Alvarenga, Ludmilla R. P.; Pompeu, Paulo S.; Leal, Cecília G.; Hughes, Robert M.; Fagundes, Daniela C.; Leitão, Rafael P.

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Original Article • Neotrop. ichthyol. 19 (03) • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0224-2021-0035 copiar

Land-use changes affect the functional structure of stream fish assemblages in the Brazilian Savanna

Autoria SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumo

Investigamos os mecanismos envolvidos na relação entre mudanças de uso da terra e biodiversidade aquática, utilizando a ictiofauna de riachos do Cerrado como modelo de estudo. Testamos a predição de que a degradação da paisagem reduz a heterogeneidade ambiental e muda os tipos predominantes de habitat, por sua vez, diminuindo a diversidade e alterando a identidade funcional de comunidades de peixes. Amostramos 40 riachos da bacia do Alto Rio Paraná, e avaliamos as condições da drenagem e do habitat físico local. Em seguida, conduzimos uma análise ecomorfológica para caracterizar funcionalmente todas as espécies (36) e quantificar diferentes facetas da estrutura funcional das comunidades. Detectamos múltiplos caminhos de impacto das alterações da paisagem sobre a ictiofauna. A degradação das bacias de drenagem reduziu complexidade do leito e heterogeneidade no sombreamento pelo dossel, diminuindo especialização e divergência funcional das comunidades. Alterações na paisagem também reduziram volume de água e quantidade de pedras grandes nos riachos, resultando em diminuição na abundância de espécies de maior porte e com atributos morfológicos que favorecem a natação na coluna d’água. Concluímos que a intensificação dos usos da terra causa alterações significativas para a biodiversidade aquática no Cerrado, reforçando a necessidade de especial atenção a este hotspot global.

Palavras-chave:
Atributos funcionais; Degradação da paisagem; Habitat físico de riachos; Hotspot de biodiversidade; Impactos humanos

Sociedade Brasileira de Ictiologia Neotropical Ichthyology, Núcleo de Pesquisas em Limnologia, Ictiologia e Aquicultura, Universidade Estadual de Maringá., Av. Colombo, 5790, 87020-900, Phone number: +55 44-3011-4632 - Maringá - PR - Brazil
E-mail: neoichth@nupelia.uem.br

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[1] Edited-by

Fernando Pelicice

Physical-habitat metric	Code	Unit	Calculation	Ecological meaning
Mean residual pool area	RP100	m2/100m	m2 / 100 m of channel	Bed complexity and heterogeneity provided by residual pools
Large wood volume	V1W_MSQ	m3/m2	Large wood volume (> 1.5 m long and > 10 cm in diameter)/ stream area	Channel structural complexity and heterogeneity provided by large wood
Relative bed stability	LRBS	log10 (mm/m)	Log (critical substrate diameter)	Stability of the stream bed indicated by the critical substrate diameter
Natural fish shelter	XFC_NAT	%	X (∑ natural shelter)	Habitat heterogeneity and complexity provided by natural shelter coverage
Mean canopy cover	XCDENMID	%	X (% canopy cover)	Habitat type provided by canopy shading
Variation of the canopy cover	VCDENMID	%	S (% canopy cover)	Habitat heterogeneity provided by canopy shading
Diversity of meso-habitats	DIV_MH	%	1 – Simpson's diversity index	Habitat heterogeneity provided by different meso-habitats types
Wetted area	XWXD	m2	(X thalweg depth) *(X channel width)	Habitat type indicated by stream water volume
Large rocky substrates	PCT_BIG	%	% Large rocky substrates (> 16mm in diameter)	Habitat type provided by large rocky substrates coverage
Fine Sediments	PCT_FN	%	% Fine sediments (clay, silt and sand)	Habitat type provided by fine sediments coverage
Fast-flowing meso-habitats	PCT_FAST	%	Sum of frequencies of all fast-flowing habitats	Habitat type provided by fast-flowing meso-habitats

Ecomorphological trait	Code	Calculation	Ecological meaning	References
Oral-gape shape	Osh	$\frac{M d}{M w}$	Capture mode of the food item	Karpouzi, Stergiou (2003)Karpouzi VS, Stergiou KI. The relationships between mouth size and shape and body length for 18 species of marine fishes and their trophic implications. J Fish Biol. 2003; 62(6):1353–65. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003.00118.x https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1095-8649.2003...
Oral-gape position	Ops	$\frac{M o}{H d}$	Feeding strategy in the water column	adapted from Sibbing, Nagelkerke (2001)Sibbing FA, Nagelkerke LAJ. Resource partitioning by Lake Tana barbs predicted from fish morphometrics and prey characteristics. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 2001; 10:393–437. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012270422092 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012270422092...
Eye size	Edst	$\frac{E d}{H d}$	Prey detection	adapted from Boyle, Horn (2006)Boyle K, Horn M. Comparison of feeding guild structure and ecomorphology of intertidal fish assemblages from central California and central Chile. Mar Ecol Prog Ser. 2006; 319:65–84. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps319065 https://doi.org/10.3354/meps319065...
Eye position	Eps	$\frac{E h}{H d}$	Vertical position in the water column	Gatz (1979)Gatz AJ. Community organization in fishes as indicated by morphological features. Ecology. 1979; 60(4):711–18. https://doi.org/10.2307/1936608 https://doi.org/10.2307/1936608...
Body transversal shape	Bsh	$\frac{B d}{B w}$	Vertical position in the water column and hydrodynamics	Sibbing, Nagelkerke (2001)Sibbing FA, Nagelkerke LAJ. Resource partitioning by Lake Tana barbs predicted from fish morphometrics and prey characteristics. Rev Fish Biol Fish. 2001; 10:393–437. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012270422092 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1012270422092...
Body transversal surface	Bsf	$\frac{\ln [({\frac{π}{4}}^{} x^{} B w^{} x) + 1]}{\ln (M a s s + 1)}$	Distribution of mass throughout the body for hydrodynamics	*Villéger et al. (2010)*Villéger S, Miranda JR, Hernández DF, Mouillot D. Contrasting changes in taxonomie vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecol Appl. 2010; 20(6):1512–22. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1...
Pectoral-fin position	PFps	$\frac{P F i}{P F b}$	Manuverability	*Dumay et al. (2004)*Dumay O, Tari PS, Tomasini JA, Mouillot D. Functional groups of lagoon fish species in Languedoc Roussillon, southern France. J Fish Biol. 2004; 64(4):970–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004.00365.x https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8649.2004...
Aspect ratio of the pactoral fin	PFar	$\frac{P F l^{2}}{P F s}$	Pectoral fin propulsion	adapted from *Fulton et al. (2001)*Fulton CJ, Bellwood DR, Wainwright PC. The relationship between swimming ability and habitat use in wrasses (Labridae). Mar Biol. 2001; 139:25–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100565 https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270100565...
Caudal-peduncle throttling	CPt	$\frac{C F d}{C P d}$	Swimming efficiency by reducing water resistance	Webb (1984)Webb PW. Form and function in fish swimming. Sci Am. 1984; 251(1):72–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0784-72 https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificameric...
Aspect ratio of the caudal fin	CFar	$\frac{C F d^{2}}{C F s}$	Propulsion and steering by caudal fin	Webb (1984)Webb PW. Form and function in fish swimming. Sci Am. 1984; 251(1):72–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0784-72 https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificameric...
Fins surface ratio	Frt	$\frac{2 x P F s}{C F s}$	Main type of propulsion	*Villéger et al. (2010)*Villéger S, Miranda JR, Hernández DF, Mouillot D. Contrasting changes in taxonomie vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecol Appl. 2010; 20(6):1512–22. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1...
Mass	logM	$\log (M a s s + 1)$	Metabolism, endurance and swimming ability	*Villéger et al. (2010)*Villéger S, Miranda JR, Hernández DF, Mouillot D. Contrasting changes in taxonomie vs. functional diversity of tropical fish communities after habitat degradation. Ecol Appl. 2010; 20(6):1512–22. https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1 https://doi.org/10.1890/09-1310.1...

Variable	Code	FDiv	FOri	FSpe	FRic	FEve	CWM1	CWM2	CWM3
Catchment disturbance index	CDI	-0,16	-0,03	-0,23	0,00	-0,03	-	-0,35	-
Residual pools	RP100	-0,16	-	-0.11	-	-0.12	-	-	-
Volume of wood	V1W_MSQ	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Relative bed stability	LRBS	-	0.13	-	0.12	-	-	-	-
Natural fish shelter	XFC_NAT	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Variation of the canopy cover	VCDENMID	-	-0.16	-0.12	-0.12	0.09	-	-	-
Mean canopy cover	XCDENMID
Diversity of meso-habitats	DIV_MH	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Wetted area	XWXD	-	-	-	-	-	-	-0.13	-
Large rocky substrates	PCT_BIGR	-	-	-	-	-	-	-0.22	-
Fine sediments	PCT_FN	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Fast-flowing meso-habitats	PCT_FAST	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
Number of species	Nb_sp	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-