A new short-snouted species of <i>Farlowella</i> (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Paraguai River basin

Dopazo, Manuela; Deprá, Gabriel de Carvalho; Zawadzki, Cláudio Henrique; Britto, Marcelo Ribeiro de

doi:10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0140

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 23 (03) • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2024-0140 linkcopy

A new short-snouted species of Farlowella (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the upper Paraguai River basin

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

A new species of Farlowella is described from the upper Paraguai River basin, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The species was investigated by morphological and molecular datasets. The new species can be distinguished from its congeners by the following character combination: (1) absence of gular plates, (2) absence of breeding odontodes, (3) absence of the mid-dorsal plate series, (4) complete series of central abdominal plates, (5) five total rays in the pelvic fin, (6) modally i,10,i rays in the caudal fin, (7) lateral contour of the snout distinctly concave in dorsal view and (8) dorsal caudal-fin lobe fully covered with melanophores and ventral lobe pigmented only ventrally in adults. The new species has the smallest body size recorded for any species of Farlowella, not exceeding 96 mm in standard length (SL). Genetic divergence between the new species and other Farlowella ranged from 3.1–12.5% and three delimitation analyses recovered it as an independent lineage. A review of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences for Farlowella deposited in public repositories, an additional record of sexual dimorphism in the cloaca and a discussion about other species from the Paraguai River basin are provided.

Keywords:
Biodiversity; DNA barcode; Genetic distances; Stick catfishes; Taxonomy

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Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Departamento de Biologia Animal e Vegetal, CCB, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, Km 380, Cidade Universitária, 86055-900, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, Phone +55(43)3371-5151 - Londrina - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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Measures	Description of measurements and references
Standard length	From the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the last plate located on the caudal peduncle (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Head length	From the tip of the snout to the distal margin of the parieto- supraoccipital process (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	From the point immediately anterior to the dorsal-fin spine to the ventral midline of the body, along a vertical line (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	Width of the body immediately anterior to the dorsal fin (Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Body width at anal-fin origin	Width of the body immediately anterior to the anal fin (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Predorsal length	From the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the nuchal plate (Boeseman, 1971; “predorsal shield” in Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Post-dorsal length	From the base of the last dorsal-fin ray to the posterior margin of the last plate located on the caudal peduncle (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Postanal length	From the base of the last anal-fin ray to the posterior margin of the last plate located on the caudal peduncle (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Prepelvic length	From the tip of the snout to the base of the pelvic-fin spine (Vera-Alcaraz et al., 2012)
Distance from parieto-supraoccipital to dorsal fin	Between the distal margin of the parieto-supraoccipital process and the base of the dorsal-fin spine (Boeseman, 1971)
Caudal peduncle depth	Minimum depth of the caudal peduncle (Boeseman, 1971)
Dorsal-fin length	Total length of the first dorsal-fin ray, measured from the base to its tip (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Pectoral-fin length	Total length of the first pectoral-fin ray, measured from the base to its tip (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Pelvic-fin length	Total length of the first pelvic-fin ray, measured from the base to its tip (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Anal-fin length	Total length of the first anal-fin ray, measured from the base to its tip (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin	From the anterior face of the pectoral-fin spine base to the pelvic-fin spine base “thoracic length” in Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978
Pelvic-fin origin to anal-fin origin	From the anterior face of the pelvic-fin spine base to the anal-fin spine base abdominal length in Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978
Distance between cleithral processes	Distance between tips of contralateral cleithral processes approximately equivalent to cleithral width of Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978
Head width	Maximum width of head, from opercle to contralateral opercle (Boeseman, 1971)
Head depth	From the posterior margin of the parieto-supraoccipital process to the ventral midline of the body, along a vertical line (Boeseman, 1971; Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Snout-mouth length	From the tip of the snout to the anteriormost point in the pre-oral arch (i.e., the arch formed by the posterior margins of the plates that surround the mouth anteriorly; Retzer, Page, 1996; equivalent to “length of lower armored snout” of Boeseman, 1971)
Minimum width of snout	Measured at the point where the snout begins to taper abruptly towards its tip (see Dopazo et al., 2023, fig. 1A)
Maximum width of snout	Measured at the base of the rostrum, where it is crossed by a transversal line through to the anteriormost point in the pre-oral arch (see Dopazo et al., 2023, fig. 1C)
Snout length	From the tip of the snout to the anteriormost point of the orbital margin (Isbrücker, Nijssen, 1978)
Eye diameter	Horizontal length of the orbit (Boeseman, 1971)
Interorbital width	Minimum distance between the orbital margins (Boeseman, 1971)
Postorbital head length	From posterior margin of parieto-supraoccipital process (at midline of body) to closest point on posterior margin of orbit (Boeseman, 1971)
Internarial distance	Minimum bony distance between the left and right nostrils (Vera-Alcaraz et al., 2012)

Original identification	Reviewed identification	Voucher	Tissue	GenBank or BOLD accession number (COI)
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella acus	ICT-FCA-55	TICT-FCA-78	FBCH068-21
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella acus	ICT-FCA-56	TICT-FCA-163	FBCH110-21
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella acus	ICT-FCA-32	TICT-FCA-188	FBCH130-21
Farlowella vittata	Farlowella acus	ICT-FCA-48	TICT-FCA-147	FBCH140-21
Farlowella vittata	Farlowella acus	LENG04	TICT-FCA-267	FBCH155-21
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella acus	ICT-FCA-44	TICT-FCA-17	FBCH173-21
Farlowella rugosa	Farlowella amazonum	-	853 IIAP	KT952443/ GBMIN119706-17
Farlowella henriquei	Farlowella amazonum	-	903 IIAP	GBMIN124595-17
Farlowella curtirostra	Farlowella curtirostra	CIUA 8320	CIUA 8320A	AAY4376
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 44975	LBPV-44975	JN988860/ FUPR1345-10
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 44976	LBPV-44976	JN988859/FUPR1346-10
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 26397	LBPV-26397	GU701788/ FUPR500-09
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 26398	LBPV-26398	GU701787/ FUPR501-09
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 26399	LBPV-26399	GU701790/ FUPR502-09
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 26400	LBPV-26400	GU701789/ FUPR503-09
Farlowella amazonum	Farlowella hahni	LBP 26401	LBPV-26401	GU701894/ FUPR504-09
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella hahni	UNMDP-T 2843	UNMDP-T 2843	FWFA351-15
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella hahni	UNMDP-T 2844	UNMDP-T 2845	FWFA352-15
Farlowella nattereri	Farlowella hasemani	-	ANSP 182779	HM049036/ GBGCA122-10
Farlowella nattereri	Farlowella hasemani	INPA 43891	UFAM CTGA 14331	KP772581/ GBGCA12896-15
Farlowella isbruckeri	Farlowella isbruckeri	UFRO-ICT 22871	T11486	PV771493*
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella knerii	-	855 IIAP	KT952442
Farlowella smithi	Farlowella knerii	-	849 IIAP	KT952444/ GBMIN95064-17
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella knerii	-	-	MG777576
Farlowella sp.	Farlowella nattereri	-	847 IIAP	KT952439
Farlowella nattereri	Farlowella nattereri	-	852 IIAP	KT952441/GBMIN129831-17
Farlowella paraguayensis	Farlowella paraguayensis	LBP 8497	LBP 41736	PV771496*
Farlowella paraguayensis	Farlowella paraguayensis	LBP 8497	LBP 41737	PV771494*
Farlowella paraguayensis	Farlowella paraguayensis	LBP 10769	LBP 49836	PV771495*
Farlowella paraguayensis	Farlowella paraguayensis	STRI-01787	STRI-2205	PV771497*
Farlowella paraguayensis	Farlowella paraguayensis	STRI-01787	STRI-2206	PV771498*
Farlowella reticulata	Farlowella reticulata	MHNG 2683.081	GF06-637	MZ051934/GBOL257-13
Farlowella reticulata	Farlowella reticulata	MHNG 2743.062	SU08-1281	MZ051215/GBOL967-16
Farlowella wuyjugu	Farlowella wuyjugu	MPEG uncat.	MPEGJUR03	PV771500*
Farlowella wuyjugu	Farlowella wuyjugu	MPEG uncat.	MPEGJUR04	PV771499*
Farlowella kirane	Farlowella kirane	LBP 8556	LBP 43311	PV771490*
Farlowella kirane	Farlowella kirane	LBP 8556	LBP 43312	PV771491*
Farlowella kirane	Farlowella kirane	LBP 8413	LBP 41541	PV771492*

	N	Holotype	Range	Mean	SD
Standard length (mm)	27	95.9	69.9–95.9	83.4	–
Percents of standard length
Head length	27	23.5	22.6–28.0	24.7	1.4
Body depth at dorsal-fin origin	26	4.9	4.7–6.5	5.4	0.4
Body width at dorsal-fin origin	23	5.5	5.5–6.8	6.1	0.4
Body width at anal-fin origin	24	5.5	5.5–6.8	6.1	0.4
Predorsal length	27	45.0	42.0–48.0	44.5	1.5
Postdorsal length	27	50.2	48.2–55.5	51.2	1.7
Postanal length	27	51.6	48.0–56.2	51.4	1.9
Prepelvic length	27	32.3	30.1–36.1	32.3	1.5
Distance from parieto-supraoccipital to dorsal fin	27	22.0	18.5–22.0	20.1	0.9
Caudal peduncle depth	27	0.9	0.7–1.2	1.0	0.1
Dorsal-fin length	26	14.1	13.7–17.1	15.1	0.9
Pectoral-fin length	26	10.9	9.9–12.8	11.2	0.8
Pelvic-fin length	27	7.9	6.9–9.1	8.1	0.6
Anal fin-length	27	13.0	11.9–15.4	13.7	1.0
Distance from pectoral-fin origin to pelvic-fin origin	27	11.8	8.8 –12.6	10.9	0.8
Distance between cleithral processes	18	6.9	6.6–8.5	7.6	0.5
Percents of head length
Head width	27	30.9	28.0–35.3	31.9	1.9
Head depth	27	21.4	21.0–27.4	23.5	1.7
Snout-mouth length	27	28.2	26.2–36.2	30.9	2.3
Minimum width of snout	27	4.7	3.8–6.4	5.0	0.7
Maximum width of snout	27	12.0	10.5–16.7	13.2	1.5
Snout length	27	70.4	70.0–76.0	73.6	1.4
Eye diameter	27	8.2	6.3–9.4	7.6	0.8
Interorbital width	27	20.3	17.6–23.3	20.5	1.5
Postorbital head length	27	25.6	21.6–26.0	23.7	1.3
Distance between nostrils	27	8.5	6.8–10.4	8.5	0.9

Species	Lateral series of plates		Total Pelvic-fin rays			Caudal-fin rays
Species	4	5	4	5	6	i,8,i	i,9,i	i,10,i	i,11,i	i,12,i
Farlowella kirane	159*		24	150*		1	6	145*		1
Farlowella jauruensis		7		1	6					7
Farlowella paraguayensis	139				139				139

	F. kirane	F. acus	F. amazonum	F. curtirostra	F. hahni/ F. paraguayensis	F. hasemani	F. isbruckeri	F. knerii	F. nattereri	F. reticulata	F. wuyjugu
F. kirane
F. acus	0.057
F. amazonum	0.099	0.099
F. curtirostra	0.125	0.117	0.071
F. hahni/ F. paraguayensis	0.075	0.068	0.096	0.120
F. hasemani	0.072	0.067	0.109	0.126	0.077
F. isbruckeri	0.033	0.058	0.108	0.125	0.069	0.071
F. knerii	0.070	0.066	0.092	0.114	0.027	0.079	0.064
F. nattereri	0.058	0.058	0.098	0.129	0.068	0.041	0.061	0.070
F. reticulata	0.075	0.071	0.094	0.112	0.033	0.082	0.068	0.036	0.072
F. wuyjugu	0.031	0.058	0.099	0.125	0.070	0.069	0.034	0.066	0.052	0.068