Micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato e doses de fósforo afetando a produtividade, acúmulo de nutrientes e viabilidade econômica de milho e arroz em safrinha

Cruz, Dennis Ricardo Cabral; Nascente, Adriano Stephan; Ferreira, Izabely Vitória Lucas; Monteiro, Natasha Ohanny da Costa; Duarte, Gabriella Alves; Rocha, Izaque de Sousa

doi:10.1590/1983-40632025v5582218

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Research Article • Pesqui. Agropecu. Trop. 55 • 2025 • https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-40632025v5582218 linkcopy

Micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato e doses de fósforo afetando a produtividade, acúmulo de nutrientes e viabilidade econômica de milho e arroz em safrinha

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus rates affecting yield, nutrient uptake and economic viability of corn and rice in the off-season¹

Authorship SCIMAGO INSTITUTIONS RANKINGS

ABSTRACT

Increasing crop yield using bio-inputs and optimized fertilizer application is a key strategy for agricultural sustainability. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of inoculation with phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms combined with phosphorus rates on the agronomic performance, production costs and sustainability in off-season corn and upland rice cultivation. The experiment was conducted using a 2 x 4 factorial design for both crops. Treatments consisted of two phosphorus levels [50 % (45 kg ha^-1 of P₂O₅) and 100 % of the recommended rate (90 kg ha^-1 of P₂O₅)], three isolates of multifunctional rhizobacteria [Burkholderia sp. (BRM 32111), Serratia sp. (BRM 63523) and Bacillus sp. (BRM 63524)] and a control treatment (no rhizobacteria). The inoculation with BRM 63524 increased the biomass and nutrient accumulation for both corn and upland rice, highlighting its potential to enhance nutrition and reduce the reliance on synthetic fertilizers, despite the variation in the rice yield response. The reduced phosphorus application (50 % of the recommended dose) generated higher profits, especially for corn, which showed the highest yields and profitability. For rice, the combination of a lower phosphorus rate with rhizobacteria resulted in greater profits than for the full phosphorus application.

KEYWORDS:
Zea mays; Oryza sativa; Bacillus; Burkholderia; Serratia.

Code	Colony color	Biochemical characterization*					Taxonomy**
Code	Colony color	Indole-3-acetic acid	Cellulase	Phosphatase	Siderophore	Biofilm	Taxonomy**
BRM 32111	Yellow	-	+	+	+	+	Burkholderia sp.
BRM 63523	Red	-	+	+	+	+	Serratia sp.
BRM 63524	Yellow	+	+	+	+	-	Bacillus sp.

Treatments	M100 (g)	M1000 (g)
Microorganism
BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.)	20.93 ab*	17.45 b
BRM 63523 (Serratia sp.)	20.51 b	18.71 a
BRM 63524 (Bacillus sp.)	21.15 a	18.34 a
Control	20.35 b	17.65 b
Phosphorus doses
Half	20.75ns	18.34ns
Full	20.72	17.73

Microorganism	Corn yield (kg ha^-1)
	Phosphorus doses
	50 %	100 %
BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.)	10,624 aA*	8,823 aB
BRM 63523 (Serratia sp.)	9,454 abA	9,027 aA
BRM 63524 (Bacillus sp.)	1,0817 aA	8,352 aB
Control	8,942 bA	9,362 aA

Microorganism	Rice yield (kg ha^-1)
	Phosphorus doses
	50 %	100 %
BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.)	2,354 bA*	3,704 abA
BRM 63523 (Serratia sp.)	5,062 aA	2,157 bB
BRM 63524 (Bacillus sp.)	5,532 aA	4,383 aA
Control	1,967 bB	4,890 aA

Treatments	DM	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Treatments	^{___________________________________} kg ha^{-1 ___________________________________}						^{___________________} g ha^{-1 ___________________}
Microorganism
BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.)	10,450 ab*	66.94 b	6.67 b	122 ab	22.99ns	15.09 ab	26.54 b	1,346ns	386ns	182 ab
BRM 63523 (Serratia sp.)	10,622 ab	79.79 ab	7.65 ab	125 ab	21.16	13.55 b	28.13 ab	1,414	312	186 ab
BRM 63524 (Bacillus sp.)	11,367 a	92.59 a	10.18 a	155 a	26.14	17.30 a	32.53 a	1,647	408	239 a
Control	9,944 b	65.48 b	4.97 b	101 b	20.28	12.73 b	22.19 b	1,140	319	142 b
Phosphorus dose
Half	8,633ns	72.50ns	7.01ns	122ns	23.54ns	14.58ns	26.72ns	1,519ns	379ns	186ns
Full	8,790	79.87	7.72	130	21.75	14.74	27.97	1,255	333	188

Treatments	DM	N	P	K	Ca	Mg	Cu	Fe	Mn	Zn
Treatments	^{________________________________} kg ha^{-1 ________________________________}						^{___________________} g ha^{-1 ___________________}
Microorganism
BRM 32111 (Burkholderia sp.)	3,839 b*	82.29ns	6.60 b	74.47 b	15.60 ab	12.38ns	22.58ns	818ns	1,318 a	159 b
BRM 63523 (Serratia sp.)	4,447 ab	85.56	6.43 b	76.90 b	12.55 ab	12.10	23.27	924	1,063 ab	190 ab
BRM 63524 (Bacillus sp.)	5,027 a	95.28	8.51 a	91.22 a	16.18 a	15.61	26.77	1,039	1,200 ab	205 a
Control	4,708 ab	91.38	6.61 b	78.21 b	12.08 b	14.37	22.58	1,281	940 b	164 b
Phosphorus dose
Half	4,627ns	91.59ns	7.16ns	81.74ns	14.09ns	13.89ns	24.98ns	918ns	1,276ns	181ns
Full	4,383	85.67	6.78	78.65	14.11	13.34	21.93	1,113	984	177

Component	100 % P + micro ($ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	50 % P + micro ($ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	100 % P ($ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	50 % P ($ ha^-1)	Participation (%)
1. Inputs	412.38	60.67	372.34	58.21	410.76	60.57	370.72	58.10
Seeds	194.00	28.54	194.00	30.33	194.00	28.61	194.00	30.40
Inoculant	1.62	0.24	1.62	0.25	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Urea	57.85	8.51	57.85	9.04	57.85	8.53	57.85	9.07
KCl	27.58	4.06	27.58	4.31	27.58	4.07	27.58	4.32
Triple superphosphate	80.07	11.78	40.04	6.26	80.07	11.81	40.04	6.27
Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides	51.25	7.54	51.25	8.01	51.25	7.55	51.25	8.04
2. Agricultural operations	81.10	11.93	81.10	12.68	81.10	11.96	81.10	12.71
Sowing	26.77	3.94	26.77	4.18	26.77	3.95	26.77	4.19
Topdressing fertilization	7.17	1.05	7.17	1.12	7.17	1.06	7.17	1.12
Pesticide application	8.25	1.21	8.25	1.29	8.25	1.22	8.25	1.29
Central pivot operation	10.55	1.55	10.55	1.65	10.55	1.56	10.55	1.65
Harvest	28.37	4.17	28.37	4.44	28.37	4.18	28.37	4.45
3. Administrative costs	100.81	14.83	100.81	15.76	100.81	14.87	100.81	15.80
Technical assistance	11.52	1.69	11.52	1.80	11.52	1.70	11.52	1.81
Management	11.54	1.70	11.54	1.80	11.54	1.70	11.54	1.81
Production credit interest	33.24	4.89	33.24	5.20	33.24	4.90	33.24	5.21
Taxes and fees	44.50	6.55	44.50	6.96	44.50	6.56	44.50	6.97
A) EOC (1 + 2 + 3)	594.29	87.43	554.25	86.64	592.66	87.40	552.63	86.61
4. Maintenance	2.17	0.32	2.17	0.34	2.17	0.32	2.17	0.34
Central pivot	2.17	0.32	2.17	0.34	2.17	0.32	2.17	0.34
5. Depreciation	41.14	6.05	41.14	6.43	41.14	6.07	41.14	6.45
Machinery and equipment	38.08	5.60	38.08	5.95	38.08	5.62	38.08	5.97
Improvements	3.06	0.45	3.06	0.48	3.06	0.45	3.06	0.48
B. TOC (A + 4 + 5)	637.60	93.80	597.56	93.41	635.98	93.79	595.94	93.40
6. Factor remuneration	42.14	6.20	42.14	6.59	42.14	6.21	42.14	6.60
Machinery and equipment	34.11	5.02	34.11	5.33	34.11	5.03	34.11	5.35
Improvements	8.03	1.18	8.03	1.26	8.03	1.18	8.03	1.26
Total cost (B + 6)	679.74	100.00	639.70	100.00	678.11	100.00	638.08	100.00

Component	100 % P + micro (US$ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	50 % P + micro (US$ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	100 % P (US$ ha^-1)	Participation (%)	50 % P (US$ ha^-1)	Participation (%)
1. Inputs	308.32	53.56	268.29	50.09	306.70	53.43	266.66	49.94
Seeds	89.95	15.62	89.95	16.79	89.95	15.67	89.95	16.84
Inoculant	1.62	0.28	1.62	0.30	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
Urea	57.85	10.05	57.85	10.80	57.85	10.08	57.85	10.83
KCl	27.58	4.79	27.58	5.15	27.58	4.81	27.58	5.17
Triple superphosphate	80.07	13.91	40.04	7.47	80.07	13.95	40.04	7.50
Herbicides, insecticides and fungicides	51.25	8.91	51.25	9.57	51.25	8.93	51.25	9.59
2. Agricultural operations	81.10	14.09	81.10	15.14	81.10	14.13	81.10	15.19
Sowing	26.77	4.65	26.77	5.00	26.77	4.66	26.77	5.01
Topdressing fertilization	7.17	1.25	7.17	1.34	7.17	1.25	7.17	1.34
Pesticide application	8.25	1.43	8.25	1.54	8.25	1.44	8.25	1.54
Central pivot operation	10.55	1.83	10.55	1.97	10.55	1.84	10.55	1.97
Harvest	28.37	4.93	28.37	5.30	28.37	4.94	28.37	5.31
3. Administrative costs	100.81	17.51	100.81	18.82	100.81	17.56	100.81	18.88
Technical assistance	11.52	2.00	11.52	2.15	11.52	2.01	11.52	2.16
Management	11.54	2.01	11.54	2.16	11.54	2.01	11.54	2.16
Production credit interest	33.24	5.77	33.24	6.21	33.24	5.79	33.24	6.22
Taxes and fees	44.50	7.73	44.50	8.31	44.50	7.75	44.50	8.33
A) EOC (1 + 2 + 3)	490.23	85.16	450.19	84.05	488.61	85.11	448.57	84.00
4. Maintenance	2.17	0.38	2.17	0.41	2.17	0.38	2.17	0.41
Central pivot	2.17	0.38	2.17	0.41	2.17	0.38	2.17	0.41
5. Depreciation	41.14	7.15	41.14	7.68	41.14	7.17	41.14	7.70
Machinery and equipment	38.08	6.61	38.08	7.11	38.08	6.63	38.08	7.13
Improvements	3.06	0.53	3.06	0.57	3.06	0.53	3.06	0.57
B. TOC (A + 4 + 5)	533.54	92.68	493.51	92.13	531.92	92.66	491.88	92.11
6. Factor remuneration	42.14	7.32	42.14	7.87	42.14	7.34	42.14	7.89
Machinery and equipment	34.11	5.92	34.11	6.37	34.11	5.94	34.11	6.39
Improvements	8.03	1.40	8.03	1.50	8.03	1.40	8.03	1.50
Total cost (B + 6)	575.68	100.00	535.65	100.00	574.06	100.00	534.02	100.00

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[TFN1] ^*
Cruz et al. (2025b);

[TFN2] ^**
Nascente et al. (2017).

Micro-organismos solubilizadores de fosfato e doses de fósforo afetando a produtividade, acúmulo de nutrientes e viabilidade econômica de milho e arroz em safrinha

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus rates affecting yield, nutrient uptake and economic viability of corn and rice in the off-season1

ABSTRACT

Phosphate-solubilizing microorganisms and phosphorus rates affecting yield, nutrient uptake and economic viability of corn and rice in the off-season¹