Optimizing phosphorus application to enhance flowering and phytochemical profiles in black orchid (<i>Coelogyne pandurata</i> Lindl.)

Heriansyah, Pebra; Aziz, Sandra Arifin; Sukma, Dewi; Nurcholis, Waras

doi:10.1590/2447-536X.v31.e312839

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Article • Ornam. Hortic. 31 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/2447-536X.v31.e312839 linkcopy

Optimizing phosphorus application to enhance flowering and phytochemical profiles in black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.)

Optimização da aplicação de fósforo para aumentar a floração e os perfis fitoquímicos em orquídea negra (Coelogyne pandurata Lindl.)

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract

The black orchid (Coelogyne pandurata), an ornamental and medicinal plant endemic to Indonesia, exhibits seasonal flowering, limiting its commercial development. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of varying phosphorus concentrations in inducing out-of-season flowering and enhancing secondary metabolite content and antioxidant capacity in black orchid. A randomized complete block design experiment with five phosphorus concentration (0%, 14.4%, 21.6%, 28.8%, and 36.0%) was performed. Phosphorus was applied through foliar spraying, then growth, nutrient content, and biochemical properties were analyzed. The results showed that 14.4% of phosphorus significantly promoted earlier flowering, increased the number of flowers per stem, and improved flower dimensions. Moreover, this concentration enhanced phenolic and flavonoid content, particularly in bulbs and flowers, and increased antioxidant capacity. Higher phosphorus concentrations led to nutrient imbalances and a reduction in biochemical enhancements. The study demonstrates that optimal phosphorus application can significantly improve both the ornamental and medicinal qualities of C. pandurata, offering insights into its commercial cultivation and pharmaceutical exploration. This research contributes to orchid horticulture by optimizing nutrient-driven flowering and phytochemical enhancement, with implications for other orchid species.

Keywords:
black orchid; Coelogyne pandurata ; flowering induction; phosphorus application; secondary metabolites

Observed Variables	Phosphorus Concentration (%)
Observed Variables	Control	14.4	21.6	28.8	36.0
Bulb Length (cm)	4.20 ± 0.05 c	7.10 ± 0.05 a	6.70 ± 0.14 a	6.10 ± 0.05 b	5.77 ± 0.03 b
Bulb Width (cm)	2.83 ± 0.08 d	4.17 ± 0.03 a	3.60 ± 0.05 b	3.17 ± 0.03 c	2.93 ± 0.03cd
Bulb Wet Weight (g)	22.53 ± 0.26 e	28.27 ± 0.08 a	27.20 ± 0.05 b	26.40 ± 0.20 c	24.17 ± 0.08 d
Leaf Length (cm)	22.53 ± 0.31 d	28.63 ± 0.23 a	26.23 ± 0.06 b	24.60 ± 0.20 c	23.23 ± 0.12 d
Leaf Width (cm)	3.13 ± 0.06 c	5.57 ± 0.08 a	4.53 ± 0.08 b	4.40 ± 0.57 b	3.43 ± 0.33 c
Leaf Wet Weight (g)	15.97 ± 0.14 e	21.80 ± 0.05 a	20.03 ± 0.12 b	18.23 ± 0.08 c	17.17 ± 0.03 d
Flower Emergence Age (days)	-	47.33 ± 1.20 a	58.33 ± 0.88 b	65.00 ± 1.00 c	74.00 ± 0.57 d
Flower Number per Stem	-	5.33 ± 0.33	3.67 ± 0.33	4.00 ± 0.57	3.67 ± 0.33
Flower Stem Length (cm)	-	39.00 ± 0.57 a	35.67 ± 0.66 ab	33.67 ± 1.20 b	33.00 ± 0.57 b
Sepal Length (cm)	-	5.33 ± 0.33 a	4.33 ± 0.33 a	4.33 ± 0.57 a	3.00 ± 0.33 b
Petal Length (cm)	-	4.67 ± 0.88 a	4.10 ± 0.05 b	3.93 ± 0.03 bc	3.77 ± 0.03 c
Labellum Length (cm)	-	3.03 ± 0.03 a	2.70 ± 0.05 b	2.43 ± 0.06 c	2.20 ± 0.05 c
Stamen Length (cm)	-	1.57 ± 0.03 a	1.40 ± 0.05 ab	1.33 ± 0.06 b	1.23 ± 0.03 b
Flower Wet Weight (g)	-	10.17 ± 0.03 a	9.47 ± 0.12 b	8.33 ± 0.03 c	8.10 ± 0.05 c

Organ	Phosphorus Concentration (%)	N	P	K	C-ORGANIC	C/N Ratio
Leaves	Control	1.69 ± 0.03	0.11 ± 0.00	0.93 ± 0.18	51.39 ± 0.42 a	30.37 ± 0.36
	14.4%	1.81 ± 0.30	0.14 ± 0.01	1.18 ± 0.15	47.53 ± 0.95 ab	27.55 ± 3.66
	21.6%	2.00 ± 0.06	0.15 ± 0.00	1.15 ± 0.10	48.54 ± 0.72 ab	24.37 ± 0.88
	28.8%	1.89 ± 0.15	0.15 ± 0.01	1.07 ± 0.22	41.81 ± 2.85 b	22.17 ± 1.10
	36.0%	1.72 ± 0.11	0.13 ± 0.00	0.78 ± 0.09	46.43 ± 2.27 ab	27.02 ± 0.57
Bulb	Control	0.65 ± 0.00	0.14 ± 0.04	1.11 ± 0.18	42.99 ± 0.83	66.15 ± 1.22
	14.4%	0.62 ± 0.14	0.15 ± 0.02	0.77 ± 0.19	40.17 ± 0.15	71.20 ± 13.7
	21.6%	0.66 ± 0.14	0.17 ± 0.01	1.19 ± 0.19	43.88 ± 0.80	73.11 ± 15.6
	28.8%	0.62 ± 0.06	0.17 ± 0.01	0.82 ± 0.09	40.00 ± 1.16	65.77 ± 8.16
	36.0%	0.65 ± 0.27	0.17 ± 0.00	0.77 ± 0.05	41.97 ± 1.64	109.87 ± 57.7
Flower	Control	0.00 ± 0.00 b	0.00 ± 0.00 b	0.00 ± 0.00 b	0.00 ± 0.00 b	0.00 ± 0.00 b
	14.4%	1.58 ± 0.04 a	0.18 ± 0.00 a	2.16 ± 0.47 a	0.00 ± 1.20 a	0.00 ± 1.22 a
	21.0%	1.31 ± 0.18 a	0.12 ± 0.03 a	2.02 ± 0.19 a	38.35 ± 1.21 a	30.14 ± 3.11 a
	28.8%	1.52 ± 0.10 a	0.18 ± 0.01 a	1.36 ± 0.06 a	41.04 ± 2.22 a	27.50 ± 3.18 a
	36.0%	1.45 ± 0.032 a	0.17 ± 0.00 a	1.75 ± 0.12 a	42.05 ± 0.17 a	28.89 ± 0.61 a

Organ	Phosphorus Concentration (%)	Total Phenolic (mg GAE/g DW)	Total Flavonoid (mg QE/g DW)	Antioxidant Capacity (mg TE/g DW)
Leaves	Control	2.10 ± 0.10	3.74 ± 0.12 ab	9.29 ± 0.02 ab
	14.4%	2.30 ± 0.17	3.86 ± 0.07 ab	9.09 ± 0.09 ab
	21.6%	2.11 ± 0.12	3.47 ± 0.14 b	9.31 ± 0.09 a
	28.8%	2.17 ± 0.06	4.30 ± 0.19 a	8.84 ± 0.16 ab
	36.0%	1.86 ± 0.06	3.80 ± 0.05 ab	8.75 ± 0.14 b
Bulb	Control	1.66 ± 0.10 ab	0.60 ± 0.02 b	9.52 ± 0.11 a
	14.4%	1.80 ± 0.01 a	0.60 ± 0.03 b	8.87 ± 0.16 ab
	21.6%	1.60 ± 0.13 ab	0.60 ± 0.02 b	8.16 ± 0.18 c
	28.8%	1.23 ± 0.09 c	0.76 ± 0.99 ab	7.82 ± 0.11 c
	36.0%	1.36 ± 0.07 ab	1.00 ± 0.04 a	8.46 ± 0.13 bc
Flower	Control	0.00 ± 0.00 c	0.00 ± 0.00 c	0.00 ± 0.00 c
	14.4%	2.80 ± 0.35 a	0.98 ± 0.09 a	9.92 ± 0.03 a
	21.6%	2.57 ± 0.08 a	1.07 ± 0.00 a	10.14 ± 0.03 a
	28.8%	1.07 ± 0.12 b	0.37 ± 0.03 b	7.50 ± 0.11 b
	36.0%	0.89 ± 0.05 b	0.27 ± 0.02 b	7.32 ± 0.11 b

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[TFN1] Note: Numbers with different letters in the same row indicate significant differences according to the Tukey test at 5% level.