Broadcast application of ground silicate rocks as potassium sources for grain crops

Crusciol, Carlos Alexandre Costa; Soratto, Rogério Peres; Gilabel, Amanda Prado; Costa, Claudio Hideo Martins da; Campos, Murilo de; Castro, Gustavo Spadotti Amaral; Ferrari Neto, Jayme

doi:10.1590/S1678-3921.pab2022.v57.02443

Carlos Alexandre Costa Crusciol

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Campus de Botucatu, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.crusciol@unesp.br, rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, apgilabel@gmail.com, murilodecampos@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4673-1071

Rogério Peres Soratto Corresponding author

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Campus de Botucatu, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.crusciol@unesp.br, rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, apgilabel@gmail.com, murilodecampos@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4662-126X

Amanda Prado Gilabel

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Campus de Botucatu, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.crusciol@unesp.br, rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, apgilabel@gmail.com, murilodecampos@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3398-4328

Claudio Hideo Martins da Costa

Universidade Federal de Jataí, Unidade Acadêmica de Ciências Agrárias, Campus Jatobá, Cidade Universitária, BR 364, Km 195, nº 3.800, CEP 75801-615 Jataí, GO, Brazil. E-mail: c_hideo@ufj.edu.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1334-5441

Murilo de Campos

Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Campus de Botucatu, Fazenda Experimental Lageado, CEP 18610-034 Botucatu, SP, Brazil. E-mail: carlos.crusciol@unesp.br, rogerio.soratto@unesp.br, apgilabel@gmail.com, murilodecampos@yahoo.com.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2554-2183

Gustavo Spadotti Amaral Castro

Embrapa Territorial, Avenida Soldado Passarinho, nº 303, Fazenda Jardim Chapadão, CEP 13070-115 Campinas, SP, Brazil. E-mail: gustavo.castro@embrapa.br

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8743-9651

Jayme Ferrari Neto

Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Avenida Tamandaré, nº 6.000, Jardim Seminário, CEP 79117-900 Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. E-mail: jaymeferrari@hotmail.com

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4461-1781

Corresponding author

Figures (4)
Tables (2)

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Figure 1
Monthly rainfall and average temperature in the experimental areas from December to June of the 2008/2009 (A) and 2009/2010 (B) growing seasons.

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Figure 2
Effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer applied by surface broadcasting on leaf K concentration (A) and grain yield (B) of the soybean (Glycine max) crop. Black circles represent the average of the three used K sources: KCl, standard source; K2, ground phonolite rock; and K3, ground alkaline K-silicate rock. Vertical bars indicate the least significant difference (LSD) to separate K sources in a same K rate by the LSD test, at 5% probability. **Significant by the t-test, at 1% probability.

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Figure 3
Effect of sources and rates of K fertilizer applied by surface broadcasting on leaf K concentration (A), leaf Si concentration (B), and grain yield (C) of the corn (Zea mays) crop. Black circles represent the average of the three used K sources: KCl, the standard source; K2, ground phonolite rock; and K3, ground alkaline K-silicate rock. Vertical bars indicate the least significant difference (LSD) to separate K sources in a same K rate by the LSD test, at 5% probability. * and **Significant by the t-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively.

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Figure 4
Effect of rates of K fertilizer applied by surface broadcasting on leaf K concentration (A) and grain yield (B) of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) crop, as well as grain yield of upland rice (Oryza sativa) (C), as afected by the average of three K sources. * and **Significant by the t-test, at 5 and 1% probability, respectively.

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Table 1
Leaf potassium and silicon concentrations, as well as grain yield, of the soybean (Glycine max), corn (Zea mays), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and upland rice (Oryza sativa) crops as affected by sources and rates of the K fertilizer applied by surface broadcasting⁽¹⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters, in the rows, do not differ by the least significant difference test, at 5% probability. .

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Table 2
Yield variation (ΔY), relative yield (RY), and marginal product (MP) of the soybean (Glycine max), corn (Zea mays), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), and upland rice (Oryza sativa) crops as affected by sources and rates of K fertilizer applied by surface broadcasting, as well as the agronomic efficiency index (AEI) of three rates of ground phonolite rock (K2) and ground alkaline K-silicate rock (K3) compared with KCl.

Variable	K source⁽²⁾ (1) Means followed by equal letters, in the rows, do not differ by the least significant difference test, at 5% probability.			Source of variation (P < F)			CV (%)
Variable	K2	K3	KCl	Source (S)	Rate (D)	S × D	CV (%)
	Soybean
Leaf K concentration (g kg^-1)	21.8	21.7	21.8	0.958	0.003	0.470	5.5
Leaf Si concentration (g kg^-1)	2.2	2.2	2.1	0.081	0.079	0.848	6.3
Grain yield (kg ha^-1)	2093	2103	2078	0.840	<0.001	0.016	5.8
	Corn
Leaf K concentration (g kg^-1)	19.3	19.6	19.5	0.567	<0.001	0.854	3.7
Leaf Si concentration (g kg^-1)	8.2	8.1	8.0	0.661	0.004	0.430	8.6
Grain yield (kg ha^-1)	8151	8111	7843	0.030	0.013	0.048	4.1
	Common bean
Leaf K concentration (g kg^-1)	18.6	17.9	18.4	0.448	0.044	0.691	7.9
Leaf Si concentration (g kg^-1)	1.7ab	1.9a	1.6b	0.026	0.186	0.729	14.6
Grain yield (kg ha^-1)	1953ab	2048a	1914b	0.044	<0.001	0.309	7.6
	Upland rice
Leaf K concentration (g kg^-1)	15.7	15.0	15.4	0.094	0.054	0.286	5.5
Leaf Si concentration (g kg^-1)	21.0a	20.8a	18.6b	0.017	0.136	0.565	12.2
Grain yield (kg ha^-1)	1519	1581	1538	0.864	<0.001	0.688	21.3

K₂O rate (kg ha^-1)	ΔY (kg ha^-1)⁽¹⁾ (1) Yield variation in each treatment with fertilizer application relative to the mean yield of the control without K.			RY (%)⁽²⁾ (2) Relative yield obtained in relation to the mean of the control (control = 100%).			AEI (%)⁽³⁾ (3) AEI of the K2 and K3 sources in relation to KCl, the traditional source.		MP (kg kg^-1)⁽⁴⁾ (4) MP, marginal product of the K source in kilogram of grain yield increased per kilogram of K2O applied. (5)Although the K2 and K3 sources increased corn grain yield at the rate of 200 kg ha-1 K2O, compared with 876 and 726 kg ha-1 KCl, respectively, since the grain yield obtained with KCl was lower than that with the control, it was not possible to calculate the AEI at the rate of 200 kg ha-1 K2O for both sources.
K₂O rate (kg ha^-1)	K2	K3	KCl	K2	K3	KCl	K2	K3	K2	K3	KCl
	Soybean
0	-	-	-	100	100	100	-	-	-	-	-
25	101	276	128	105	114	107	79	216	4.0	11.0	5.1
50	377	505	339	120	126	118	111	149	7.5	10.1	6.8
100	254	-7	205	113	100	111	123	97	2.5	-0.1	2.1
Mean	-	-	-	-	-	-	104	154	4.7	7.0	4.7
	Corn
0	-	-	-	100	100	100	-	-	-	-	-
50	332	320	492	104	104	106	68	65	6.6	6.4	9.8
100	593	546	157	108	107	100	378	348	5.9	5.5	1.6
200	686	536	-190	109	107	98	(5)	(5)	3.4	2.7	-1.0
Mean	-	-	-	-	-	-	223	207	5.3	4.8	3.5
	Common bean
0	-	-	-	100	100	100	-	-	-	-	-
20	88	326	34	105	118	102	257	955	4.4	16.3	1.7
40	288	282	286	116	116	116	101	99	7.2	7.1	7.2
80	231	379	128	113	121	107	181	296	2.9	4.7	1.6
Mean	-	-	-	-	-	-	180	450	4.8	9.4	3.5
	Upland rice
0	-	-	-	100	100	100	-	-	-	-	-
20	513	229	393	145	120	134	130	58	25.7	11.5	19.7
40	527	760	631	146	166	155	84	120	13.2	19.0	15.8
80	445	743	536	139	165	147	83	139	5.6	9.3	6.7
Mean	-	-	-	-	-	-	99	106	14.8	13.2	14.0

[1] Corresponding author

Brasil

Brasil

Broadcast application of ground silicate rocks as potassium sources for grain crops

Aplicação a lanço de rochas silicáticas moídas como fontes de potássio para culturas de grãos

Abstract