAEP #01.0165.2014).

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (9)
Tables (3)

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FIGURE 1 |
Eigenmannia catira, holotype,MZUSP 129263, 132.7 mm LEA, São Paulo, Córrego do Schmidt, a tributary of the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná basin. A. Left lateral view of the head; B. Left lateral view of the body.

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FIGURE 2 |
Jaws of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Premaxilla, right side, ventral view, anterior on top; B. Lower jaw, inverted image, left side, medial view, anterior on left.

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FIGURE 3 |
Maxilla, suspensorium and opercular series of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, inverted image, left side, medial view, anterior on left.

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FIGURE 4 |
Infraorbitals of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, left side, lateral view, anterior on left.

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FIGURE 5 |
Microcomputed tomography of head and body cavity of Eigenmannia catira, MZUSP 129263, holotype, left side, lateral view, anterior on left. Colors represent major subdivisions of bone complexes: jaws (purple), nasal, infrorbitals and extraexcapular (orange), suspensorium and opercular series (green), branchial and hyoid arches (red); neurocranium (garnet), Weberian apparatus (yellow), and pectoral girdle (blue).

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FIGURE 6 |
Hyoid apparatus of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Urohyal, ventral view, anterior on top; B. Hyoid arch, inverted image, right side, lateral view anterior on left.

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FIGURE 7 |
Branchial arches of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Dorsal view, anterior on top; B. Ventral view anterior on top.

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FIGURE 8 |
Pectoral girdle and fin of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, inverted image, right side, medial view, anterior on left.

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FIGURE 9 |
Map of southeastern South America shows the distribution of Eigenmannia catira (black star for type-locality) in the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil.

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TABLE 1 |
Data of 22 Eigenmannia COI sequences from rio Paraná basin available in Genbank utilized in this study. Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj (2020, 2022).

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TABLE 2 |
Morphometry of the examined specimens of Eigenmannia catira. N = number of samples analyzed, SD = standard deviation.

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TABLE 3 |
Average barcoding divergence (%) among species of the Eigenmannia in rio Paraná basin based on the Kimura two-parameters model using COI data matrix. Values in bold refer to intraspecific distance within each species. Values above the diagonal refer to standard deviation.

FIGURE 1 | Eigenmannia catira, holotype,MZUSP 129263, 132.7 mm LEA, São Paulo, Córrego do Schmidt, a tributary of the rio Grande, upper rio Paraná basin. A. Left lateral view of the head; B. Left lateral view of the body.

FIGURE 2 | Jaws of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Premaxilla, right side, ventral view, anterior on top; B. Lower jaw, inverted image, left side, medial view, anterior on left.

FIGURE 3 | Maxilla, suspensorium and opercular series of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, inverted image, left side, medial view, anterior on left.

FIGURE 4 | Infraorbitals of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, left side, lateral view, anterior on left.

FIGURE 5 | Microcomputed tomography of head and body cavity of Eigenmannia catira, MZUSP 129263, holotype, left side, lateral view, anterior on left. Colors represent major subdivisions of bone complexes: jaws (purple), nasal, infrorbitals and extraexcapular (orange), suspensorium and opercular series (green), branchial and hyoid arches (red); neurocranium (garnet), Weberian apparatus (yellow), and pectoral girdle (blue).

FIGURE 6 | Hyoid apparatus of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Urohyal, ventral view, anterior on top; B. Hyoid arch, inverted image, right side, lateral view anterior on left.

FIGURE 7 | Branchial arches of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047. A. Dorsal view, anterior on top; B. Ventral view anterior on top.

FIGURE 8 | Pectoral girdle and fin of Eigenmannia catira, paratype, MZUSP 121047, inverted image, right side, medial view, anterior on left.

FIGURE 9 | Map of southeastern South America shows the distribution of Eigenmannia catira (black star for type-locality) in the upper rio Paraná basin, Brazil.

TABLE 1 | Data of 22 Eigenmannia COI sequences from rio Paraná basin available in Genbank utilized in this study. Institutional abbreviations follow Sabaj (2020, 2022).

ID	Voucher	Locality	Genbank	Reference
E. catira	LBP 4653	Rio Baía	GU701794.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. catira	LBP 4653	Rio Baía	GU701795.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. catira	LBP 4653	Rio Baía	GU701797.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. catira	LBP 4653	Rio Baía	GU701798.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. catira	LBP 4653	Rio Baía	GU701801.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. catira	–	Rio Paranapanema	KM897459.1	Frantine-Silva et al. (2015)
E. catira	LBP 9671	Ivinhema	KR491594.1	Tagliacollo et al. (2016)
E. dutrai	CIUnB 931	Córrego Serandi	MK464069.1	Bagley et al. (2019)
E. guairaca	LBP 2576	Rio Capivara	GU701791.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. guairaca	LBP 2576	Rio Capivara	GU701792.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. guairaca	LBP 2576	Rio Capivara	GU701793.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. guairaca	LBP 2576	Rio Capivara	GU701796.1	Pereira et al. (2013)
E. trilineata	MACN uncat.	Esteros del Riachuelo	ON303371.1	Janzen et al. (2022)
E. virescens	–	Rio Paraná	KU288845.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	–	Rio Paraná	KU288846.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	–	Rio Paraná	KU288847.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	–	Rio Paraná	KU288848.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	MAG ICT 182	Rio Paraná	KU288899.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	MAG ICT 183	Rio Paraná	KU288900.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	MAG ICT 184	Rio Paraná	KU288901.1	Díaz et al. (2016)
E. virescens	MAG ICT 185	Rio Paraná	KU288902.1	Díaz et al. (2016)

TABLE 2 | Morphometry of the examined specimens of Eigenmannia catira. N = number of samples analyzed, SD = standard deviation.

	Holotype	Range	N	Mean	SD
Total length (mm)	164.9	57.8–285.8	27	–	–
Length to end of anal fin (mm)	132.7	43.8–217.2	31	–	–
Head length (mm)	15.8	7.1–25.5	35	–	–
Caudal-filament length (mm)	39.6	12.6–84.4	27	–	–
Percents of length to end of anal fin
Caudal-filament length	29.8	13.3–41.1	27	28.5	7.6
Body depth at pectoral fin	15.9	14.9–19.4	31	17.3	1.2
Body depth at anal fin	14.4	12.2–18.4	30	15.3	1.5
Body width	5.1	4.2–7.8	31	6.0	0.7
Pre-anal distance	15.0	13.8–19.9	30	16.8	1.4
Pre-pectoral distance	12.9	12.7–16.7	31	14.4	0.9
Anal-fin length	80.8	79.8–91.0	30	84.0	2.7
Pectoral-fin length	8.1	7.2–13.5	31	9.8	1.4
Snout to anus	6.9	5.4–15.0	30	9.2	2.1
Head length	11.9	11.7–16.2	31	13.1	0.9
Percents of head length
Head width at opercle	54.6	53.3–73.0	35	58.2	4.3
Head width at orbits	44.9	41.8–58.4	35	47.9	4.0
Head depth at supraoccipital	80.5	74.3–90.0	35	83.8	3.7
Head depth at orbits	64.5	54.6–71.9	35	62.4	3.9
Snout length	29.1	27.3–33.6	35	29.9	1.5
Snout to posterior naris distance	20.8	18.8–25.9	35	22.2	1.9
Posterior naris to orbit distance	8.1	3.5–12.0	35	7.3	1.8
Postorbital distance	55.3	50.6–64.9	35	55.3	3.5
Opercular opening	26.2	22.6–40.9	34	29.8	3.8
Internarial width	15.1	12.0–21.5	35	17.0	2.2
Internasal distance	9.1	7.5–15.7	35	10.4	1.7
Interorbital distance	35.0	29.4–38.8	35	34.5	2.3
Orbital diameter	20.3	14.5–24.5	35	19.8	2.3
Maxilla length	23.4	14.4–25.2	35	19.4	2.7
Oral width	19.7	15.5–22.7	35	19.3	1.8
Percents of caudal-filament length
Caudal-filament width	1.1	0.7–8.2	21	1.8	1.8
Caudal-filament depth	7.2	4.1–16.5	21	7.9	2.7

TABLE 3 | Average barcoding divergence (%) among species of the Eigenmannia in rio Paraná basin based on the Kimura two-parameters model using COI data matrix. Values in bold refer to intraspecific distance within each species. Values above the diagonal refer to standard deviation.

	E. catira	E. dutrai	E. guairaca	E. trilineata	E. virescens
E. catira	0.011	0.007	0.006	0.007	0.007
E. dutrai	0.049	–	0.127	–	0.003
E. guairaca	0.139	0.127	–	0.002	0.002
E. trilineata	0.152	0.145	0.050	–	0.003
E. virescens	0.049	0.030	0.127	0.145	0.005

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Description of a new species of glass knifefish genus <i>Eigenmannia</i> (Gymnotiformes: Sternopygidae) from the upper rio Paraná basin, based on anatomical, karyotypic, and molecular evidences

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[1] Edited-by

Carlos DoNascimiento