Síndrome de Burnout y Consumo de Alcohol y de Sustancias Ilícitas por Universitarios

Andrade, Giovana Frazon; Menolli, Poliana Vieira da Silva; Clemente, Pedro Augusto; Mesas, Arthur Eumann; Silva, Dannyele Cristina; Girotto, Edmarlon

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School and Educational Psychology • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 31 • 2021 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3134 copiar

Síndrome de Burnout y Consumo de Alcohol y de Sustancias Ilícitas por Universitarios

Autoría SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Resumen

El consumo de alcohol y de sustancias ilícitas ha mostrado niveles alarmantes entre los jóvenes universitarios, y su uso puede estar asociado con estrategias de enfrentamiento del burnout académico. Esta revisión tuvo como objetivo sintetizar la evidencia científica relacionada con el consumo de alcohol y de sustancias ilícitas asociadas al síndrome de burnout en estudiantes universitarios. Las búsquedas se realizaron en las bases Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNet y Scopus, sin limitación de año y basándose en la guía PRISMA. De los 2.269 artículos encontrados, 16 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Todos los estudios evaluaron estudiantes del área de salud y 12 estudios encontraron asociación entre las variables, entre los que el consumo de alcohol y de sustancias ilícitas estuvo fuertemente relacionado con el síndrome de burnout. Se concluyó que existe asociación entre las variables estudiadas, indicando que la presencia de síndrome de burnout en estudiantes universitarios puede resultar en el uso de estrategias negativas como medida de enfrentamiento.

Palabras clave:
drogas (uso); abuso de alcohol; estudiantes; enfrentamiento; estres ocupacional

Author (year)	Date of study	Location	Population	Undergraduate course	Variables and collection instrument
Arango Agudelo et al. (2010Arango Agudelo, S., Castaño Castrillón, J. J., Henao Restrepo, C. J., Jimenez Aguirre, D. P., López Henao, A. F., & Páez Cala, M. L. (2010). Síndrome de Burnout y factores asociados en estudiantes de I a X semestre de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Manizales (Colombia), 2009 [Burnout syndrome and associated factors, in students from I to X semester of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manizales (Colombia), 2009]. Archivos de Medicina, 10(2), 110-126. doi:10.30554/archmed.10.2.1291.2010 https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.10.2.12... )	2009	Colombia	N = 234	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), alcohol consumption (CAGE), psychoactive substances (Y/N, which one)
			Male = 53.2%
			Fem = 46.8%
Calcides et al. (2019Calcides, D. A. P., Didou, R. N., Melo, E. V., & Oliva-Costa, E. F. (2019). Burnout Syndrome in medical internship students and its prevention with Balint Group. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 65(11), 1362-1367. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.11.1362 https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.11.... )	2018	Brazil	N = 186	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), psychoactive substances (Y/N)
			Male = 39.1%
			Fem = 60.9%
M.S. Carlotto et al. (2010Carlotto, M. S., Câmara, S. G., Otto, F., & Kauffmann, P. (2010). Estudo da Síndrome de Burnout em estudantes de psicologia [Study of Burnout Syndrome in psychology students]. Boletim de Psicologia, 59(131), 167-178. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/v59n131/v59n131a04.pdf http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/v59... )	2007	Brazil	N = 239	Psychology	BS (MBI-SS), alcohol and drug consumption (COPE Inventory)
			Male = 12.6%
			Fem = 87.4%
Cecil et al. (2014Cecil, J., McHale, C., Hart, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2014). Behaviour and burnout in medical students. Medical Education Online, 19, 25209.doi:10.3402/meo.v19.25209 https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.25209... )	2012	England	N = 356	Medicine	BS (MBI), alcohol consumption (AUQ)
			Male = 34.8%
			Fem = 65.2%
Erschens et al. (2018Erschens, R., Loda, T., Herrmann-Werner, A., Keifenheim, K. E., Stuber, F., Nikendei, C.,... Junne, F. (2018). Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout. Medical Education Online , 23(1), 1535738.doi:10.1080/10872981.2018.1535738 https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2018.15... )	-	Germany	N = 597	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), consumption of alcohol and stimulant drugs (Y/N)
			Male = 37.7%
			Fem = 62.3%
Jackson et al. (2016Jackson, E. R., Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Satele, D. V., & Dyrbye, L. N. (2016). Burnout and alcohol abuse/dependence among U.S. medical students. Academic Medicine, 91(9), 1251-1256. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001138 https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.000000000000... )	2012	United States	N = 4,402	Medicine	BS (MBI), alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C)
			Male = 45.3%
			Fem = 54.7%
Lee et al. (2020Lee, K. P., Yeung, N., Wong, C., Yip, B., Luk, L., & Wong, S. (2020). Prevalence of medical students’ burnout and its associated demographics and lifestyle factors in Hong Kong. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235154.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235154 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )	2017	China	N = 731	Medicine	BS (MBI), alcohol consumption (AUDIT-C)
			Male = 44.2%
			Fem = 55.8%
Mache et al. (2015Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., & Groneberg, D. A. (2015). Prevention of study-related stress symptoms: Health-promoting behavior among dental students. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 165(5-6), 100-106. doi:10.1007/s10354-014-0341-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0341-... )	2012/2013	Germany	N = 239	Dentistry	BS (MBI), consumption of alcohol and illegal substances - cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy (Y/N)
			Male = 36%
			Fem = 64%
Mbanga et al. (2018Mbanga, C. M., Efie, D. T., Aroke, D., & Njim, T. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of recreational drug use among medical and nursing students in Cameroon: A cross sectional analysis. BMC Research Notes, 11(1), 515. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3631-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3631-... )	2018	Cameroon	N = 852	Medicine and Nursing	BS (OLBI), recreational drugs - cannabis (Y/N)
			Male = 31.4%
			Fem = 68.6%
Njim et al. (2019Njim, T., Makebe, H., Toukam, L., Kika, B., Fonkou, S., Fondungallah, J., & Fondong, A. (2019). Burnout Syndrome amongst medical students in Cameroon: A cross-sectional analysis of the determinants in preclinical and clinical students. Psychiatry Journal, 2019, 4157574. doi:10.1155/2019/4157574 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4157574... )	2018	Cameroon	N = 413	Medicine	BS (OLBI), alcohol and recreational drug use - cannabis (Y/N)
			Male = 45.3%
			Fem = 54.7%
Njim et al. (2018Njim, T., Mbanga, C., Mouemba, D., Makebe, H., Toukam, L., Kika, B., & Mulango, I. (2018). Determinants of burnout syndrome among nursing students in Cameroon: Cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes , 11(1), 450. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3567-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3567-... )	2018	Cameroon	N = 447	Nursing	BS (OLBI), alcohol and recreational drug use - cannabis (Y/N)
			Male = 18.8%
			Fem = 81.2%
Nteveros et al. (2020Nteveros, A., Kyprianou, M., Artemiadis, A., Charalampous, A., Christoforaki, K., Cheilidis, S.,... Zis, P. (2020). Burnout among medical students in Cyprus: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One , 15(11), e0241335. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241335 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... )	2020	Cyprus	N = 182	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), alcohol consumption (Y/N)
			Male = 33.5%
			Fem = 66.5%
Talih et al. (2018Talih, F., Daher, M., Daou, D., & Ajaltouni, J. (2018). Examining Burnout, depression, and attitudes regarding drug use among Lebanese medical students during the 4 years of medical school. Academic Psychiatry, 42(2), 288-296. doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0879-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0879-... )	2016	Lebanon	N = 172	Medicine	BS (BMS), alcohol consumption (AUDIT), substance use (DAST-10)
			Male = 51.1%
			Fem = 48.9%
Tavares et al. (2020Tavares, H. H. F., Silva, H. R. S., Miranda, I. M. M., Braga, M. S., Santos, R. O., & Guerra, H. S. (2020). Factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in medical students. Mundo da Saúde, 44(1), 280-289.doi:10.15343/0104-7809.202044280289 https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20204... )	-	Brazil	N = 419	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), consumption of alcohol and stimulant drugs (Y/N)
			Male = 35.3%
			Fem = 64.7%
Vilchez-Cornejo et al. (2016Vilchez-Cornejo, J., Huamán-Gutiérrez, R., Arce-Villalobos, L., Morán-Mariños, C., Mihashiro-Maguiña, K., Melo-Mallma, N., ... Rojas-Valle, C. (2016). Síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de medicina: Frecuencia, características y factores asociados [Burnout syndrome in medical students: Frequency, characteristics and associated factors] Acta Médica Peruana, 33(4), 282-288.doi:10.35663/amp.2016.334.221 https://doi.org/10.35663/amp.2016.334.22... )	2014/2015	Peru	N = 583	Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), alcohol consumption (Y/N)
			Male = 50.6%
			Fem = 49.4%
Zivojinović et al. (2020Zivojinović, J. I., Backović, D., Belojević, G., Valčić, O., Soldatović, I., & Janković, J. (2020). Predictors of burnout among Belgrade veterinary students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One , 15(3), e0230685.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230685 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )	2014	Serbia	N = 416	Veterinary Medicine	BS (MBI-SS), alcohol consumption (Y/N)
			Male = 66.3%
			Fem = 33.7%

Author (year)	Alcohol consumption	Consumption of illicit substances	Prevalence of burnout syndrome	Consumption of alcohol or illicit substances x burnout syndrome
Arango Agudelo et al. (2010Arango Agudelo, S., Castaño Castrillón, J. J., Henao Restrepo, C. J., Jimenez Aguirre, D. P., López Henao, A. F., & Páez Cala, M. L. (2010). Síndrome de Burnout y factores asociados en estudiantes de I a X semestre de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad de Manizales (Colombia), 2009 [Burnout syndrome and associated factors, in students from I to X semester of the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Manizales (Colombia), 2009]. Archivos de Medicina, 10(2), 110-126. doi:10.30554/archmed.10.2.1291.2010 https://doi.org/10.30554/archmed.10.2.12... )	68.2% yes; CAGE: 58.6% non-dependent, 25.3% dependent; 16.1% probable dependence.	10.5% yes; 45.0% cannabis; 23.5% others	EE: 19.5% (low); 38.2% (moderate); 42.3% (high); DP: 35.7% (low); 35.7% (moderate); 28.6% (high); PA: 39.0% (high); 33.0% (moderate); 28.0% (low)	Use of psychoactive substances associated with high levels of DP
Calcides et al. (2019Calcides, D. A. P., Didou, R. N., Melo, E. V., & Oliva-Costa, E. F. (2019). Burnout Syndrome in medical internship students and its prevention with Balint Group. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, 65(11), 1362-1367. doi:10.1590/1806-9282.65.11.1362 https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9282.65.11.... )	-	21.7% yes	10.3% two-dimensional (EE; DP); 35.9% three-dimensional; EE: 17.9% (light); 23.4% (moderate); 53.3% (high); DP: 13.6% (light); 31.5% (moderate); 52.2% (high); PA: 53.3% (high); 22.8% (moderate); 19.0% (light)	Use of psychoactive substances associated with BS
M.S. Carlotto et al.(2010Carlotto, M. S., Câmara, S. G., Otto, F., & Kauffmann, P. (2010). Estudo da Síndrome de Burnout em estudantes de psicologia [Study of Burnout Syndrome in psychology students]. Boletim de Psicologia, 59(131), 167-178. Retrieved from http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/v59n131/v59n131a04.pdf http://pepsic.bvsalud.org/pdf/bolpsi/v59... )	Average 1.27±0.57	-	EE: mean 2.50 (sd 1.45); DP: mean 1.20 (sd 1.12); PR: mean 5.14 (sd 0.78)	Alcohol use was associated with the highest average of EE
Cecil et al. (2014Cecil, J., McHale, C., Hart, J., & Laidlaw, A. (2014). Behaviour and burnout in medical students. Medical Education Online, 19, 25209.doi:10.3402/meo.v19.25209 https://doi.org/10.3402/meo.v19.25209... )	1st year: 38.47 ± 13.92; 2nd year: 32.44 ± 8.68; 3rd year: 37.45 ± 7.75; 4th year: 32.65 ± 8.68	-	26.7% total; EE: 54.8% (high); DP: 34.0% (high); PA: 46.6% (low)	Alcohol use associated with higher PA scores
Erschens et al. (2018Erschens, R., Loda, T., Herrmann-Werner, A., Keifenheim, K. E., Stuber, F., Nikendei, C.,... Junne, F. (2018). Behaviour-based functional and dysfunctional strategies of medical students to cope with burnout. Medical Education Online , 23(1), 1535738.doi:10.1080/10872981.2018.1535738 https://doi.org/10.1080/10872981.2018.15... )	15.1% yes	Stimulant drugs: 4.5%; Tranquilizer drugs: 6.7%	32.6% total; EE: 23.5% (high); DD: 17.8% (high); PA: 35.8% (low)	BS associated with the use of alcohol and stimulant drugs
Jackson et al. (2016Jackson, E. R., Shanafelt, T. D., Hasan, O., Satele, D. V., & Dyrbye, L. N. (2016). Burnout and alcohol abuse/dependence among U.S. medical students. Academic Medicine, 91(9), 1251-1256. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000001138 https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.000000000000... )	32.4% alcohol abuse/dependence	-	Does not present descriptive data	Alcohol use associated with EE and DP
Lee et al. (2020Lee, K. P., Yeung, N., Wong, C., Yip, B., Luk, L., & Wong, S. (2020). Prevalence of medical students’ burnout and its associated demographics and lifestyle factors in Hong Kong. PLoS One, 15(7), e0235154.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0235154 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )	Frequency: Never: 29.7%; 2-4x/month: 18.3%; 2-3x/week: 5.2%; 4-5x/week: 1.4% Abusive consumption: Never: 73.1%; 26.9% yes	-	27.9% total; EE: 21.6% (low), 29.2% (moderate), 49.3% (high); DP: 23.4% (low), 22.8% (moderate), 53.8% (high); PA: 5.1% (high), 23.2% (moderate)	BS associated with greater chance of using alcohol 4-5 x a week
Mache et al. (2015Mache, S., Vitzthum, K., & Groneberg, D. A. (2015). Prevention of study-related stress symptoms: Health-promoting behavior among dental students. Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 165(5-6), 100-106. doi:10.1007/s10354-014-0341-6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10354-014-0341-... )	53.0% yes	Cannabis: 8.0%; Cocaine: 0.8%; Ecstasy: 0.4%	EE: mean 18.1 ± 8.8; DP: mean 6.5 ± 4.8; PA: mean 31.3 ± 7.9	Cannabis use associated with high DP, stimulant use associated with low PA
Mbanga et al. (2018Mbanga, C. M., Efie, D. T., Aroke, D., & Njim, T. (2018). Prevalence and predictors of recreational drug use among medical and nursing students in Cameroon: A cross sectional analysis. BMC Research Notes, 11(1), 515. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3631-z https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3631-... )	-	1.64% yes	37.58% total	Use of recreational drugs associated with BS
Njim et al. (2019Njim, T., Makebe, H., Toukam, L., Kika, B., Fonkou, S., Fondungallah, J., & Fondong, A. (2019). Burnout Syndrome amongst medical students in Cameroon: A cross-sectional analysis of the determinants in preclinical and clinical students. Psychiatry Journal, 2019, 4157574. doi:10.1155/2019/4157574 https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4157574... )	30.0% yes	2.21% yes	EE: mean 16.64 ± 3.39; DP: mean 20.49 ± 3.53	Use of alcohol and recreational drugs associated with BS
Njim et al. (2018Njim, T., Mbanga, C., Mouemba, D., Makebe, H., Toukam, L., Kika, B., & Mulango, I. (2018). Determinants of burnout syndrome among nursing students in Cameroon: Cross-sectional study. BMC Research Notes , 11(1), 450. doi:10.1186/s13104-018-3567-3 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-018-3567-... )	28.48% yes	1.13% yes	EE: mean 20.94 ± 3.04; DP: mean 17.10 ± 3.09	There was no association between BS, alcohol and drug use
Nteveros et al. (2020Nteveros, A., Kyprianou, M., Artemiadis, A., Charalampous, A., Christoforaki, K., Cheilidis, S.,... Zis, P. (2020). Burnout among medical students in Cyprus: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One , 15(11), e0241335. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0241335 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.024... )	44.2% yes	-	18.1% total; 51.1% 1 dimension; 23.6% 2 dimensions; 7.1% in all dimensions	There was no association between BS and alcohol use.
Talih et al. (2018Talih, F., Daher, M., Daou, D., & Ajaltouni, J. (2018). Examining Burnout, depression, and attitudes regarding drug use among Lebanese medical students during the 4 years of medical school. Academic Psychiatry, 42(2), 288-296. doi:10.1007/s40596-017-0879-x https://doi.org/10.1007/s40596-017-0879-... )	58.1% yes 9.2% abusive consumption	34.9% yes; 31.9% cannabis. DAST: 1.7% severe problem; 8.3% moderate problem; 43.4% light problem	43.0% total	There was no association between BS, alcohol and substance use
Tavares et al. (2020Tavares, H. H. F., Silva, H. R. S., Miranda, I. M. M., Braga, M. S., Santos, R. O., & Guerra, H. S. (2020). Factors associated with Burnout Syndrome in medical students. Mundo da Saúde, 44(1), 280-289.doi:10.15343/0104-7809.202044280289 https://doi.org/10.15343/0104-7809.20204... )	62.5% yes	25.1% sometimes 9.3% always	EE: 3.6 ± 1.2; High EE: 38.4% DP: 1.7 ± 1.4; High DP: 29.4% PE: 4.3 ±0.9; Low PE: 32.7% BS: 9.5%	Alcohol use associated with EE and PE and stimulant use associated with EE
Vilchez-Cornejo et al. (2016Vilchez-Cornejo, J., Huamán-Gutiérrez, R., Arce-Villalobos, L., Morán-Mariños, C., Mihashiro-Maguiña, K., Melo-Mallma, N., ... Rojas-Valle, C. (2016). Síndrome de burnout en estudiantes de medicina: Frecuencia, características y factores asociados [Burnout syndrome in medical students: Frequency, characteristics and associated factors] Acta Médica Peruana, 33(4), 282-288.doi:10.35663/amp.2016.334.221 https://doi.org/10.35663/amp.2016.334.22... )	36.9% overall	-	24.1% with two or more components; EE: 52.5% (light); 31% (moderate); 16.5% (high); DP: 30.5% (light); 21.8% (moderate), 47.7% (high); PA: 42.7% (high); 22.0% (average); 35.3% (low).	Alcohol use associated with two or more BS components
Zivojinović et al. (2020Zivojinović, J. I., Backović, D., Belojević, G., Valčić, O., Soldatović, I., & Janković, J. (2020). Predictors of burnout among Belgrade veterinary students: A cross-sectional study. PLoS One , 15(3), e0230685.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230685 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.023... )	Does not present descriptive data	-	43.3% total; EE: mean 25.60 ± 11.61 (45.0% high); DP: mean 15.40 ± 6.56 (79.4% high); PA: mean 32.18 ± 8.50 (50.5% low)	There was no association between BS and alcohol use.

Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 Ribeirão Preto - São Paulo - Brasil, Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Correspondence address: Giovana Frazon Andrade. Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste. Alameda Élio Antonio Dalla Vechia, 838, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil. CEP 85.015-430. E-mail: giovanafrazon@hotmail.com