Abbreviated Version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale: Evidence of Validity and Reliability

Lima, Cássio de Almeida; Brito, Maria Fernanda Santos Figueiredo; Pinho, Lucinéia de; Leão, Giselle Mara Mendes Silva; Ruas, Sélen Jaqueline Souza; Silveira, Marise Fagundes

doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3233

Cássio de Almeida Lima

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4261-8226

Maria Fernanda Santos Figueiredo Brito

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5395-9491

Lucinéia de Pinho

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-5806

Giselle Mara Mendes Silva Leão

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Faculdade de Saúde e Humanidades Ibituruna, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2475-4208

Sélen Jaqueline Souza Ruas

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Faculdade de Saúde e Humanidades Ibituruna, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2965-1977

Marise Fagundes Silveira

conception and design of this study

data analysis and interpretation

manuscript revision

approval of the final version

public responsibility for the content of the manuscript

Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil

http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8821-3160

Correspondence address: Cássio de Almeida Lima. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N, Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil. CEP 39.401-089. E-mail: cassioenf2014@gmail.com

Cássio de Almeida Lima is a PhD candidate of the Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences at the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Maria Fernanda Santos Figueiredo Brito is a Professor of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Lucinéia de Pinho is a Professor of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Giselle Mara Mendes Silva Leão is a Professor of the Faculdade de Saúde e Humanidades Ibituruna, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Sélen Jaqueline Souza Ruas is a Professor of the Faculdade de Saúde e Humanidades Ibituruna, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Marise Fagundes Silveira is a Professor of the Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil.

Associate editor: Claudia Benedita dos Santos

Item	Content	F1	F2	F3
1	I am really looking forward to seeing what my baby will be like.	.779	.277	.176
2	I think that despite all the difficulty, the pregnancy was worth it.	.552	.274	.242
3	I can see myself feeding the baby.	.741	.217	.175
4	I can imagine taking care of the baby.	.745	.366	.179
5	I can’t wait to hold the baby.	.755	.257	.176
6	I wonder if the baby can hear, inside me	.287	.688	.198
7	I wonder if the baby thinks and feels “things” inside me	.174	.717	.240
8	I do things, to stay healthy, that I wouldn’t do if I wasn’t pregnant.	.228	.687	.053
9	I try to eat the best I can so that my baby will have a good diet.	.237	.587	.112
10	I stop doing certain things for the sake of my baby.	.269	.555	.160
11	I like to see my tummy move when the baby kicks.	.286	.069	.767
12	I talk to my baby in my tummy.	.283	.321	.436
13	I poke my baby so that it will poke me back.	.076	.149	.762
14	I caress my belly to calm the baby when he kicks a lot.	.282	.080	.782
15	I can almost guess what my baby’s personality is going to be by the way he moves.	.052	.247	.594
Percentage of variance explained (56.5%)		40.0%	50.0%	56.5%
KMO (.914) Bartlett’s test (.001)

Variables	*Mean*	*Standard Deviation ±*	*Median*	*Interquartile range*	*p-value*
Marital status					.014*
With partner	62.8	9.7	63.0	14.0
Without partner	60.8	10.4	61.0	12.0
Monthly family income (reais)					.005**
≤1,000.00	61.2	10.3	61.0	13.0
1,001.00 to 2,000.00	63.4	9.5	64.0	13.0
>2,000.00	63.3	9.6	65.0	13.0
Gestational trimester					<.001*
Second	60.5	10.7	61.0	14.0
Third	64.6	8.6	66.0	13.0
Planned pregnancy					.019*
Yes	63.6	8.9	64.0	13.0
No	61.6	10.5	62.0	13.0
Social support					<.001*
Low	58.7	11.5	60.0	14.0
High	63.2	9.4	64.0	13.0
Depressive symptoms					<.001**
Absent/light	63.8	8.8	64.0	13.0
Moderate	61.6	9.3	62.0	11.0
Severe	59.1	12.0	61.0	13.0
Stress					<.001*
Without stress	63.2	8.8	63.0	13.0
With stress	58.3	13.4	61.0	14.0

Factors/items	Parameters
Factors/items	Total item correlation	*Cronbach’s α if item deleted*	*Cronbach’s α (95% CI)*	MEV	CR
Experiencing expectations			.852 (.836-.866)	.55	.857
Item 1	.644	.867
Item 2	.548	.870
Item 3	.590	.868
Item 4	.683	.865
Item 5	.622	.868
Imagining and caring for the fetus			.757 (.732-.781)	.42	.780
Item 6	.592	.868
Item 7	.566	.869
Item 8	.479	.873
Item 9	.464	.873
Item 10	.490	.872
Interacting with fetus			.766 (.741-.789)	.50	.782
Item 11	.577	.868
Item 12	.523	.870
Item 13	.482	.875
Item 14	.587	.868
Item 15	.433	.879
Total			.878 (.866-.889)

Please answer the following questions about yourself and the baby you are expecting. There are no right or wrong answers. Your first impression is the one that best shows your feelings. Please mark only one answer per question.
Original scale
Factors	Items	Item description
1. Differentiating from fetus	3	I like to see my belly move when the baby kicks.
	5	I’m really looking forward to seeing what my baby will look like.
	10	I’ve already decided what I’m going to name it if it’s a girl.*
	13	I’ve decided what I’m going to name it if it’s a boy.*
2. Interacting with fetus	1	I talk to my baby in my belly.
	7	I call my baby by a nickname.*
	17	I poke my baby to get him to poke me back.
	20	I caress my tummy to calm the baby when it kicks too much.
	24	I try to hold my baby’s foot to play with him.*
3. Assigning characteristics to the fetus	6	I wonder if the baby feels tight in there.*
	9	I can almost guess what my baby’s personality is going to be by the way he moves.
	12	I wonder if the baby can hear, inside me.
	14	I wonder if the baby thinks and feels “things” inside me.
	16	It seems that my baby kicks and moves to tell me it’s time to eat.*
	21	I can tell when the baby has the hiccups.*
4. Giving yourself to the fetus	2	I think that, despite all the difficulty, the pregnancy was worth it.
	11	I do things, to stay healthy, that I wouldn’t do if I wasn’t pregnant.
	15	I try to eat the best I can so that my baby will have a good diet.
	22	I feel that my body is ugly.*
	23	I stop doing certain things for the sake of my baby.
5. Playing a role	4	I imagine myself feeding the baby.
	8	I picture myself taking care of the baby.
	18	I can’t wait to hold the baby.
	19	I try to imagine who the baby will look like.*
Abbreviated version
1. Experiencing expectations	1 (5)	I am really looking forward to seeing what my baby will be like.
	2 (2)	I think that despite all the difficulty, the pregnancy was worth it.
	3 (4)	I can see myself feeding the baby.
	4 (8)	I can imagine taking care of the baby.
	5 (18)	I can’t wait to hold the baby.
2. Imagining and caring for the fetus	6 (12)	I wonder if the baby can hear, inside me.
	7 (14)	I wonder if the baby thinks and feels “things” inside me.
	8 (11)	I do things to stay healthy that I would not do if I were not pregnant.
	9 (15)	I try to eat the best I can so that my baby will have a good diet.
	10 (23)	I stop doing certain things for the sake of my baby.
3. Interacting with fetus	11 (3)	I like to see my belly move when the baby kicks.
	12 (1)	I talk to my baby on my tummy.
	13 (17)	I poke my baby to get him to poke me back.
	14 (20)	I caress my tummy to calm the baby when it kicks too much.
	15 (9)	I can almost guess what my baby’s personality is going to be by the way he moves.

[1] Correspondence address: Cássio de Almeida Lima. Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros. Avenida Dr. Ruy Braga, S/N, Vila Mauricéia, Montes Claros-MG, Brazil. CEP 39.401-089. E-mail: cassioenf2014@gmail.com

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Abbreviated Version of the Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale: Evidence of Validity and Reliability

Versão Abreviada da Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal: Evidências de Validade e Confiabilidade

Versión Corta de la Maternal Fetal Attachment Scale: Evidencia de Validez y Fiabilidad

Abstract