Trees description in the main square of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil

Caracterização arbórea da principal Praça de São José do Rio Preto-SP, Brasil

ABSTRACT

The knowledge of the flora existing in the cities is of great importance from the ecological and sustainable point of view, as well as being a premise for actions that provide greater safety, comfort and well-being for the population. The objective of this work was to perform an analysis of the composition, diversity and quality of the tree flora (trees and palms) existing in Rui Barbosa Square, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State. This square is considered the main place for its location, history and use, and is located in the central region, next to the Cathedral. The arboreal individuals present in the square were counted, identified and evaluated the height and circumference of the trunk at the height of the chest; were determined phytosociological descriptors, Shannon-Weaver index and observed qualitative aspects (stem-glass balance, general status of the specimen, phytosanity and presence of association with other organisms: insects, lichens, epiphytes or parasites). The floristic composition of Rui Barbosa Square, consisted of 15 botanical families, composed of 25 genera and 28 species, in a total of 103 individuals, among trees and palm trees. The most representative species was Dypsis lutescens, with a frequency of 20.39%. The Shannon-Weaver index, an indicator of diversity, was 2.77, showing that the square presents great floristic diversity. The majority (72.8%) of individuals is in a regular or poor state; 66.02% had some fungus symptoms; 12.62% present problems due to termite attack; mosses, lichens and epiphytes are present in 73.78% of the individuals in the square.

Keywords:
urban trees; public squares; urban planning

RESUMO

O conhecimento da flora existente nas cidades é de grande importância do ponto de vista ecológico e sustentável, assim como ser premissa para ações que proporcionem maior segurança, conforto e bem-estar para população. O objetivo desse trabalho foi realizar uma análise da composição, diversidade e qualidade da flora arbórea (árvores e palmeiras) existente na Praça Rui Barbosa, de São José do Rio Preto, SP. Esta praça é considerada a principal pela localização, história e uso, e encontra-se na região central, ao lado da Catedral. Os indivíduos arbóreos presentes na praça foram inventariados, identificados e avaliados a altura e circunferência do tronco à altura do peito; foram determinados descritores fitossociológicos, índice de Shannon-Weaver e observados aspectos qualitativos (equilíbrio copa-tronco, estado geral do exemplar, fitossanidade e presença de associação com outros organismos: insetos, liquens, epífitas ou parasitas). A composição florística da Praça Rui Barbosa, de São José do Rio Preto, SP, constitui-se de 15 famílias botânicas, composta por 25 gêneros e 28 espécies, num total de 103 indivíduos, entre árvores e palmeiras. A espécie de maior representatividade foi Dypsis lutescens, com frequência de 20,39%. O índice de Shannon-Weaver, indicador de diversidade, foi de 2,77, mostrando que a praça apresenta grande diversidade florística. A maioria (72,8%) dos indivíduos encontra-se em estado regular ou péssimo; 66,02% apresentaram algum sintoma de fungo; 12,62% apresentam problemas decorrentes do ataque de cupins; musgos, liquens e epífitas estão presentes em 73,78 % dos indivíduos da praça.

Palavras-chave:
arborização urbana; praças públicas; planejamento urbano; paisagismo

1. INTRODUCTION

Green areas in cities are important because they have great benefits in the quality of life, by creating recreation environments, by improving air quality, reducing noise pollution and regulating the microclimate, mitigating the occurrence of heat islands (BOLUND and HUNHAMMAR, 1999; SHAMS, 2009; GONÇALVES, 2017).

The knowledge of the urban flora is part of a program of studies that every city should be concerned with developing, aiming at a plan of afforestation that values the landscape and ecological aspects with the use, mainly, of native species. Besides the benefits that directly influence the life of the man, from the ecological point of view, the urban afforestation is fundamental; through it, one can safeguard the biological identity of the region by preserving or cultivating the plant species that occur in each specific region (KRAMER and KRUPEK, 2012).

Natural vegetation has been extensively studied, however, there are few studies on urban flora. Although the phytosociological survey is used in natural communities, the use of phytosociological descriptors in the urban environment can help the understanding and management of these areas and to draw up bigger guidelines aiming at sustainable plans, such as the increase of biodiversity and the creation of green corridors.

In the phytosociological surveys, so-called richness or variety indexes, such as Shannon-Weaver, are indicators of diversity useful in the analysis, and can be used in management decisions and master plans of afforestation in the urban environment (SILVA FILHO and BORTOLETO, 2005).

The rich and diverse landscape of a space destined for the great circulation of people is a guarantee of an environment where there are ecological, social and economic benefits (RODERJAN and BARDDAL, 1998).

The objective of this work was to perform an analysis of the composition, diversity and quality of the arboreal flora of Rui Barbosa Square, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

2. MATERIAL AND METHODS

The study was carried out in Rui Barbosa Square, which has an area of 5,303 m², located in the center of the city of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil, having as reference, 20°48'67″ south latitude and 49°22'80″ west longitude. Its population was estimated in 438,354 inhabitants in 2014, in an area of 431,963 square kilometers (IBGE, 2015). The climate of São José do Rio Preto is characterized by seasonality in the rainfall regime, presenting dry winter and rainy summer and according to the classification of Köppen, is classified as Aw, being tropical climate with summer rains (EMBRAPA, 2015).

The inventory was carried out in the first half of 2015. The number of individuals per species including the tall palm trees was quantified and, in order to facilitate the presentation of the data, were also called “trees”. The identification of the species in the field was carried out with the aid of literature (LORENZI et al., 1996; APG, 1998; LORENZI et al., 2003; SOUZA and LORENZI, 2005; LORENZI, 2008; LORENZI, 2009; LORENZI et al., 2010).

For all arboreal individuals, the total height of the plant was evaluated using a Höhenmesser hypsometer, model BL7 and circumference at chest height (CCH), measured at 1.30 m from the soil, using a trena and later conversion in diameter at breast height (DBH).

The phytosociological descriptors were calculated according to Rodrigues (1988):

1. Absolute Density $\text{ADs (specimen}{\text{m}}^{-2}\text{)}:\text{ADs}=\text{Ns x}(\text{U}{\text{A}}^{-1})$; on what: Ns = specimen number per species s; U = sample unit (1 ha = 10. 000 m²); e A = total area sampled (m²).

2. Relative density $\text{RDs (\%): RDs}=\text{100 x}(\text{Ni}{\text{Nt}}^{\text{-1}})$; on what: Ni = specimen number per species s; e Nt = total number of specimen.

3. Basal area of the specie $\text{BAs}{\text{(cm}}^{\text{2}}\text{): BAs}={\displaystyle \text{∑}{\text{P}}^2/4\text{π}}$; on what: P = perimeter (cm).

4. Absolute Dominance of the species $\text{DoAi}(\%):\text{DoAi}={\displaystyle \text{∑}\text{ABi x (U/A)}}$; on what: ABi = individual basal area of species i (cm²); U = sample unit (1 ha); e A = total area sampled (m²).

5. Relative Species Dominance $\text{DoRi}(\%):\text{DoRs}=100\text{x (SABs/ABT)}$; on what: ABi = individual basal area of species s (cm²); e TBA = total basal area (cm²).

6. Coverage value of the species $\text{VCs}(\%):\text{VCs}=\text{DRs + DoRs}$; em que: DRs = relative density of species i (%); e DoRs = relative dominance of species i (%).

The frequency of each species was calculated by the ratio of the number of individuals of the species to the total number of individuals in the square multiplied by 100. To calculate the species diversity index in the total area of the square, the Shannon-Weaver index (H ‘) was used, according to Coelho (2000), where, H’ = - Σpi (lnpi), where: pi = proportion of sample containing individuals of species i.

The qualitative analysis was made using a specific form adapted from Silva Filho et al. (2002), with the following conclusions: stem-glass balance (visual assessment done mainly by changing the crown in function and pruning), general status of the specimen (accomplished by means of concept: great, good, regular, lousy and dead), phytosanity (presence or absence of fungus, bacterium, termite, caterpillar, mite, ant, aphid and cochineal) and presence of association with other organisms (others insects, lichens, epiphytes or parasites).

3. RESULTS

It can be observed in Table 1 that 13 botanical families were found, divided into 28 species and 25 genera, in a total of 103 individuals. The most frequent species of Dypsis lutescens H. Wendl., with a frequency of 20.39%, followed by Caesalpinia pluviosa DC., with a frequency of 18.45%, while the others did not exceed 10% (Table 1).

Table 1
Scientific name, botanical family, the origin (exotic - E or native - N), number of specimen per species (N) and frequency - Fr (%) of the scheduled species in the Rui Barbosa Square, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Scientific name	Family	O	N	Fr (%)
Dypsis lutescens H. Wendl.	Arecaceae	E	21	20.39
Caesalpinia pluviosa DC.	Fabaceae	N	19	18.45
Tabebuia sp. Gomes ex DC.	Bignoniaceae	N	8	7.77
Livistonia chinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown ex Mart.	Arecaceae	E	7	6.80
Pachira aquatica Aubl.	Bombacaceae	N	6	5.83
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.	Arecaceae	N	4	3.88
Tabebuia rosealba (Ridl.) Sandwith	Bignoniaceae	N	4	3.88
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	Bignoniaceae	N	3	2.91
Michelia champaca L.	Magnoliaceae	E	3	2.91
Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O.F. Cook	Arecaceae	E	3	2.91
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum.	Rubiaceae	N	3	2.91
Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.	Fabaceae	N	2	1.94
Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	Chrysobalanaceae	N	2	1.94
Triplaris americana L.	Polygonaceae	N	2	1.94
Terminalia catappa L.	Combretaceae	E	2	1.94
Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze,	Fabaceae	E	2	1.94
Pinus pinea L.	Pinaceae	E	1	0.97
Annona atemoya Mabb.	Annonaceae	E	1	0.97
Spondias cytherea Sonnerat Tuss.	Anarcadiaceae	E	1	0.97
Cassia fistula L.	Fabaceae	E	1	0.97
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.	Fabaceae	E	1	0.97
Inga vera Willd.	Fabaceae	N	1	0.97
Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos	Bignoniaceae	N	1	0.97
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien	Arecaceae	E	1	0.97
Bauhinia sp. L.	Fabaceae	N	1	0.97
Caesalpinia echinata Lam.	Fabaceae	N	1	0.97
Caryota mitis Lour	Arecaceae	E	1	0.97
Sapindus saponaria L.	Sapindaceae	N	1	0.97
TOTAL			103	100%

When analyzing the origin of the individuals in the square (Table 1), it is observed that 57.28% are native specimens of the Brazilian national territory; however the species with the highest occurrence is an exotic palm (Dypsis lutescens). The families Arecaceae and Fabaceae presented higher species richness (35.92% and 27.18%, respectively) among all the species found in the square.

The phytosociological descriptors evaluated are presented in table 2, the individuals with frequency and density (Dypsis lutescens and Caesalpinia pluviosa) were not the same as those with the highest coverage rates, Delonix regia and Tipuana tipu, since individuals with larger basal areas had a higher dominance value, which raised the coverage value.

Table 2
Phytosociological parameters of individual trees located at Rui Barbosa Square, São José do Rio Preto, SP. (Fr– frequency - %, AD - absolute density of the species – individual m^-2; RD - relative density of the species - %; AB - basal area of the species – cm²; DoA - absolute dominance of the species - %; DoR - relative dominance of the species - %; IVC – coverage amount - %).

Scientific name	Fr	AD	RD	AB	DoA	DoR	IVCs
Dypsis lutescens H. Wendl.	20.39	39.60	20.39	514	969	0.17	969
Caesalpinia pluviosa DC.	18.45	35.83	18.45	19741	37226	6.44	37233
Tabebuia sp. Gomes ex DC.	7.77	15.09	7.77	632	1193	0.21	1193
Livistonia chinensis (N.J. Jacquin) R. Brown ex Mart.	6.80	13.20	6.80	2515	4743	0.82	4744
Pachira aquática Aubl.	5.83	11.31	5.83	14636	27599	4.78	27604
Syagrus oleracea (Mart.) Becc.	3.88	7.54	3.88	3105	5856	1.01	5857
Tabebuia rosealba (Ridl.) Sandwith	3.88	7.54	3.88	4215	7948	1.38	7949
Handroanthus impetiginosus (Mart. ex DC.) Mattos	2.91	5.66	2.91	14104	26597	4.60	26602
Michelia champaca L.	2.91	5.66	2.91	1320	2490	0.43	2490
Roystonea regia (H.B.K.) O.F. Cook	2.91	5.66	2.91	14386	27128	4.70	27132
Calycophyllum spruceanum (Benth.) K. Schum.	2.91	5.66	2.91	147	276	0.05	276
Myroxylon peruiferum L.f.	1.94	3.77	1.94	15895	29973	5.19	29978
Licania tomentosa (Benth.) Fritsch	1.94	3.77	1.94	7855	14812	2.56	14815
Triplaris americana L.	1.94	3.77	1.94	1402	2644	0.46	2645
Terminalia catappa L.	1.94	3.77	1.94	2758	5200	0.90	5201
Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze	1.94	3.77	1.94	35805	67518	11.69	67530
Pinus pinea L.	0.97	1.89	0.97	24609	46406	8.03	46414
Annona atemoya Mabb.	0.97	1.89	0.97	453	853	0.15	853
Spondias cytherea Sonnerat Tuss.	0.97	1.89	0.97	27763	52353	9.06	52362
Cassia fistula L.	0.97	1.89	0.97	3740	7052	1.22	7053
Delonix regia (Bojer ex Hook.) Raf.	0.97	1.89	0.97	66061	124572	21.56	124594
Inga vera Willd.	0.97	1.89	0.97	2642	4983	0.86	4984
Handroanthus avellanedae (Lorentz ex Griseb.) Mattos	0.97	1.89	0.97	19983	37683	6.52	37690
Phoenix roebelenii O’Brien	0.97	1.89	0.97	1018	1920	0.33	1920
Bauhinia sp. L.	0.97	1.89	0.97	3319	6258	1.08	6259
Caesalpinia echinata Lam.	0.97	1.89	0.97	5946	11212	1.94	11213
Caryota mitis Lour	0.97	1.89	0.97	8578	16176	2.80	16178
Sapindus saponaria L.	0.97	1.89	0.97	3217	6067	1.05	6068

Rui Barbosa Square presented the Shannon-Weaver index of 2.77. Only 3.88% of the individuals had a height equal to or less than 3.5 m. Among the species of larger tree size, the Pinus pinaster stood out with 23.5 meters, followed by the Handroanthus avellanedae with 22 meters of height; only Caesalpinia pluviosa was the one with the highest occurrence with a height of more than 9 meters.

Among the individuals, 72.8% are in a regular and very poor condition, that is, with numerous injuries, most of which presented trunk and branches damaged by inadequate pruning, breaks or vandalism, where nails and other hanging objects were observed set on the trees. No lesions were found in 4.85% of the species.

A high number of trees were found with presence of pests and/or pathogens; among the 103 individuals evaluated, 68 (66.02%) had some fungus. It was observed that these fungi were present mainly in lesions caused by inadequate pruning or even breaking of branches, in other cases the openings for these fungi occurred in places where the trees came in contact with some construction. The presence of fungi was observed mainly in Caesalpinia pluviosa specimens (19 plants). In Rui Barbosa Square, mosses, lichens and epiphytes were found in 73.78% of the inventoried individuals.

4. DISCUSSION

In this study, 13 botanical families were found, divided into 28 species and 25 genera, in a total of 103 individuals. Of these species, the highest occurrence was Dypsis lutescens, with specific density of 20.39%, followed by Caesalpinia pluviosa, with 18.45%, while the others did not exceed 10%. There are few species with a high number of individuals and many with few, with 38.84% of the total number of specimens being concentrated in only these two species, presenting a very fragile ecological picture.

This fragility is accentuated by the origin of the two most occurring species, Dypsis lutescens is exotic, originating in Madagascar (LORENZI et al., 1996) and Caesalpinia pluviosa, although native to Brazil and well adapted in different situations, occurs in the Mata Atlantic region of Rio de Janeiro, in southern Bahia and large populations in the Pantanal region of Mato Grosso State (LORENZI, 2008), being therefore not native to the region of São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State.

Analyzing the origin of all arboreal individuals in Rui Barbosa Square, it is observed that 56.31% are native to the Brazilian national territory; however, according to Lorenzi (2008), only 16.5% occur naturally in the region, the others are from different ecosystems and regions. The results show the need for interference in this place, seeking to maintain a greater ecological balance for biodiversity.

According to Paiva et al. (2010) from the ecological point of view adaptive and functional, it is technically recommendable the use of native species of the region worked, mainly to guarantee coevolutive and genetic ecological relations, dispersion of propagules (pollen and seeds), involving fauna and flora inside the environment urban and also for the conservation of native genetic material.

The frequencies of the two species that occur most in Praça Rui Barbosa are not in agreement with the one recommended by Milano and Dalcin (2000) suggest that each species should have 10 to 15% of the total frequency.

Although not recommended, the high frequency of one or two tree species has been observed in several situations in Brazilian cities. Pires et al. (2010) found that in Goiandira, Goias State, Licania tomentosa presented a frequency of 20%. Salvi et al. (2011) in a study in the streets and green tunnels of the city of Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul State, verified that among the green tunnels the homogeneity of the flora is high, with a predominance of few species, such as Jacaranda mimosifolia and Tipuana tipu, which could be compared to an urban “tree monoculture”.

The families Arecaceae and Fabaceae presented the highest number of species among those found in Rui Barbosa Square (36% and 27%, respectively). Similarly, Romani et al. (2012) also observed a higher number of species of the families Arecaceae (57%), Fabaceae (38%) and Bignoniaceae (20%) in Praça XV de Novembro, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State. Gimenes et al. (2011) also observed a higher number of species in the Arecaceae family (60%), followed by Leguminosae-Caesalpinioideae (51%) and Bignoniaceae (33%), as being the most representative.

Analyzing the phytosociological descriptors, it was observed that the individuals with frequency and density (Dypsis lutescens and Caesalpinia pluviosa) were not the same ones that obtained the highest rates of coverage, Delonix regia and Tipuana tipu, since the individuals with larger basal areas had a higher dominance value, which increased the coverage value.

Analyzing the same parameters, Barbosa et al. (2012) observed that the species Spondia tuberosa, Parapiptadenia zehntneri and Ceiba glaziovii, although presenting few individuals, obtained good results in relation to the dominance, due to having large diameters, thus generating higher basal values.

Despite the ecological fragility observed in Rui Barbosa Square, the Shannon-Weaver index found was 2.77, which can be considered a great floristic diversity. The value of this index varies from 0 to 3.5 and rarely reaches 4.5, values close to 1 indicate environmental stress related to polluted areas or even monoculture (BUOSI et al., 2010). This index is higher than another observed in a caatinga area in Arcoverde, PE, with 2.05 (BARBOSA et al., 2012) and lower than that found by Romani et al. (2012) in the four-square central area of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, whose index was 3.37.

Regarding the height of the trees in Rui Barbosa Square, only 3.88% of the individuals presented height equal to or less than 3.5 m, evidencing that the plants were adult or well developed, probably due to the planting of quality seedlings and use of species that are well adapted to local conditions. Among the species of larger tree size, the Pinus pinaster stood out with 23.5m, followed by the Handroanthus avellanedae with 22m of height; only Caesalpinia pluviosa was the one with the highest occurrence with a height of more than 9m.

Similarly, in a study carried out in XV de Novembro Square, one of the main ones of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Romani et al. (2012) observed that 4.97% of individuals had a height of 3.5 m or less; this square is also old and the result showed that most of the plants are well developed, in the adult stage.

The majority (72.8%) of the trees present in Rui Barbosa Square are in a regular or very poor condition, that is, with numerous lesions, many of which have trunk and branches damaged by inadequate pruning, breaks or vandalism, where they observed nails and other objects hung or fixed in the trees. During the survey, no lesions were found in about 4.85% of the subjects. In the analysis performed by Romani et al. (2012) in XV de Novembro Square, in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, the proportion of trees in a regular or poor state was lower (58.4%).

Trees must be prepared to protect themselves against the action of organisms programmed to degrade plant biomass. This protection process is called the compartmentalization of injury, and aims to create barriers inside the trunk to prevent fungal growth degraders (SEITZ, 1996). Often this can not be done by itself. So, proper pruning and aiding of products for quick healing are needed.

A high number of trees were found with presence of pests and / or pathogens; among the 103 individuals evaluated, 68 (66.02%) had some fungus symptoms. It was observed that these fungi were present mainly in lesions caused by inadequate pruning or even breaking of branches, in other cases openings for these fungi occurred in places where the trees were in contact with some construction. The presence of fungi was observed mainly in Caesalpinia pluviosa specimens (19 plants).

It is worth mentioning that the fungi present in the trees are usually related to the injuries that allow the installation of these organisms; being many caused by inadequate pruning or broken branches. It should be noted, however, that the method of analysis was visual, and the trunk was not prospected. It was also observed that some trees (33%) are attacked by termites, ants and also by a parasite called Ficus doliaria.

According to Rossetti et al. (2010), the biggest problem that compromises the health of trees in the urban environment is termite infestation, and this pest is observed in 8.33% of the total number of trees inventoried in two São Paulo neighborhoods in Ipiranga. Romani et al. (2012) also reported that there is this problem in XV de Novembro Square, in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State; among the 161 individuals evaluated, 18.6% presented termite attack of the genus Nasutitermes, mainly in Caesalpinia pluviosa species.

The presence of mosses, lichens and epiphytes was verified in Rui Barbosa Square in 73.78% of the individuals inventoried. They are strong indications of good climate and low air pollution (SAMPAIO and DE ANGELIS, 2008). These authors, in a survey in the city of Maringá, Paraná State, found moss, lichens and epiphytes in 70% of all trees, considered by them as a good indicator of quality, similar to that observed at Rui Barbosa Square in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State.

5. CONCLUSIONS

Rui Barbosa Square, in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil is composed of 15 botanical families, composed of 25 genera and 28 species, in a total of 103 individuals, where the most frequent species was Dypsis lutescens (20.39%).

Rui Barbosa Square presents great floristic diversity (Shannon-Weaver index was 2.77).

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Publication Dates

• Publication in this collection
  Oct-Dec 2018

History

• Received
  05 Feb 2018
• Accepted
  10 July 2018