Macronutrient dynamics in leaves and bunches of black pepper

The objective of this work was to determine the macronutrient dynamics in leaves and bunches of black pepper (Piper nigrum) throughout the plant reproductive cycles. The experiment was carried out in a commercial field of 'Bragantina' black pepper. Leaves and bunches were sampled every 21 days for one year, during two crop cycles. The bunches were sampled from the twenty eighth day after the appearance of inflorescences until the complete fruit maturation. Samples of leaves and bunches were dried, and the contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were determined. N, K, and Ca were the most common macronutrients found in the bunches and leaves of black pepper. The accumulation of dry matter in the bunches was similar for both cycles and it was adjusted to the linear and quadratic models. The accumulation and content of macronutrients followed the dry matter behavior trend. Macronutrient contents in leaves oscillate during the year, and K and Mg vary more than N, P, Ca, and S. The macronutrient contents in black pepper leaves and bunches depends on the plant vegetative stage, and this variation should be considered in the planning of the fertilization management.

Index terms:
Piper nigrum; Bragantina cultivar; fertilization; reproductive cycle

Authorship

Jéssica Rodrigues Dalazen

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 60, CEP 29932-540 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: jessica_dalazen@hotmail.com, ivoney.gontijo@ufes.br, marcelo.tomaz@ufes.br, partelli@yahoo.com.brUniversidade Federal do Espírito SantoBrazilAlegre, ES, Brazil Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Agrárias e Engenharias, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 60, CEP 29932-540 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: jessica_dalazen@hotmail.com, ivoney.gontijo@ufes.br, marcelo.tomaz@ufes.br, partelli@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6661-5302

Ivoney Gontijo

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4251-4689

Henrique de Sá Paye

Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Centro Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 151, CEP 29915-140 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: henriquepaye@yahoo.com.brInstituto Capixaba de PesquisaBrazilAlegre, ES, Brazil Instituto Capixaba de Pesquisa, Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural, Centro Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural, Rodovia Governador Mário Covas, Km 151, CEP 29915-140 Alegre, ES, Brazil. E-mail: henriquepaye@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6061-4694

Gustavo Pereira Valani

Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Avenida Pádua Dias, no 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. E-mail: valani@usp.brUniversidade de São PauloBrazilPiracicaba, SP, Brazil Universidade de São Paulo, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Departamento de Ciência do Solo, Avenida Pádua Dias, no 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil. E-mail: valani@usp.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7002-1753

Marcelo Antonio Tomaz

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9228-7541

Fábio Luiz Partelli ^**Corresponding author: partelli@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8830-0846

*Corresponding author: partelli@yahoo.com.br

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables

Figures (5)
Tables (1)

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Figure 1.
Total precipitation and average values for maximum, mean, and minimum relative humidity (A); and radiation and average values for maximum, mean, and minimum air temperature, recorded at the meteorological station in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from March 2017 to April 2018.

Thumbnail

Figure 2.
Contents of macronutrients in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) leaves in two reproductive cycles, from April 2017 to April 2018: (A), N, K, and Ca; and (B), P, Mg, and S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Thumbnail

Figure 3.
Macronutrient contents in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles: (A), N; (B), P; (C), K; (D), Ca; (E), Mg; and (F), S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Thumbnail

Figure 4.
Accumulation of dry matter in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles, the first one occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Thumbnail

Figure 5.
Macronutrient accumulation in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles: (A), N; (B), K; (C), Ca; (D), P; (E), Mg; and (F), S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The vertical bars represent the standard deviation.

Thumbnail

Table 1.
Analysis of variance for macronutrient content in leaves and bunches of 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum), during two cycles (from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017 and from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018), in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Figure 1. Total precipitation and average values for maximum, mean, and minimum relative humidity (A); and radiation and average values for maximum, mean, and minimum air temperature, recorded at the meteorological station in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil, from March 2017 to April 2018.

Figure 2. Contents of macronutrients in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) leaves in two reproductive cycles, from April 2017 to April 2018: (A), N, K, and Ca; and (B), P, Mg, and S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Figure 3. Macronutrient contents in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles: (A), N; (B), P; (C), K; (D), Ca; (E), Mg; and (F), S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Figure 4. Accumulation of dry matter in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles, the first one occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Figure 5. Macronutrient accumulation in 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum) bunches over two reproductive cycles: (A), N; (B), K; (C), Ca; (D), P; (E), Mg; and (F), S. The first reproductive cycle occurred from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017, and the second one, from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018, in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. The vertical bars represent the standard deviation.

Table 1. Analysis of variance for macronutrient content in leaves and bunches of 'Bragantina' black pepper (Piper nigrum), during two cycles (from 04/17/2017 to 11/13/2017 and from 11/13/2017 to 04/30/2018), in São Mateus, in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil.

Sources of variation	Dry mass (g kg^-1)	Mean square value
Sources of variation	Dry mass (g kg^-1)	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	S
		Leaf content
Sampling period	-	4.05*	0.06**	33.42**	44.95**	0.37*	0.08**
CV (%)	-	5.06	8.87	11.73	8.16	11.80	7.34
		Content in the bunches
Cycle 1	8.89**	52.23**	0.49**	18.61**	19.91**	1.28**	0.18**
Cycle 2	4.69**	46.52**	1.11**	70.89**	30.17**	1.19**	0.01**
CV_cycle1 (%)	13.39	5.60	9.46	8.16	11.92	7.71	10.36
CV_cycle2 (%)	26.81	4.55	5.39	7.40	11.67	8.34	9.46

CV, coefficient of variation. *, ** Significantly different, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively.

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[1] *Corresponding author: partelli@yahoo.com.br