Efficient inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria into sugarcane by the drip irrigation system

The objective of this work was to assess the efficiency of the inoculation of a diazotrophic bacterial consortium by the drip irrigation system into sugarcane (Saccharum spp.), in the Brazilian semiarid region. The evaluated treatments were: standard inoculation by submersion; one or two inoculations by drip irrigation; nitrogen (urea) applied by fertigation; and negative controls, without inoculation or nitrogen fertilization. Leaf gas exchanges and plant growth and yield were assessed. Inoculation by irrigation is efficient for all variables, and double inoculation by the drip irrigation system stands out, increasing stem yield in 16% when compared with the negative control, without differing from the treatment with nitrogen fertilizer.

Index terms:
biological nitrogen fixation; Brazilian semiarid region; inoculant; plant-growth promoting bacteria

Authorship

Welson Lima Simões

Embrapa Semiárido, BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 23, CEP 56302-970 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. E-mail: welson.simoes@embrapa.br, anderson.oliveira@embrapa.br, paulo.ivan@embrapa.brEmbrapa SemiáridoBrazilPetrolina, PE, Brazil Embrapa Semiárido, BR-428, Km 152, Zona Rural, Caixa Postal 23, CEP 56302-970 Petrolina, PE, Brazil. E-mail: welson.simoes@embrapa.br, anderson.oliveira@embrapa.br, paulo.ivan@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1474-9410

Anderson Ramos de Oliveira

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4089-0995

Moises Alves de Souza

Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciência Sociais, Avenida Dr. Chastinet Guimarães, s/no, São Geraldo, CEP 48900-000 Juazeiro, BA, Brazil. E-mail: moisesalves-1989@hotmail.comUniversidade do Estado da BahiaBrazilJuazeiro, BA, Brazil Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Departamento de Tecnologias e Ciência Sociais, Avenida Dr. Chastinet Guimarães, s/no, São Geraldo, CEP 48900-000 Juazeiro, BA, Brazil. E-mail: moisesalves-1989@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9923-4058

Verônica Massena Reis

Embrapa Agrobiologia, Rodovia BR-465, Km 7, Ecologia, Caixa Postal 74505, CEP 23891-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: veronica.massena@embrapa.brEmbrapa AgrobiologiaBrazilSeropédica, RJ, Brazil Embrapa Agrobiologia, Rodovia BR-465, Km 7, Ecologia, Caixa Postal 74505, CEP 23891-000 Seropédica, RJ, Brazil. E-mail: veronica.massena@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2149-7725

Paulo Ivan Fernandes-Júnior^**Corresponding author: paulo.ivan@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6390-3720

*Corresponding author: paulo.ivan@embrapa.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Tables

Tables (2)

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Table 1.
Net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration (E), and leaf temperature (Lt) of the VAT 90212 sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) variety inoculated with five diazotrophic bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5^T, Nitrospirillum amazonense Cbamc, Herbaspirillum seropedicae HRC54, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans HCC103, and Paraburkholderia tropica PPe8^T) or fertilized with nitrogen under field conditions in the Brazilian semiarid region, in the 2013-2015 crop cycles⁽¹⁾.

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Table 2.
Number of leaves and stems, plant height, and stem diameter and yield of the VAT 90212 sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) variety inoculated with five diazotrophic bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5^T, Nitrospirillum amazonense Cbamc, Herbaspirillum seropedicae HRC54, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans HCC103, and Paraburkholderia tropica PPe8^T) or fertilized with nitrogen under field conditions in the Brazilian semiarid region, in the 2013-2015 crop cycles⁽¹⁾.

Table 1. Net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), transpiration (E), and leaf temperature (Lt) of the VAT 90212 sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) variety inoculated with five diazotrophic bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5^T, Nitrospirillum amazonense Cbamc, Herbaspirillum seropedicae HRC54, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans HCC103, and Paraburkholderia tropica PPe8^T) or fertilized with nitrogen under field conditions in the Brazilian semiarid region, in the 2013-2015 crop cycles⁽¹⁾.

Treatment⁽²⁾	A (μmol m^-2 s^-1)		g_s (mol m^-2 s^-1)		E (mmol m^-2 s^-1)		Lt (°C)
Treatment⁽²⁾	Cane-plant	Ratoon-cane	Cane-plant	Ratoon-cane	Cane-plant	Ratoon-cane	Lt (°C)
SSI	11.40Bbc	17.84Aab	0.05Abd	0.06Aab	1.38Bc	2.05Aab	33.44a
SSI + 1 ISI	13.38Bab	16.11Abc	0.09Aa	0.05Bb	2.49Aa	1.97Bb	33.22ab
1 ISI	13.52Ba	18.83Aa	0.06Abc	0.07Aa	1.77Bbc	2.63Aa	33.29ab
2 ISI	12.98Babc	15.01Ac	0.08Aab	0.06Bab	2.35Aab	2.16Aab	32.56b
N fertilization	11.39Bbc	18.01Aab	0.06Abd	0.05Aab	1.51Bc	1.96Ab	33.22ab
Negative control	11.35Bc	15.63Ac	0.04Ad	0.05Ab	1.33Ac	2.06Bab	33.58a
CV (%)	5.63		3.23		8.41		5.87

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the line (between cycles) and lowercase in the column (between treatments), do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾SSI, standard inoculation by submersion; SSI + 1 ISI, standard inoculation by submersion + one inoculation by irrigation system six months after planting; 1 ISI, one inoculation by irrigation system two months after planting; 2 ISI, two inoculations by irrigation system two and six months after planting; N fertilization, 120 kg ha^-1 urea-N per cycle; and negative control, without inoculation or N fertilization.

Table 2. Number of leaves and stems, plant height, and stem diameter and yield of the VAT 90212 sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) variety inoculated with five diazotrophic bacteria (Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus Pal5^T, Nitrospirillum amazonense Cbamc, Herbaspirillum seropedicae HRC54, Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans HCC103, and Paraburkholderia tropica PPe8^T) or fertilized with nitrogen under field conditions in the Brazilian semiarid region, in the 2013-2015 crop cycles⁽¹⁾.

Treatment⁽²⁾	Leaves per plant		Plant height (cm per plant)		Stems per plant	Stem diameter (cm)	Yield (Mg ha^-1)	Yield increase⁽³⁾ (%)
Treatment⁽²⁾	Cane-plant	Ratoon-cane	Cane-plant	Ratoon-cane	Stems per plant	Stem diameter (cm)	Yield (Mg ha^-1)	Yield increase⁽³⁾ (%)
SSI	9.43Aa	7.20Ba	295.03Aa	236.70Ba	21.40b	26.81ab	141.56b	-0.4
SSI + 1 ISI	9.13Aab	7.43Ba	296.97Aa	217.68Ba	21.42b	27.36a	148.39ab	4.4
1 ISI	9.05Aab	7.68Ba	265.37Aab	238.50Ba	22.76ab	27.18a	158.23ab	11.3
2 ISI	9.18Aab	7.63Ba	290.90Aa	241.05Ba	23.29a	25.58ab	164.90a	16.0
N fertilization	8.03Ab	7.83Aa	256.27Ab	235.13Aa	22.53ab	27.14a	170.99a	20.3
Negative control	8.91Aab	7.65Ba	284.63Aab	237.25Ba	22.43ab	25.00b	142.19b	-
CV (%)	7.22		15.40		5.66	3.54	10.79

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters, uppercase in the line (between cycles) and lowercase in the column (between treatments), do not differ by Tukey’s test, at 5% probability. ⁽²⁾SSI, standard inoculation by submersion; SSI + 1 ISI, standard inoculation by submersion + one inoculation by irrigation system six months after planting; 1 ISI, one inoculation by irrigation system two months after planting; 2 ISI, two inoculations by irrigation system two and six months after planting; N fertilization, 120 kg ha^-1 urea-N per cycle; and negative control, without inoculation or N fertilization. ⁽³⁾Percentage of yield increase compared with the negative control treatment.

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Efficient inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria into sugarcane by the drip irrigation system

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[1] *Corresponding author: paulo.ivan@embrapa.br