Estimation of radiation interception and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation in soybean using smartphone images

Silva, Diecson Ruy Orsolin da; Trentin, Fernanda; Basso, Claudir José; Paula, Gizelli Moiano de

doi:10.1590/1983-40632026v5683915

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 56 • 2026 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632026v5683915 linkcopy

Estimation of radiation interception and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation in soybean using smartphone images

Estimativa de interceptação de radiação e radiação fotossinteticamente ativa interceptada na cultura da soja usando imagens de smartphone

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

The acquisition of parameters such as canopy cover, leaf area index, radiation interception, and intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR) in crops such as soybean often relies on methods that are costly and time-consuming. This study aimed to identify the most suitable smartphone-based image acquisition method for estimating the percentage of radiation interception, iPAR, and radiation-use efficiency in soybean crop. The images were collected using a smartphone positioned at different heights, angles, and orientations relative to the canopy, including nadir (vertical), upward-facing, and video-based acquisitions. The images and videos were analyzed using the Canopeo application to obtain the fractional green canopy cover (FGCC). The video-based and smartphone camera images acquired at distances of 0.8 and 1.0 m from the crop canopy, respectively, were the most effective approaches for estimating radiation interception and iPAR through FGCC.

KEYWORDS:
Glycine max ; radiation-use efficiency; fractional green canopy cover

Authorship

person Diecson Ruy Orsolin da Silva

schoolUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilFrederico Westphalen, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil.

0000-0002-0354-7744

person Fernanda Trentin

schoolUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil.

0000-0003-3623-3634

person Claudir José Basso

0000-0002-3013-5702

person Gizelli Moiano de Paula

0000-0003-4644-4005

Editor:

Luis Carlos Cunha Junior

SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de Santa MariaBrazilFrederico Westphalen, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Departamento de Ciências Agronômicas e Ambientais, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brazil.

Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil.Universidade Federal de PelotasBrazilCapão do Leão, RS, BrazilUniversidade Federal de Pelotas, Departamento de Fitossanidade, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil.

Figures

Figures (6)

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Figure 1 Incident radiation and accumulated intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (accumulated iPAR) as a function of accumulated growing degree-days (A), and mean daily air temperature and daily rainfall (B) recorded in Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, during the 2021/2022 growing season.

Thumbnail

Figure 2 Images obtained and analyzed using the Canopeo application for fractional green canopy cover (FGCC) determination. Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens. At the same growth stage, the video-based method (T6, not shown) resulted in an FGCC of 80.7 %. Soybean at the V5 growth stage.

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Figure 3 Temporal dynamics of soybean leaf area index (LAI) as a function of accumulated growing degree-days and developmental stage, during the 2021/2022 growing season. VE: vegetative emergence.

Thumbnail

Figure 4 Relationship between the percentage of intercepted radiation estimated using the Varlet-Grancher (1989) model (destructive method) and fractional green canopy cover (FGCC). The blue line represents the 1:1 relationship. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Green () and red () points indicate observations collected during the vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stages, respectively. r denotes the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot. IR: intercepted radiation; RMSE: root mean square error.

Thumbnail

Figure 5 Relationship between the observed intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), determined using the Varlet-Grancher (1989) model (destructive method), and iPAR estimated from fractional green canopy cover (FGCC) in soybean. The blue line represents the 1:1 relationship. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Green () and red () points indicate observations collected during the vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stages, respectively. r denotes the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot. RMSE: root mean square error.

Thumbnail

Figure 6 Radiation-use efficiency (RUE) in soybean estimated using the leaf area index (LAI)-based method and different image acquisition methods. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the least significant difference test (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot.

imageFigure 1 Incident radiation and accumulated intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (accumulated iPAR) as a function of accumulated growing degree-days (A), and mean daily air temperature and daily rainfall (B) recorded in Frederico Westphalen, Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, during the 2021/2022 growing season. open_in_new

imageFigure 2 Images obtained and analyzed using the Canopeo application for fractional green canopy cover (FGCC) determination. Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens. At the same growth stage, the video-based method (T6, not shown) resulted in an FGCC of 80.7 %. Soybean at the V5 growth stage. open_in_new

imageFigure 3 Temporal dynamics of soybean leaf area index (LAI) as a function of accumulated growing degree-days and developmental stage, during the 2021/2022 growing season. VE: vegetative emergence. open_in_new

imageFigure 4 Relationship between the percentage of intercepted radiation estimated using the Varlet-Grancher (1989) model (destructive method) and fractional green canopy cover (FGCC). The blue line represents the 1:1 relationship. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Green () and red () points indicate observations collected during the vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stages, respectively. r denotes the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot. IR: intercepted radiation; RMSE: root mean square error. open_in_new

imageFigure 5 Relationship between the observed intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (iPAR), determined using the Varlet-Grancher (1989) model (destructive method), and iPAR estimated from fractional green canopy cover (FGCC) in soybean. The blue line represents the 1:1 relationship. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Green () and red () points indicate observations collected during the vegetative (V) and reproductive (R) stages, respectively. r denotes the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot. RMSE: root mean square error. open_in_new

imageFigure 6 Radiation-use efficiency (RUE) in soybean estimated using the leaf area index (LAI)-based method and different image acquisition methods. Data from the 2021/2022 growing season. Means followed by the same letter do not differ significantly according to the least significant difference test (p ≤ 0.05). Treatments: T1) nadir view, smartphone camera, height 1.0 m; T2) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 1.0 m; T3) nadir view, fisheye lens, height 0.43 m; T4) upward-facing view, smartphone camera; T5) upward-facing view, fisheye lens; T6) video transect across the plot. open_in_new

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