Cardinal temperatures for the leaf development of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings

The objective of this work was to estimate cardinal temperatures and phyllochron for the leaf development of the eucalyptus species Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla, in the seedling phase. A field experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design, in a 2x11 factorial arrangement, with the two eucalyptus species, 11 sowing dates, and five replicates, in the municipality of Itajubá, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The cardinal temperatures - base, optimum, and maximum - for leaf development were, respectively, 8.7, 17.1, and 41.3°C, for C. citriodora, and 11.5, 17.1, and 40.5°C for E. urophylla. The phyllochron of C. citriodora was 62.95°C day per leaf, and that of E. urophylla was 46.03°C day per leaf, which indicates that E. urophylla requires less energy accumulation than C. citriodora for leaf emission in the main stem.

Index terms:
air temperature; leaf emission rate; phyllochron; seedling quality; thermal requirement

Authorship

Cleverson Henrique de Freitas

Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Avenida BPS, no 1.303, Pinheirinho, CEP 37500-903 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: sonhfreitas@gmail.com, fabrina@unifei.edu.br, marcelc.abreu@gmail.comUniversidade Federal de ItajubáBrazilItajubá, MG, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Itajubá, Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Avenida BPS, no 1.303, Pinheirinho, CEP 37500-903 Itajubá, MG, Brazil. E-mail: sonhfreitas@gmail.com, fabrina@unifei.edu.br, marcelc.abreu@gmail.com

Fabrina Bolzan Martins

Marcel Carvalho Abreu

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Figures | Tables | Formulas

Figures (3)
Tables (3)
Formulas (5)

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Figure 1.
Mean square error (MSE) of the regression between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem and the accumulated thermal time, in the four sowing dates with lower values of medium air temperature, with the use of different values of base temperature for: A, Corymbia citriodora; and B, Eucalyptus urophylla.

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Figure 2.
Relationship between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem (NL) and the accumulated thermal time from the emergence (ATT), used for the phyllochron estimation of Corymbia citriodora seedlings, in the following sowing dates: A, E1; B, E2; C, E3; D, E4; E, E5; F, E6; G, E7; H, E8; I, E9; J, E10; and K, E11. Data are representative of a single experimental unit (NL obtained by the arithmetic mean in this experimental unit ), in each sowing date.

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Figure 3.
Relationship between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem (NL) and the accumulated thermal time (TT) from the emergence used for the phyllochron estimation of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings, in the following sowing dates: A, E1; B, E2; C, E3; D, E4; E, E5; F, E6; G, E7; H, E8; I, E9; and J, E11. Data are representative of a single experimental unit (NL obtained by the arithmetic mean of the experimental unit), in each sowing date.

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Table 1.
Sowing date and seedling emergence periods⁽¹⁾ of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla.

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Table 2.
Air temperature characterization⁽¹⁾ during the eleven sowing dates of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla, and the seedling phase duration⁽²⁾ for each period.

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Table 3.
Mean values for phyllochron (°C day per leaf) for the eleven sowing dates of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla ⁽¹⁾.

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Figure 1. Mean square error (MSE) of the regression between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem and the accumulated thermal time, in the four sowing dates with lower values of medium air temperature, with the use of different values of base temperature for: A, Corymbia citriodora; and B, Eucalyptus urophylla.

Figure 2. Relationship between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem (NL) and the accumulated thermal time from the emergence (ATT), used for the phyllochron estimation of Corymbia citriodora seedlings, in the following sowing dates: A, E1; B, E2; C, E3; D, E4; E, E5; F, E6; G, E7; H, E8; I, E9; J, E10; and K, E11. Data are representative of a single experimental unit (NL obtained by the arithmetic mean in this experimental unit ), in each sowing date.

Figure 3. Relationship between the number of accumulated leaves in the main stem (NL) and the accumulated thermal time (TT) from the emergence used for the phyllochron estimation of Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings, in the following sowing dates: A, E1; B, E2; C, E3; D, E4; E, E5; F, E6; G, E7; H, E8; I, E9; and J, E11. Data are representative of a single experimental unit (NL obtained by the arithmetic mean of the experimental unit), in each sowing date.

Table 1. Sowing date and seedling emergence periods⁽¹⁾ of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla.

Sowing date	Seedling emergence
Sowing date	C. citriodora	E. urophylla
E1, 04/04/2014	04/22/2014	04/22/2014
E2, 05/05/2014	05/15/2014	05/15/2014
E3, 06/02/2014	06/26/2014	06/26/2014
E4, 07/02/2014	07/30/2014	07/30/2014
E5, 08/19/2014	09/07/2014	09/07/2014
E6, 09/16/2014	09/30/2014	10/02/2014
E7, 10/15/2014	10/29/2014	10/29/2014
E8, 11/18/2014	12/03/2014	11/30/2014
E9, 12/18/2014	12/28/2014	12/28/2014
E10, 01/21/2015	02/05/2015	-⁽²⁾
E11, 02/20/2015	02/27/2015	02/27/2015

⁽¹⁾The emergence date was considered when 50% of the seedlings were above the soil level. ⁽²⁾All experimental units of E. urophylla were lost in the E10 sowing date.

Table 2. Air temperature characterization⁽¹⁾ during the eleven sowing dates of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla, and the seedling phase duration⁽²⁾ for each period.

Sowing date	Corymbia citriodora				Eucalyptus urophylla
	Temperature (°C)			Seedling phase duration (days)	Temperature (°C)			Seedling phase duration (days)
	Medium	Maximum	Minimum	Seedling phase duration (days)	Medium	Maximum	Minimum	Seedling phase duration (days)
E1	17.1	20.2	13.9	97	17.1	20.2	13.9	97
E2	18.5	26.5	13.9	166	18.4	26.5	13.9	159
E3	18.8	26.5	14.0	117	18.8	26.5	14.0	117
E4	20.2	26.5	14.0	97	20.4	26.5	14.0	104
E5	22.3	26.5	15.6	122	22.2	26.5	15.6	124
E6	22.7	26.5	15.6	99	22.7	26.5	15.6	99
E7	23.4	27.3	19.1	105	23.4	27.3	19.4	114
E8	23.6	27.3	19.1	79	23.6	27.3	19.1	79
E9	23.2	27.3	19.1	89	23.2	27.3	19.1	89
E10	20.9	26.1	15.2	116	-⁽³⁾	-	-	-
E11	20.0	24.7	15.3	105	20.3	24.7	15.3	94

⁽¹⁾Values obtained by arithmetic averages of maximum, medium and minimum air temperatures. ⁽²⁾Period extending from the emergence to the end of seedling phase, which occurred when the accumulated leaves of the main stem achieved an average of 20 leaves. ⁽³⁾All experimental units of E. urophylla were lost in the E10 sowing date.

Table 3. Mean values for phyllochron (°C day per leaf) for the eleven sowing dates of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla ⁽¹⁾.

Sowing date	Phyllochron (°C day per leaf)
E1	32.77a
E2	69.50d
E3	47.74b
E4	52.10b
E5	78.98d
E6	62.08c
E7	60.63c
E8	51.06b
E9	51.26b
E10	71.57d
E11	43.46b
Average	55.92

⁽¹⁾Means followed by equal letters do not differ by the Tukey’s test, at 5% probability.

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Cardinal temperatures for the leaf development of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus urophylla seedlings

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[TFN1] ⁽¹⁾The emergence date was considered when 50% of the seedlings were above the soil level. ⁽²⁾All experimental units of E. urophylla were lost in the E10 sowing date.