Yield losses in off-season corn crop due to stalk rot disease

The objective of this work was to assess yield losses due to stalk rot in corn (Zea mays) hybrids, as well as to identify the main pathogenic fungi responsible for the disease during the off-season, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil. Two field experiments were carried out, one with five hybrids, in 2015, and another with four, in 2016. Ears of healthy and stalk rot-infected plants were collected from each plot, at harvest. Ear size, grain and ear weights, and grain moisture content were measured. From each diseased plant, a stalk piece with two to three nodes was removed for pathogen identification and quantification. The most common pathogens were: Fusarium graminearum, Stenocarpella maydis, and Macrophomina phaseolina. All yield parameters were significantly lower in stalk rot-infected plants, with average losses of 30.6%, in 2015, and of 34.3% in 2016. The highest yield losses are observed in hybrids with the highest grain/ear weight ratio.

Index terms:
Fusarium graminearum; Zea mays; lodging; stalk breakage; stem disease

Authorship

Rodrigo Véras da Costa ^**Corresponding author: rodrigo.veras@embrapa.br

Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Rodovia MG-424, Km 65, Caixa Postal 151, CEP 35701-970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigo.veras@embrapa.br, luciano.cota@embrapa.br, dagma.silva@embrapa.br, briciolanza@gmail.com, jose.edson@embrapa.brEmbrapa Milho e SorgoBrazilSete Lagoa, MG, Brazil Embrapa Milho e Sorgo, Laboratório de Fitopatologia, Rodovia MG-424, Km 65, Caixa Postal 151, CEP 35701-970 Sete Lagoas, MG, Brazil. E-mail: rodrigo.veras@embrapa.br, luciano.cota@embrapa.br, dagma.silva@embrapa.br, briciolanza@gmail.com, jose.edson@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5593-6859

Jones Simon

Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura, Prolongamento da Avenida NS 10, cruzamento com a Avenida LO 18, sentido Norte, loteamento Água Fria, CEP 77008-900 Palmas, TO, Brazil. E-mail: jones.simon@embrapa.br, rodrigo.almeida@embrapa.br, alanalvesp@gmail.comEmbrapa Pesca e AquiculturaBrazilPalmas, TO, Brazil Embrapa Pesca e Aquicultura, Prolongamento da Avenida NS 10, cruzamento com a Avenida LO 18, sentido Norte, loteamento Água Fria, CEP 77008-900 Palmas, TO, Brazil. E-mail: jones.simon@embrapa.br, rodrigo.almeida@embrapa.br, alanalvesp@gmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9646-8729

Luciano Viana Cota

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4216-7610

Dagma Dionísia da Silva

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4037-3739

Rodrigo Estevam Munhoz de Almeida

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3675-1661

Fabrício Eustáquio Lanza

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9616-7726

Bruno Cocco Lago

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Avenida Pádua Dias, no 11, Caixa Postal 9, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. E-mail: bruno.cl@hotmail.comUniversidade de São PauloBrazilPiracicaba, SP, Brazil Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Avenida Pádua Dias, no 11, Caixa Postal 9, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. E-mail: bruno.cl@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9625-4974

Alan Alves Pereira

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9791-6848

Leonardo José Motta Campos

Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/no, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: leonardo.campos@embrapa.brEmbrapa SojaBrazilLondrina, PR, Brazil Embrapa Soja, Rodovia Carlos João Strass, s/no, Acesso Orlando Amaral, Distrito de Warta, Caixa Postal 231, CEP 86001-970 Londrina, PR, Brazil. E-mail: leonardo.campos@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8919-5398

José Edson Fontes Figueiredo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9542-2315

*Corresponding author: rodrigo.veras@embrapa.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (2)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1.
Soil water balance evaluated every 5 days from January to July, in 2015 (A) and 2016 (B), for corn (Zea mays) cultivated as an off-season crop in the experimental area in the municipality of Pedro Afonso, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil.

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Figure 2.
Incidence of stalk rot fungi in corn (Zea mays) hybrids cultivated in the off-season in 2015 and 2016. Bars followed by equal letters do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. Capital letters compare fungi incidence in each hybrid, and lowercase letters, incidence between hybrids.

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Table 1.
Grain weight per ear (GWear), ear length (EL), grain moisture (GM) content, and GWear and EL losses of healthy and stalk rot-infected corn plants (Zea mays), in the 2015 and 2016 off-seasons⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Potential yield, final yield, and yield losses of corn (Zea mays) hybrids due to stalk rot in experiments conducted in the 2015 and 2016 off-seasons⁽¹⁾.

Figure 1. Soil water balance evaluated every 5 days from January to July, in 2015 (A) and 2016 (B), for corn (Zea mays) cultivated as an off-season crop in the experimental area in the municipality of Pedro Afonso, in the state of Tocantins, Brazil.

Figure 2. Incidence of stalk rot fungi in corn (Zea mays) hybrids cultivated in the off-season in 2015 and 2016. Bars followed by equal letters do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability. Capital letters compare fungi incidence in each hybrid, and lowercase letters, incidence between hybrids.

Table 1. Grain weight per ear (GWear), ear length (EL), grain moisture (GM) content, and GWear and EL losses of healthy and stalk rot-infected corn plants (Zea mays), in the 2015 and 2016 off-seasons⁽¹⁾.

Treatment	GWear (g)		Ear length (cm)	Grain moisture (%)	Losses (%)
Treatment	Healthy plants	Infected plants	Ear length (cm)	Grain moisture (%)	GWear	EL
	2015 off-season
LG 6036 PRO	231.0Ca	146.7Bb	13.8b	21.1a	36.5c	21.4a
LG 6038 PRO	207.2Ba	143.3Bb	14.2b	20.4a	30.8b	19.8a
DKB 390 PRO	205.0Ba	142.5Bb	15.4c	21.9a	30.5b	21.5a
Status VIP	203.0Ba	145.0Bb	14.7c	23.6b	28.5a	18.9a
DKB 350 PRO	176.2Aa	128.8Ab	12.6a	21.5a	26.9a	20.4a
Healthy plants	-	-	15.6b	23.1b
Infected plants	-	-	12.7a	20.2a	-	-
Coefficient of variation (%)	9.2		5.7	4.5	9.1	6.3
	2016 off-season
AG 8690 VT PRO 3	202.9Ca	125.7Ab	19.6b	13.2b	38.0c	17.4b
DKB 310 VT PRO 2	183.9Ba	120.1Ab	16.4a	13.7b	34.7b	12.6a
P30S31YH	177.7Aa	116.7Ab	20.0b	14.3a	34.3b	18.2b
P3779H	175.3Aa	122.9Ab	19.3b	14.4a	30.0a	17.9b
Healthy plants	-	-	18.8b	14.5b
Infected plants	-	-	15.9a	13.2a	-	-
Coefficient of variation (%)	3.5		3.2	4.1	3.9	7.6

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the columns and lowercase in the rows, do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability.

Table 2. Potential yield, final yield, and yield losses of corn (Zea mays) hybrids due to stalk rot in experiments conducted in the 2015 and 2016 off-seasons⁽¹⁾.

Treatment	Potential yield	Final yield	Yield loss
Treatment	------------------------(kg ha¹)------------------------
	2015 off-season
DKB 350 PRO	9,692a	8,909a	782a
DKB 390 PRO	11,278b	10,247b	1,031b
LG 6038 PRO	11,399b	10,345b	1,054b
Status VIP	11,169b	10,211b	957b
LG 6036 PRO	12,707c	11,317c	1,390c
Mean	11,249	10,206	1,043
	2016 off-season
P3779H	9,641a	8,674a	863a
P30S31YH	9,776a	8,776a	1,007b
DKB 310 VT PRO 2	10,114a	9,061a	1,052b
AG 8690 VT PRO 3	11,159a	9,884b	1,272c
Mean	10,173	9,100	1,049

⁽¹⁾
Means followed by equal letters do not differ by the Scott-Knott test, at 5% probability.

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Yield losses in off-season corn crop due to stalk rot disease

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[1] *Corresponding author: rodrigo.veras@embrapa.br