Profile Analysis of Strategic and Self-Regulated Learning of Future Teachers

Franciscão, Daniel Santos; Boruchovitch, Evely; Acee, Taylor Wayne

doi:10.1590/1982-4327e3505

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School and Educational Psychology • Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto) 35 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-4327e3505 linkcopy

Profile Analysis of Strategic and Self-Regulated Learning of Future Teachers

Análise dos Perfis da Aprendizagem Estratégica e Autorregulada de Futuros Docentes

Análisis de Perfiles de Aprendizaje Estratégico y Autorregulado de los Futuros Docentes

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Abstract:

Strategic and self-regulated learning involves taking control of one’s own learning. Strategic and self-regulatory skills can be promoted by teachers, mainly when they are also self-regulated. The aim of this study was to characterize the strategic and self-regulated learning profiles of future teachers. The study included 343 undergraduate students who completed the Learning and Study Strategies Inventory and the Self-Efficacy for Learning Form. The k-mean method was used to cluster the participants according to their scores on these measures. The results revealed three student profiles, with high, moderate and low levels of strategic and self-regulated learning and self-efficacy beliefs. Only a portion of future teachers showed high levels of strategic and self-regulated learning. The need for interventions targeted at increasing future teachers’ theoretical and practical knowledge on how to foster strategic and self-regulated learning in their students is highlighted.

Keywords:
self-management; metacognition; self-efficacy; cluster analysis; teacher education

Cluster	Variable	n	Mean	SD	Median	Z	p*
Solution 1
1	SEL	179	75.27	8.91	75.26	13.20	<0.001
	LASSI	176	3.68	0.26	3.64	15.73	<0.001
	Skill	176	4.08	0.36	4.06	12.78	<0.001
	Will	176	3.96	0.35	3.94	12.26	<0.001
	Self-Regulation	176	3.18	0.42	3.17	13.03	<0.001
2	SEL	167	57.04	10.57	57.89
	LASSI	167	2.94	0.32	3.02
	Skill	167	3.29	0.50	3.28
	Will	167	3.28	0.46	3.33
	Self-Regulation	167	2.41	0.41	2.38
Solution 2
						X2	p**
1	SEL	195	66.23	8.96	66.84	192.02	<0.001a,b
	LASSI	195	3.33	0.21	3.33	265.48	<0.001a,b
	Skill	195	3.72	0.40	3.72	190.32	<0.001a,b
	Will	195	3.67	0.34	3.67	187.62	<0.001a,b
	Self-Regulation	195	2.78	0.39	2.79	192.10	<0.001a,b
2	SEL	70	50.59	10.11	51.05
	LASSI	70	2.63	0.25	2.65
	Skill	70	2.96	0.43	3.00
	Will	70	2.94	0.40	2.94
	Self-Regulation	70	2.16	0.32	2.17
3	SEL	78	80.98	7.39	81.32
	LASSI	78	3.92	0.18	3.88
	Skill	78	4.30	0.29	4.28
	Will	78	4.16	0.30	4.17
	Self-Regulation	78	3.45	0.36	3.42
Solution 3
1	SEL	142	68.85	7.92	68.95	208.76	<0.001c,d,e
	LASSI total	142	3.44	0.16	3.43	300.25	<0.001c,d,e
	Skill	142	3.90	0.35	3.86	230.48	<0.001c,d,e
	Will	142	3.72	0.34	3.72	191.51	<0.001c,d,e
	Self-Regulation	142	2.90	0.36	2.88	218.64	<0.001c,d,e
2	SEL	85	58.74	9.09	58.95
	LASSI total	85	3.01	0.15	3.02
	Skill	85	3.28	0.32	3.28
	Will	85	3.45	0.38	3.44
	Self-Regulation	85	2.49	0.32	2.50
3	SEL	73	81.40	7.41	81.58
	LASSI total	73	3.93	0.18	3.90
	Skill	73	4.29	0.29	4.28
	Will	73	4.18	0.29	4.17
	Self-Regulation	73	3.47	0.36	3.46
4	SEL	43	47.96	10.11	48.42
	LASSI total	43	2.48	0.19	2.55
	Skill	43	2.83	0.39	2.89
	Will	43	2.77	0.32	2.83
	Self-Regulation	43	2.01	0.25	2.00

Profile	Freq.	Mean squared deviation	Maximum distance between centroids and observations	Closest cluster	Distance between cluster centers
Solution 1 –R² = .482
1	176	0.6510	3.8121	2	3.1017
2	167	0.7876	3.5967	1	3.1017
Solution 2 –R² = .613
1	195	0.6360	2.8071	3	2.4518
2	70	0.6767	2.5348	1	2.8877
3	78	0.5348	2.5683	1	2.4518
Solution 3 –R² = .678
1	142	0.5736	2.1822	2	1.8156
2	85	0.5828	2.5988	1	1.8156
3	73	0.5322	2.5683	1	2.0453
4	43	0.5933	2.5601	2	2.1987

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Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Filosofia Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psicologia Av.Bandeirantes 3900 - Monte Alegre, 14040-901 , Tel.: (55 16) 3315-3829 - Ribeirão Preto - SP - Brazil
E-mail: paideia@usp.br

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[1] Note. * p-value referring to the Mann-Whitney test for comparing variables between 2 groups. Z=Z statistic of the test. ** p-value referring to the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing variables between 3 or more groups. X ²=χ2 test statistic. (a) Significant differences between clusters: 1≠ (2,3) (b) Significant differences between clusters: 2≠3 (c) Significant differences between clusters: 1≠ (2,3,4) (d) Significant differences between clusters: 2≠ (3,4) (e) Significant differences between clusters: 3≠4