Morphoagronomic divergence among Amazonian spinach genotypes

Teixeira Júnior, Davair Lopes; Santos, Vanderley Borges dos; Silva, Lidianne Assis; Ferreira, Almecina Balbino; Pereira, Joaes Alves da Silva

doi:10.1590/1983-40632025v5582332

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 55 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632025v5582332 linkcopy

Morphoagronomic divergence among Amazonian spinach genotypes

Divergência morfoagronômica entre genótipos de espinafre-da-amazônia

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Amazonian spinach is an unconventional food plant with great production potential and excellent nutritional properties. This study aimed to verify the genetic divergence among 16 Amazonian spinach genotypes based on morphoagronomic traits. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design, with 16 treatments and four replicates. The AM-7 and AP-1 genotypes stood out for presenting superior values for important traits, making them promising for the formation of superior genotypes in future genetic breeding studies. The Tocher’s optimization method led to the formation of distinct groups, corroborating the existence of genetic variability among the genotypes.

KEYWORDS:
Alternanthera sessilis (L.) DC; genetic variability; unconventional food plant; genetic dissimilarity

Genotypes	Collection location	Origin
AM-1	Modern Manaus Fair	Manaus - AM
AM-2	Producer's Fair	Manaus - AM
AM-3	Rural vegetable garden	Manaus - AM
AM-4	Urban vegetable garden	Novo Airão - AM
AM-5	Urban backyards	Envira - AM
AM-6	Japanese site	Rio Preto da Eva - AM
AM-7	Japanese site	Rio Preto da Eva - AM
AC-1	Colônia Esperança	Tarauacá - AC
AC-2	Rural vegetable garden	Rio Branco - AC
AC-3	Urban vegetable garden	Mâncio Lima - AC
AC-4	Agroforestry hub	Xapuri - AC
RR-1	Sítio Primavera	Rorainópolis - RR
RR-2	Garimpeiro Fair	Boa Vista - RR
RR-3	Sítio Açaí	Bonfim - RR
RO-1	Free market	Porto Velho - RO
AP-1	Urban vegetable garden	Porto Grande - AP

pH	OM	P-rem	V	P(1)	K(1)	Ca(2)	Mg(2)	Al(2)	SB	Al + H(3)	t	T
H₂O	dag kg^-1	mg L^-1	%	mg dm^-3		cmol_c dm^-3
4.6	1.2	43	41	2	62	0.9	0.5	0	1.6	2.2	1.6	3.8

Source of variation	DF	Medium squares
		CD	NB	NL	PH	PW	LA	SFM	SDM
		mm	NB	NL	cm		cm²	g plant^-1
Blocks	3	0.02	0.02	100.19	6.89	1.44	80.29	343.33	20.49
Treatment	15	8.42**	10.64**	185.13**	110.27**	91.52**	44,378.30**	17,648.83**	954.20**
Error	45	0.04	0.02	45.00	2.22	1.70	43.16	304.03	14.53
CV (%)		3.07	2.02	4.08	4.05	3.46	3.63	5.66	5.73

Category	Contribution (S.j)	Amount (%)	Contribution (S.j)	Amount (%)
Plant height	15,319.74	17.12	15,319.74	18.71
Leaf area	41,544.54	46.42	41,544.54	50.74
Plant width	774.37	0.87	0.00	0.00
Number of branches	2,721.60	3.04	2,721.60	3.32
Number of leaves	2,755.49	3.08	2,775.49	3.39
Shoot fresh mass	10,642.24	11.89	10,642.24	13.00
Collar diameter	6,949.81	7.77	0.00	0.00
Shoot dry mass	8,779.81	9.81	8,879.81	10.84
Total	89,487.60	100.00	81,883.42	100.00

Genotypes	PH (cm)	LA (cm²)	SFM (g plant^-1)	SDM (g plant^-1)
AM-01	29.50 e*	429.48 f	266.47 f	52.04 f
AM-02	37.33 c	629.35 c	347.58 c	77.31 c
AM-03	43.23 a	700.00 b	391.55 b	87.99 b
AM-04	34.78 d	543.93 e	270.74 f	59.56 e
AM-05	39.13 b	692.10 b	385.44 b	85.40 b
AM-06	29.50 e	429.48 f	258.05 f	50.06 f
AM-07	45.09 a	750.67 a	433.73 a	93.30 a
AC-01	33.08 d	535.61 e	261.05 f	57.43 e
AC-02	36.08 c	548.84 e	270.39 f	59.48 e
AC-03	40.07 b	587.68 d	288.80 e	63.54 e
AC-04	31.26 e	577.02 d	274.69 f	60.43 e
RR-01	29.50 e	429.48 f	266.47 f	52.04 f
RR-02	35.43 c	516.16 e	235.43 g	51.79 f
RR-03	39.56 b	634.61 c	315.94 d	69.51 d
RO-01	35.85 c	533.01 e	240.71 g	52.96 f
AP-01	45.09 a	742.32 a	424.38 a	91.02 a

Genotype	Greater dissimilarity	Genotype	Lower dissimilarity	Genotype
1 - AM-1	2,632.03	(16)	0.43	(12)
2 - AM-2	1,317.77	(16)	49.13	(5)
3 - AM-3	937.88	(1)	117.66	(14)
4 - AM-4	1,963.00	(16)	44.81	(13)
5 - AM-5	1,501.66	(16)	49.13	(2)
6 - AM-6	2,610.99	(16)	0.93	(1)
7 - AM-7	2,472.70	(1)	22.69	(16)
8 - AC-1	2,437.11	(16)	17.13	(13)
9 - AC-2	2,360.05	(16)	8.76	(13)
10 - AC-3	1,483.00	(16)	37.19	(15)
11 - AC-4	1,430.56	(16)	52.43	(10)
12 - RR-1	2,632.03	(16)	0.61	(1)
13 - RR-2	2,388.02	(16)	8.76	(9)
14 - RR-3	854.42	(16)	98.22	(2)
15 - RO-1	1,605.93	(16)	37.19	(10)
16 - AP-1	2,632.03	(1)	22.69	(7)
Lower dissimilarity			0.43	(1 and 12)
Greater dissimilarity			2,632.03	(1 and 16)

Groups	Access						%
I	AM-1	RR-1	AM-6				18.75
II	AC-2	RR-2	AC-1	AM-4	AC-3	RO-1	37.50
III	AM-7	AP-1					12.50
IV	AM-2	AM-5	AC-4	RR-3			25.00
V	AM-3						6.25
Total	16						100.00

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[tn1] ⁽¹⁾
Mehlich extractor 1;

[tn2] ⁽²⁾
KCl extractor 1 mol L^-1;

[tn3] ⁽³⁾
Ca (OAC)₂ extractor 0.5 mol L^-1, pH 7.0. OM: organic matter; P-rem: remaining phosphorus; V: base saturation; SB: sum of bases; t: effective cation exchange capacity (CEC); T: CEC at pH 7.