Soil management and mulching for weed control in cowpea

Maia Júnior, Sebastião de Oliveira; Andrade, Jailma Ribeiro de; Reis, Lígia Sampaio; Andrade, Luciene Ribeiro de; Gonçalves, Ana Cláudia de Melo

doi:10.1590/1983-40632018v4853564

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Scientific Articles • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 48 (4) • Oct-Dec 2018 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632018v4853564 copy

Soil management and mulching for weed control in cowpea

Manejo de solo e plantas de cobertura no controle de plantas daninhas em feijão-caupi

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

More efficient weed control managements can be achieved through different strategies, given that the population of these plants changes according to the system used. This study aimed at assessing solarization methods associated with different mulches for weed control in the cowpea crop. The methods used were soil solarization, with plastic sheeting and with solar collector, associated with the following mulches: castor bean, rattlepod and spontaneous vegetation. Weed phytosociology was calculated by frequency, density and abundance. The most infesting families were Asteraceae, Poaceae and Amaranthaceae. The species with the highest frequency, density and abundance in the treatments without mulching was Cyperus rotundus, while Bidens spp. occurred only in non-solarized soil and without mulching. The largest number of weeds was found in the treatments without mulching in non-solarized soil or soil solarized with plastic sheeting, the latter being less efficient than the solar collector. Mulching inhibits the weed infestation in cowpea crops, irrespective of soil solarization. However, rattlepod as mulch is more efficient in the solarization with plastic sheeting than with a solar collector.

KEYWORDS:
Vigna unguiculata L.; weed species; solarization

Family	Species
Family	Scientific name	Common name
Amaranthaceae	Alternanthera tenella	Parrotleaf
	Amaranthus deflexus	Large fruit amaranth
	Amaranthus spinosus	Spiny amaranth
Asteraceae	Bidens spp.	Black jack
	Conyza spp.	Horseweed
	Galinsoga parviflora	Gallant soldier
	Tridax procumbens	Coatbuttons
Cyperaceae	Cyperus rotundus	Common nut sedge
Euphorbiaceae	Chamaesyce hirta	Pillpod sandmat
Lamiaceae	Leonotis nepetifolia	Lion's ear
Malvaceae	Sida rhombifolia	Jelly leaf
Poaceae	Brachiaria decumbens	Signal grass
	Brachiaria brizantha	Palisade grass
	Digitaria horizontalis	Jamaican crabgrass

Weeds	Parameters	Treatments								F-value
Weeds	Parameters	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8	F-value
Amaranthus deflexus	n	0.25 b	1.25 b	0.50 b	3.75 a	1.75 b	0.75 b	1.25 b	3.50 a	3.77**
	dw	0.26 b	1.78 b	0.07 b	2.87 a	1.91 b	0.28 b	1.07 b	4.36 a	5.29**
Bidens spp.	n	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	1.25 a	6.81**
	dw	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	1.77 a	7.34**
Brachiaria decumbens	n	1.00 b	0.00 b	0.50 b	3.25 a	1.00 b	1.50 b	0.25 b	3.75 a	5.35**
	dw	0.50 b	0.00 b	0.14 b	2.38 a	0.54 b	0.92 b	0.13 b	3.20 a	9.35**
Chamaesyce hirta	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.25 a	0.57^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.09 a	0.29 a	0.00 a	0.15 a	0.30 a	0.65^ns
Conyza spp.	n	0.25 b	0.00 b	0.25 b	4.50 a	0.25 b	0.25 b	0.25 b	4.50 a	12.76**
	dw	0.05 c	0.00 c	0.04 c	1.83 b	0.34 c	0.19 c	0.30 c	3.96 a	17.91**
Cyperus rotundus	n	1.75 b	1.00 b	1.75 b	8.00 a	1.00 b	1.25 b	1.25 b	5.75 a	2.96*
	dw	0.55 b	0.49 b	0.48 b	2.28 a	1.09 b	2.01 a	0.35 b	3.55 a	3.46*
Digitaria horizontalis	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.85^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.33 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.27 a	0.86^ns
Galinsoga parviflora	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.75 a	1.95^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.29 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.79 a	2.12^ns
Sida rhombifolia	n	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.00 b	5.25 a	0.25 b	0.00 b	0.75 b	3.25 a	15.06**
	dw	0.00 c	0.00 c	0.00 c	2.75 b	0.27 c	0.00 c	0.64 c	4.05 a	16.36**
Total	n	3.25 b	2.25 b	3.00 b	25.5 a	4.50 b	3.75 b	4.50 b	23.2 a	32.90**
	dw	1.36 b	2.28 b	0.56 b	12.8 a	4.12 b	2.46 b	2.66 b	22.2 a	44.70**

Weeds	Parameters	Treatments								F-value
Weeds	Parameters	T1	T2	T3	T4	T5	T6	T7	T8	F-value
Alternanthera tenella	n	0.00 a	0.50 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	1.00^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.42 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	1.00^ns
Amaranthus deflexus	n	0.75 a	0.50 a	0.25 a	0.25 a	1.75 a	0.00 a	0.50 a	0.75 a	0.81^ns
	dw	1.09 a	0.68 a	0.40 a	0.42 a	1.49 a	0.00 a	1.09 a	1.28 a	0.53^ns
Amaranthus spinosus	n	0.50 a	0.75 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.50 a	0.25 a	0.74^ns
	dw	0.50 a	0.95 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.21 a	0.00 a	1.53 a	0.18 a	0.82^ns
Bidens spp.	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	1.00^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.24 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	1.00^ns
Brachiaria brizantha	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.85^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.26 a	0.00 a	0.06 a	0.00 a	0.94^ns
Brachiaria decumbens	n	0.25 b	2.25 a	0.50 b	1.75 a	0.00 b	0.00 b	1.25 b	3.25 a	4.70**
	dw	0.36 b	1.24 b	0.60 b	1.97 a	0.00 b	0.00 b	0.56 b	3.17 a	5.17**
Chamaesyce hirta	n	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.86^ns
	dw	0.30 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.56 a	0.88^ns
Conyza spp.	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.85^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.11 a	0.13 a	0.00 a	0.86^ns
Cyperus rotundus	n	0.50 b	0.00 b	0.25 b	1.00 b	0.00 b	4.25 a	0.00 b	0.50 b	17.10**
	dw	0.11 b	0.87 b	0.13 b	0.58 b	0.00 b	3.36 a	0.00 b	0.30 b	7.17**
Galinsoga parviflora	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.50 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.88^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.49 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.50 a	0.86^ns
Leonotis nepetifolia	n	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.75 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	1.00^ns
	dw	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.59 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.97^ns
Sida rhombifolia	n	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.85^ns
	dw	0.28 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.15 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.87^ns
Tridax procumbens	n	0.50 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.25 a	1.37^ns
	dw	0.55 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.21 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.00 a	0.20 a	2.08^ns
Total	n	3.00 b	4.00 a	1.25b	4.75 a	2.25 b	4.50 a	3.00 b	5.25 a	2.47*
	dw	3.23 a	4.18 a	1.38 a	4.36 a	1.96 a	3.48 a	3.57 a	6.01 a	1.73^ns

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[TFN1] *, ** and ^ns significant according to the F-test (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01) and non-significant, respectively. Means followed by the same lower case letter in the row do not differ according to the Scott-Knott test (p < 0.05). T1: solarized soil + castor bean as mulch; T2: solarized soil with rattlepod as mulch; T3: solarized soil with spontaneous vegetation as mulch; T4: solarized soil with no mulch; T5: non-solarized soil + castor bean as mulch; T6: non-solarized soil + rattlepod as mulch; T7: non-solarized soil + spontaneous vegetation as mulch; T8: control - non-solarized and no mulch.