Abstract
The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of lipid sources in diets for goats, regarding animal intake, ingestive behavior, and nutrient digestibility. Sixteen uncastrated male goats were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with the following four treatments: a control, with corn as an energy source; licuri cake; residual soybean oil; and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, i.e., inert fat. The experimental period lasted for 84 days. Goats subjected to the control and inert fat diets had a higher crude protein digestibility than those that received the diet containing licuri cake. The control diet provided a greater digestibility of nonfibrous carbohydrates. Goats that received inert fat diets had the highest digestibility of total digestible nutrients. The diet with licuri cake resulted in a higher rumination time and neutral detergent fiber rumination, as well as in a shorter idling time. The animals spent more time feeding and less time ruminating during the afternoon, whereas the longest idle time was observed during early evening. The use of fat lipid sources did not affect animal intake, showing similar results to that of the control diet. However, the inclusion of the licuri cake reduces the digestibility of crude protein and total digestible nutrients, causing a longer rumination.
Index terms:
Syagrus coronata; agro-industrial by-product; energy demand; fat supplement; residual frying oil
Resumo
O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão de fontes lipídicas em dietas para caprinos, quanto ao consumo e ao comportamento ingestivo dos animais e à sua digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Dezesseis caprinos machos não castrados foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com os seguintes quatro tratamentos: controle, milho como fonte energética; torta de licuri; óleo residual de soja; e sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa, i.e., gordura inerte. O período experimental durou 84 dias. Cabras submetidas às dietas controle e de gordura inerte apresentaram maior digestibilidade da proteína bruta do que as que receberam dieta com torta de licuri. A dieta-controle proporcionou maior digestibilidade de carboidratos não fibrosos. Cabras que receberam dietas com gordura inerte apresentaram maior digestibilidade dos nutrientes digestíveis totais. A dieta com torta de licuri resultou em maior tempo de ruminação e ruminação com fibra em detergente neutro, bem como em menor tempo de ócio. Os animais passaram mais tempo se alimentando e menos tempo ruminando durante a tarde, enquanto o maior tempo ocioso foi observado no início da noite. A utilização de fontes lipídicas gordurosas não afetou a ingestão dos animais, tendo apresentado resultados semelhantes aos da dieta-controle. No entanto, a inclusão da torta de licuri reduz a digestibilidade da proteína bruta e os nutrientes digestíveis totais, o que causa uma ruminação mais prolongada.
Termos para indexação:
Syagrus coronata; subprodutos agroindustriais; demanda energética; suplemento de gordura; óleo residual de fritura
Introduction
Feed represents the highest cost item in the production system of small ruminant in confinement. This fact is directly related to the food supply, becoming a determining factor for the viability of the production system (Cavalcanti et al., 2022CAVALCANTI, C.P.L.; MACEDO, T.J.S. e; GOIS, G.C.; MENEZES, V.G.; MONTE, A.P.O. do; SILVA, A.D. da; SILVA, D.J.M. da; SILVA, E.O. da; ARAÚJO, G.G.L. de; RODRIGUES, R.T. de S.; WISCHRAL, A.; MATOS, M.H.T. de; QUEIROZ, M.A.A. Licuri oil improves feedlot performance and modifies ruminal fauna of Santa Inês ewes. Livestock Science, v.265, art.105093, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105093.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.10...
). To reduce costs with the purchase of concentrates, such as corn and soybeans, alternative ingredients from agro-industrial processing have been used in the composition of feeds, to improve the cost/benefit ratio and, at the same time, to improve the efficiency and competitiveness of production systems, making it sustainable (Silva et al., 2021SILVA, W.P.; SANTOS, S.A.; CIRNE, L.G.A.; PINA, D. dos S.; ALBA, H.D.R.; RODRIGUES, T.C.G.C.; ARAÚJO, M.L.G.M.L.; LIMA, V.G.O.; GALVÃO, J.M.; NASCIMENTO, C.O.; RODRIGUES, C.S.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de. Carcass characteristics and meat quality of feedlot goat kids fed high-concentrate diets with licury cake. Livestock Science, v.244, art.104391, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104391.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.10...
; Ferreira et al., 2023FERREIRA, F.G.; LEITE, L.C.; ALBA, H.D.R.; PINA, D. dos S.; SANTOS, S.A.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; FREITAS JÚNIOR, J.E. de; RODRIGUES, C.S.; MESQUITA, B.M.A. de C.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de. Licury cake in diets for lactating goats: Qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. Animals, v.13, art.35, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010035.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010035...
).
Among the various by-products of agro-industry with the potential for use in the feeding of small ruminants, those obtained from the processing of oilseeds, such as cakes and meal, stand out. Licuri (Syagrus coronate Becc.) cake is a notable by-product obtained during the cold mechanical pressing process for oil extraction (Oliveira et al., 2022OLIVEIRA, A.B. de; SILVA, F.F. da; SILVA, J.W.D. da; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de; SANTOS, L.V.; PAIXÃO, T.R.; SILVA, A.P.G. da; SOUZA, S.O. de; SOARES, C.; LIMA JÚNIOR, D.M. de; SILVA, R.R. Inclusion of licuri cake in high-grain diets for steers: Intake, digestibility, carcass characteristics, and meat quality. South African Journal of Animal Science, v.52, p.603-610, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.04.
https://doi.org/10.4314/sajas.v52i5.04...
). It can be included as a supplement in the diet of ruminants, due to its good nutritional value, including a high content of crude protein (215.8 g kg-1 dry matter), neutral detergent fiber (627.7 g kg-1 dry matter), and ether extract (119.7 g kg-1 dry matter), which is rich in short and medium-chain fatty acids (Silva et al., 2022SILVA, M.L.F.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de; SILVA, F.F. da; SANTOS, L.V.; SANTOS, M. da C.; SILVA, A.P.G. da; DANIELETO, A.S.; MANDINGA, T. da C.S.; PAIXÃO, T.R.; LIMA JÚNIOR, D.M. de; SILVA, R.R. Effect of dietary inclusion of licuri cake on intake, feeding behavior, and performance of feedlot cull cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v.54, art.262, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03253-0.
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). According to Ferreira et al. (2023)FERREIRA, F.G.; LEITE, L.C.; ALBA, H.D.R.; PINA, D. dos S.; SANTOS, S.A.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; FREITAS JÚNIOR, J.E. de; RODRIGUES, C.S.; MESQUITA, B.M.A. de C.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de. Licury cake in diets for lactating goats: Qualitative aspects of milk and cheese. Animals, v.13, art.35, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010035.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13010035...
, licuri cake is commonly incorporated into goat diets, to replace corn and soybean meal by up to 100%. Another ingredient that can be incorporated into diets for small ruminants is vegetable oil from the frying process, such as residual soybean oil. This oil type slowly degrades in the environment, leading to environmental, social, and economic issues in its disposal. Thus, including it in animal feed represents an alternative to mitigate the environmental impact and increase energy density (Peixoto et al., 2017PEIXOTO, E.L.T.; MIZUBUTI, I.Y.; RIBEIRO, E.L. de A.; MOURA, E. dos S.; PEREIRA, E.S.; PRADO, O.P.P. do; CARVALHO, L.N. de; PIRES, K.A. Residual frying oil in the diets of sheep: Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal parameters. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Science, v.30, p.51-56, 2017. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0970.
https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0970...
). It also serves as a source of polyunsaturated fats in the goat diet, improving the fatty acid profile in animal-derived products (Costa et al., 2023COSTA, T.S.A. da; SILVA, J.A.R. da; FATURI, C.; SILVA, A.G.M. e; RÊGO, A.C. do; MONTEIRO, E.M.M.; BUDEL, J.C. de C.; CASTRO, V.C.G. de; BARBOSA, A.V.C.; SILVA, W.C. da; LOURENÇO-JUNIOR, J. de B. Evaluation of the quality of meat and carcasses from sheep fed diets containing three types of oils. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, v.10, art.1103516, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1103516.
https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.11035...
). Lerma-Reyes et al. (2018)LERMA-REYES, I.; MENDOZA-MARTÍNEZ, G.D.; ROJO-RUBIO, R.; MEJIA, M.; GARCÍA-LOPEZ, J.C.; LEE-RANGEL, H.A. Influence of supplemental canola or soybean oil on milk yield, fatty acid profile and postpartum weight changes in grazing dairy goats. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, v.31, p.225-229, 2018. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.17.0058.
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reported that the inclusion of 20 mL per day of soybean oil in goat diets does not adversely affect their productive performance.
However, some studies emphasize that incorporating oil into the diet of small ruminants can lead to reduced voluntary consumption, besides affecting their productive performance, which is attributed to interference with fiber digestion, prevention of direct microbial attack, and alterations in diet palatability (Bezerra et al., 2021BEZERRA, L.R.; SOUSA, S.V. de; DIOGÉNES, L.V.; OLIVEIRA, J.P.F. de. Viabilidade nutricional e perspectivas econômicas de coprodutos usados na alimentação de bovinos no Nordeste do Brasil. Revista Científica de Produção Animal, v.23, p.21-35, 2021.; Hamzaoui et al., 2021HAMZAOUI, S.; CAJA, G.; SUCH, X.; ALBANELL, E.; SALAMA, A.A.K. Effect of soybean oil supplementation on milk production, digestibility, and metabolism in dairy goats under thermoneutral and heat stress conditions. Animals, v.11, art.350, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020350.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020350...
). To address these concerns, inert fat sources have been developed commercially. These sources aim to mitigate the detrimental effects of unsaturated fatty acids on ruminal fermentation, subsequently enhancing the fiber digestibility and dry matter intake (Rapetti et al., 2002RAPETTI, L.; CROVETTO, G.M.; GALASSI, G.; SANDRUCCI, A.; SUCCI, G.; TAMBURINI, A.; BATTELLI, G. Effect of maize, rumen-protected fat and whey permeate on energy utilisation and milk fat composition in lactating goats. Italian Journal of Animal Science, v.1, p.43-53, 2002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2002.43.
https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2002.43...
; Ghasemi et al., 2021GHASEMI, E.; GOLABADI, D.; PIADEH, A. Effect of supplementing palmitic acid and altering the dietary ratio of n-6:n-3 fatty acids in low-fibre diets on production responses of dairy cows. British Journal of Nutrition, v.126, p.355-365, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114520004183.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S000711452000418...
). Additionally, the incorporation of inert fat can help prevent issues such as ruminal acidosis and liver abscess (Ghoniem & Atia, 2020GHONIEM, A.H.; ATIA, S.E.S. Effect of addition protected fatty acids in ruminant rations on productive performance of Suffolk x Ossimi crossbred ewes during different production stages. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, v.23, p.369-383, 2020. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2020.148119.
https://doi.org/10.21608/ejnf.2020.14811...
).
The diet supplementation with lipid sources for small ruminants is well-known, as it can modify the ruminal metabolism, digestive processes, and the ingested nutrients (Gomes et al., 2021GOMES, H.F.B.; MARQUES, R.O.; LOURENÇON, R.V.; CHÁVARI, A.C.T.; BENTO, F.C.; LANNA, D.P.D.; MEIRELLES, P.R. de L.; GONÇALVES, H.C. Intake and ruminal parameters of goats fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.50, e20200119, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5020200119.
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). Therefore, incorporating inert fat into goat diets could enhance both the intake and digestibility of dry matter and neutral detergent fiber.
The objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of lipid sources in diets for goats, regarding animal intake, ingestive behavior, and nutrient digestibility.
Materials and Methods
The study was conducted at Universidade Federal do Vale do São Francisco (UNIVASF), in the municipality of Petrolina, in the state of Pernambuco, Brazil (9º23'55"S, 40º30'03"W, at 376 m of altitude). The research was approved and certified by the ethics committee on human and animal studies of UNIVASF, under protocol number 27091063.
Sixteen uncastrated male goats of undefined breed (25.0±4.5 kg body weight) were distributed in individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and feeders. A completely randomized experimental design in was carried out with four treatments and four animals per treatment. The initial weight was used to define the blocks.
The experimental period lasted for 84 days, preceded by 10 days to adapt the animals to the facilities, management, and experimental diets. At the beginning of the adaptation period, the animals were identified, weighed, treated against endoand ectoparasites, and randomly allocated to the previously identified pens according to the treatments.
The treatments consisted of four experimental diets, as follows: control, using corn as an energy source (C); licuri cake (LC); residual soybean oil (RSO); and Megalac-E calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Química Geral do Nordeste, Nova Ponte, MG, Brazil), i.e., inert fat (IF). The diet formulation for gains at 100 g per day followed the recommendations of the National Research Council (NRC, 2007NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and New World camelids. 7th ed. Washington: National Academies Press, 2007. 384p.) and was composed of elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) in natura, ground corn, soybean meal, and the Caprinofós mineral and vitamin mixture (Tortuga, São Paulo, SP, Brazil), in a 50:50 roughage:concentrate ratio (Table 1).
The diets were provided in the form of complete ration twice a day at 08:00 and 16:00, and water was offered ad libitum. Leftovers were collected and weighed to determine intake and to adjust dry matter (DM) intake, in order to allow of 15% leftovers. Feed and leftovers samples were collected weekly for further chemical analysis.
The animals were weighed at the beginning and at the end of the experimental period, as follows: weekly and after a 16-hour period of solid food deprivation (with access to water), respectively. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) was determined by the difference between the total DM of feed offered and the total DM present in the leftovers. Nutrient intake was determined as the difference between the total nutrients present in the feed intake and the total nutrients present in the leftovers, on a total DM basis.
A digestibility test was carried out between the sixty-ninth and seventy-sixth day of the experimental period, lasting for six days of collection. Feces were sampled using collection bags fixed to the animals before the sampling period. The bags were emptied twice a day, and the feces were weighed. The samples were stored in a freezer at -15°C for chemical analysis. The apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM and nutrients was calculated using the following equation (Silva & Leão, 1979SILVA, J.F.C. da; LEÃO, M.I. Fundamentos de nutrição dos ruminantes. Piracicaba: Livroceres, 1979. 380p.): ADC = {[(ingested nutrients - excreted nutrients) /ingested nutrients] x 100}.
The ingestive behavior was evaluated at 26, 52, and 78 days of the experimental period. For the evaluation, all animals were visually observed for 24 hours, and observations were recorded at 5 min intervals. The times spent feeding, ruminating, and idling were recorded according to Johnson & Combs (1991)JOHNSON, T.R.; COMBS, D.K. Effects of prepartum diet, inert rumen bulk, and dietary polyethylene glycol on dry matter intake of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, v.74, p.933-944, 1991. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(91)78243-X.
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. At nocturnal observation, the environment was kept under artificial light.
Samples of ingredients, diets, leftovers, and feces were pre-dried in an oven, at 55ºC, for 72 hours, followed by grinding in the MA-580 Thomas-Wiley knife mill (Marconi: Equipamentos para Laboratórios Ltda., Piracicaba, SP, Brazil). The samples were analyzed according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) (Latimer Jr., 2016LATIMER JR., G.W. (Ed). Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 20th ed. Rockville: AOAC International, 2016. 3100p. Official Methods 942.05, 967.03 and 981.10.) for: DM, using method 967.03; mineral matter (MM), with method 942.05; organic matter (OM), as 100 - MM; and crude protein (CP), using method 981.10. Ether extract (EE) was analyzed using the ANKOM TX-10 fat extractor (Macedon, NY, USA) according to American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS, 2017AOCS. American Oil Chemists Society. Official Methods and Recommended Practices of the AOCS. 7th ed. Urbana: AOCS, 2017. 4000p.). Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) analyses were performed according to Van Soest et al. (1963aVAN SOEST, P.J. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. I. Preparation of fiber residues of low nitrogen content. Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, v.46, p.825-829, 1963a. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/46.5.825.
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), with modifications proposed by Senger et al. (2008)SENGER, C.C.D.; KOZLOSKI, G.V.; SANCHEZ, L.M.B.; MESQUITA, F.R.; ALVES, T.P.; CASTAGNINO, D.S. Evaluation of autoclave procedures for fibre analysis in forage and concentrate feedstuffs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, v.146, p.169-174, 2008. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2007.12.008.
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, using an autoclave at 110°C for 40 min. Lignin was determined by solubilizing cellulose with sulfuric acid at 72% (Van Soest et al., 1963bVAN SOEST, P.J. Use of detergents in the analysis of fibrous feeds. II. A rapid method for the determination of fiber and lignin. Journal of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, v.46, p.829-835, 1963b. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/46.5.829.
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).
Total carbohydrates (TC) were estimated according to Sniffen et al. (1992)SNIFFEN, C.J.; O’CONNOR, J.D.; VAN SOEST, P.J.; FOX D.G.; RUSSEL, J.B. A net carbohydrate and protein system for evaluating cattle diets: II. Carbohydrate and protein availability. Journal of Animal Science, v.70, p.3562-3577, 1992. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113562x.
https://doi.org/10.2527/1992.70113562x...
, as follows: TC = 100 - (%CP + %EE + %MM). Nonfibrous carbohydrates (NFC) were calculated according to Hall (2003)HALL, M.B. Challenges with nonfiber carbohydrate methods. Journal of Animal Science, v.81, p.3226-3232, 2003. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2527/2003.81123226x.
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, as follows: NFC = %TC - %NDF.
Total digestible nutrient (TDN) content was estimated according to the equation proposed by NRC (2001)NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th rev. ed. Washington: National Academies Press, 2001. 405p.: TDN = {[digestible CP + (digestible EE × 2.25) + (digestible NFC + digestible NDF)] - 7}, where the value 7 refers to the metabolic fecal TDN.
The data were subjected to the analysis of variance by using the Sisvar, version 5.1, statistical software (Ferreira, 2011FERREIRA, D.F. Sisvar: a computer statistical analysis system. Ciência e Agrotecnologia, v.35, p.1039-1042, 2011. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-70542011000600001.
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). Significant probability values were those below 5% probability by Tukey’s test.
Results and Discussion
DM and nutrient intakes were not affected by diets with different lipid sources (Table 2), and the average intakes per day were the following: 1,399.48 g DM, 207.37 g CP, 814.06 g NDF, 40.5 g EE, 241.56 g NFC, and 1,100.75 g TDN, respectively. The fat supplementation in diets for ruminants has been related to the decrease of DM intake (Cavalcanti et al., 2022CAVALCANTI, C.P.L.; MACEDO, T.J.S. e; GOIS, G.C.; MENEZES, V.G.; MONTE, A.P.O. do; SILVA, A.D. da; SILVA, D.J.M. da; SILVA, E.O. da; ARAÚJO, G.G.L. de; RODRIGUES, R.T. de S.; WISCHRAL, A.; MATOS, M.H.T. de; QUEIROZ, M.A.A. Licuri oil improves feedlot performance and modifies ruminal fauna of Santa Inês ewes. Livestock Science, v.265, art.105093, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105093.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.10...
). Although the mechanisms by which fat supplementation reduces consumption are not well elucidated, they involve effects on rumen fermentation and in intestinal motility, and on the acceptability of rations, besides effects on the release of gut hormones and fat oxidation in the liver (Allen, 2000ALLEN, M.S. Effects of diet on short-term regulation of feed intake by lactating dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science, v.83, p.1598-1624, 2000. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(00)75030-2.
https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(0...
; Alba et al., 2021ALBA, H.D.R.; FREITAS JÚNIOR, J.E. de; LEITE, L.C.; AZEVÊDO, J.A.G.; SANTOS, S.A.; PINA, D.S.; CIRNE, L.G.A.; RODRIGUES, C.S.; SILVA, W.P.; LIMA, V.G.O.; TOSTO, M.S.L.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de. Protected or unprotected fat addition for feedlot lambs: feeding behavior, carcass traits, and meat quality. Animals, v.11, art.328, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020328.
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). From this information, the lack of difference between treatments can be explained by the EE of diets, since the higher level was 5.3% in the diet with residual soybean oil, which is below the limit of 7% recommended by the NRC (2007)NRC. National Research Council. Nutrient requirements of small ruminants: sheep, goats, cervids, and New World camelids. 7th ed. Washington: National Academies Press, 2007. 384p.. Lipid levels above 7% in diets for small ruminants reduce the DM intake, due to the toxic effect on the ruminal microbiota.
Although the inclusion of lipid sources resulted in an increase of approximately 2% in the levels of EE in the diets, it did not appear to have a negative effect on the digestibility by the animals and, consequently, on their voluntary intake. The DM intakes were above 1 kg per day, which is higher than the 0.593 g per day reported by Gomes et al. (2021)GOMES, H.F.B.; MARQUES, R.O.; LOURENÇON, R.V.; CHÁVARI, A.C.T.; BENTO, F.C.; LANNA, D.P.D.; MEIRELLES, P.R. de L.; GONÇALVES, H.C. Intake and ruminal parameters of goats fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.50, e20200119, 2021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5020200119.
https://doi.org/10.37496/rbz5020200119...
and the 0.981 g per day reported by Sachin et al. (2018)SACHIN, S.P.; JOSE, R.A.; BALUSAMI, C.; ABRAHAM, J.; BIRADAR, D.; ASHITHA, K.; IBRAHIM, S. The effect of dietary fat supplementation on production performance of Malabari does during early and mid-lactation. The Pharma Innovation Journal, v.7, p.431-434, 2018., when including soybean oil and inert fat, respectively, in diets for goats.
Regarding digestibility, it was possible to observe that goats that received the control and inert fat diets had greater CP digestibility than goats that received a diet containing LC. There was no difference for CP the goats that received a diet containing residual soybean oil (Table 2). The lower CP digestibility in goats that received a diet supplemented with LC, compared to that of the control and inert fat diets, is probably related to the higher lignin content of 141.5 g kg-1 DM present in the diet with LC (Table 1), which reduces the degradation rate of CP in diets. LC is rich in acid detergent insoluble nitrogen, which is a fraction that has low or no ruminal degradability according to Silva et al. (2022)SILVA, M.L.F.; CARVALHO, G.G.P. de; SILVA, F.F. da; SANTOS, L.V.; SANTOS, M. da C.; SILVA, A.P.G. da; DANIELETO, A.S.; MANDINGA, T. da C.S.; PAIXÃO, T.R.; LIMA JÚNIOR, D.M. de; SILVA, R.R. Effect of dietary inclusion of licuri cake on intake, feeding behavior, and performance of feedlot cull cows. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v.54, art.262, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03253-0.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03253...
. These authors observed a reduction in the CP digestibility with increased LC levels in diets for cull cows, which is in alignment with the results of the present study. A negative correlation between lignin and CP digestibility was reported by Silva et al. (2023)SILVA, T.S.; ARAÚJO, G.G.L. de; SANTOS, E.M.; OLIVEIRA, J.S. de; GODOI, P.F.A.; GOIS, G.C.; PERAZZO, A.F.; RIBEIRO, O.L.; TURCO, S.H.N.; CAMPOS, F.S. Intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and performance in lamb fed spineless cactus silage associated with forages adapted to the semiarid environment Spineless cactus silages in diets for lambs. Livestock Science, v.268, art.105168, 2023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105168.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.10...
. Lignin inhibits the digestion of hydrolytic enzymes, limiting the activity of ruminal microorganisms and, consequently, reducing the effectiveness of microorganisms in the digestion process.
The goats subjected to the control diet showed a greater NFC digestibility than those that received diets containing residual soybean oil. There was no difference for the NFC digestibility between goats that received diets containing LC and inert fat (Table 2). The reduction of ground corn in the diet containing residual soybean oil likely caused a reduction of NFC digestibility in comparison with the control diet. Corn has fast fermentation carbohydrates in its nutritional composition, which contributes to the production of organic acids and reduction of ruminal pH (Cavalcanti et al., 2022CAVALCANTI, C.P.L.; MACEDO, T.J.S. e; GOIS, G.C.; MENEZES, V.G.; MONTE, A.P.O. do; SILVA, A.D. da; SILVA, D.J.M. da; SILVA, E.O. da; ARAÚJO, G.G.L. de; RODRIGUES, R.T. de S.; WISCHRAL, A.; MATOS, M.H.T. de; QUEIROZ, M.A.A. Licuri oil improves feedlot performance and modifies ruminal fauna of Santa Inês ewes. Livestock Science, v.265, art.105093, 2022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105093.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2022.10...
). Thus, with the increase of the EE content in the residual soybean oil diet, there may have been a ruminal pH increase in the goats, and the NFC fermenting bacteria may have been reduced. Similar results were obtained by Maia et al. (2006)MAIA, F.J.; BRANCO, A.F.; MOURO, G.F.; CONEGLIAN, S.M.; SANTOS, G.T. de; MINELLA, T.F.; MACEDO, F. de A.F. de. Inclusão de fontes de óleo na dieta de cabras em lactação: digestibilidade dos nutrientes e parâmetros ruminais e sanguíneos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.35, p.1496-1503, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-35982006000500032.
https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-3598200600...
for the inclusion of oil sources in the diet of goats; these authors concluded that the use of vegetable oils reduced the NFC digestibility by approximately 18% in comparison with the control diet.
The highest TDN digestibility was obtained by goats that received diets containing inert fat than goats that received diets containing LC. There was no difference for TDN digestibility between goats that received the control diet and goats that received residual soybean oil diets. There was no effect of diets on DM, NDF, and EE digestibility.
There was no effect of the diets on the feeding times of the goats, and average values (in min per day) were the following: 243.24, for total feeding time; 0.23, for DM intake; and 0.43, for NDF intake. Diets containing LC resulted in longer total rumination time for the goats, NDF rumination, and shorter idling time in comparison with the other tested diets.
The greater time spent in rumination, provided by the diet containing LC, may be due to the higher content of NDF (508.3 g kg-1 DM), ADF (305.0 g kg-1 DM), and lignin (141.5 g kg-1 DM) in its composition (Table 1). The time spent in rumination is proportional to the cell wall content of the diet, that is, the higher is the fiber content of the ration, the longer will be the rumination time, and the shorter will be the idle time, according to Van Soest (1994)VAN SOEST, P.J. Nutritional ecology of the ruminant. 2nd ed. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994. 476p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732355.
https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501732355...
. Therefore, it can be inferred that the LC diet, which had a higher fiber content than the other lipid supplements and the control diet, led to a longer retention time of digesta in the rumen.
Regarding the period, the goats spent more time feeding and less time ruminating during the afternoon (Table 3). The longest idle time was observed at 06:00. The food supply during the afternoon corresponded to the longer time the animals spent feeding, resulting in less time spent ruminating. The longest feeding time in the afternoon corresponds to the period of the second diet offer, since the diet was offered in fractions, part in the morning and part in the afternoon. These observations confirm the stimulation of food distribution to feeding activity proposed by Fischer et al. (1998)FISCHER, V.; DESWYSEN, A.G.; DÉSPRÉS, L.; DUTILLEUL, P.; LOBATO, J.F.P. Padrões nictemerais do comportamento ingestivo de ovinos. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v.27, p.362-369, 1998..
Ingestive behavior of goats fed diets with different lipid sources in different observation periods(1).
The behavior of the goats regarding the time spent on leisure activity was more intense at night. As the experiment took place in the Brazilian semiarid hinterland region, only at night the animals generally achieve a thermal comfort index, based on temperature, relative humidity, winds, and humidity (Oliveira et al., 2024OLIVEIRA, B.Y. de S.; MOURA, C.M. da S.; ARAÚJO, G.G.L. de; TURCO, S.H.N.; VOLTOLINI, T.V.; FURTADO, D.A.; MEDEIROS, A.N. de; GOIS, G.C.; CAMPOS, F.S. Thermoregulatory responses and ingestive behavior of sheep subjected to water restriction and highand low-energy diets in a semi-arid environment. Journal of Thermal Biology, v.119, art.103749, 2024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103749.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023....
). Thus, goats have possibly adaptive mechanisms to adapt to daily temperatures and carry out resting activities during the night, leaving the daytime period to feeding and rumination activities. Similarly, Ribeiro et al. (2006)RIBEIRO, V.L.; BATISTA, A.M.V.; CARVALHO, F.F.R. de; AZEVEDO, M. de; MATTOS, C.W.; ALVES, K.S. Comportamento ingestivo de caprinos Moxotó e Canindé submetidos à alimentação à vontade e restrita. Acta Scientiarum. Animal Science, v.28, p.331-337, 2006. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v28i3.50.
https://doi.org/10.4025/actascianimsci.v...
, working with Moxotó and Canindé goats confined in the Brazilian Semiarid region, found that this activity was more intense between 16:00 and 20:00, period when temperatures were milder during the experiment.
Conclusions
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The use of licuri cake, residual soybean oil, and inert fat, as lipid sources in goat diets, do not influence nutrient intake.
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The use of licuri cake, as lipid source in goat diets, reduces the digestibility of crude protein and total digestible nutrients and increases the rumination time of the animals, providing less idle time.
Acknowledgment
To Fundação de Amparo à Ciência e Tecnologia de Pernambuco (FACEPE), for financing the project and for scholarships.
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Publication Dates
-
Publication in this collection
13 Sept 2024 -
Date of issue
2024
History
-
Received
24 Jan 2024 -
Accepted
29 May 2024